分形截距对应力波能耗影响规律的试验研究

 分别进行粗糙断裂面的扫描试验和节理花岗岩的冲击动力学试验,探讨节理面的几何构型特征及其对应力波能耗的影响规律,建立当分形维数满足条件2.0≤D≤2.2时分形截距与应力波穿越节理时截距贡献能耗比之间的定量关系。研究结果表明,当分形维数在区间2.0≤D≤2.2时,分形维数对总能耗比的贡献仍然占绝对的主导地位,但此区间内分形维数对总能耗比贡献是一常量,总能耗比的增量由分形截距决定。节理岩石的截距贡献能耗比随分形截距的增大而减小,两者间呈非线性关系;机制分析显示,分形截距大,则对应剪切刚度大,在相同的冲击荷载条件下,剪切位移则相应较小,冲击过程所做功则较小,耗散的应力波能量也相应越小。从微观角度看,节理岩石的分形截距大,冲击加载工程中,发生微小塑性变形、断键、分子间撞击的几率将大大降低,因而耗散的应力波能量也越小。     

岩石节理的分形描述

本文给出了６种节理的分形量测方法，讨论了岩石节理粗糙性的分形描述，ＪＲＣ和分形维数的关系，以及分维对节理抗剪强度和节理摩擦角的影响。可以说，分维能定量地刻画节理的粗糙性，并有可能用来预测节理抗剪强度和节理摩擦角。     

节理岩石的应力波动与能量耗散

应用SHPB试验和分形方法研究节理岩石的应力波动与能量耗散关系，分析节理面不规则结构对应力波穿越节理时的波动性质、非弹性变形和能量耗散的影响。研究结果表明：节理面不规则结构明显地影响应力波的传播性质。在相同入射波条件下，粗糙节理岩样的应力波衰减程度大于平直光滑节理岩样的衰减程度，粗糙节理的实际变形大于平直节理的变形。节理岩石的能量耗散比WJ/WI随节理面分维值D增大而增加，两者呈非线性关系；但当分维值小于临界值时，粗糙节理岩样的能量耗散比WJ/W与平直节理面的能量耗散比基本相同，并给出节理岩石能量耗散随节理面分维值D变化的表达式。     

岩石节理表面三维形貌特征的分形分析

 利用高精度三维表面形貌测试仪Talysurf CLI 2000对节理试件表面进行扫描,将表面粗糙形状进行数值化表达并实现节理面的三维可视化。在此基础上,运用分形几何理论对节理表面三维形貌特征进行分析,得出节理剖面线的分形维数与JRC之间的函数表达式。以单个节理面为研究对象,探究节理表面分形维数与剖面线分形维数以及JRC之间的关系,这对分形几何理论在节理表面形态研究中的深入应用有重要意义。     

岩石剪切破坏过程的RFPA2D数值模拟

运用岩石破裂与失稳过程分析RFPA^2D系统，对岩石剪切破裂过程进行了数值模拟研究。将剪切岩石视为非均匀弹－脆岩石材料，模拟结果再现了岩石剪切滑动形成从变形到破坏直至失稳的全过程，剪断面是滑动形成的主要形式，并首先在试样一端出现，然后再形成由一端及里的剪断面扩展直至另一端最后产生剪断面破坏贯通，形成统一的滑动面，岩石剪切破裂面分形维数还对应着剪断面的粗糙程度和力学行为。     

基于数字图像处理技术的岩石节理分形描述

岩石节理的粗糙度对结构面的剪切强度起着重要的作用.分形维数对节理的次级细微粗糙结构能够进行很好的描述,而对节理的一级起伏结构体现并不明显.考虑了节理形态的层次性,用分形维数代表节理的次级精细结构,即节理的粗糙度;用起伏度表示节理的一级波状形态,据此提出用分形维数D和起伏度W_d两个指标来描述JRC(节理粗糙度系数),并给出相应的计算公式.另外,针对工程实践中分形维数准确快速量测存在的困难,本文以摄影测量为基础,借助数字图像处理技术,在VC++平台下开发了节理轮廓线分形维数计算程序,为分维较准确方便地应用于工程实践做了有益的探索.     

应用激光技术和分形理论测量 和描述岩石断裂表面粗糙度

介绍了激光表面测量仪（Ｌａｓｅｒ－Ｐｒｏｆｉｌｏｍｅｔｒｙ）在测量岩石断裂表面形态方面的工作原理及其应用。运用分形理论中对随机过程的增变量（Ｖａｒｉａｎｃｅ）分析方法，对测量结果进行分形描述，并就分形参数——分形维数Ｄ、截距Ａ所蕴含的几何意义进行了分析和讨论。     

基于分形理论构建随机粗糙节理模型的方法研究

粗糙节理三维形貌特征是影响岩体沿节理面剪切力学性质的关键因素。采用3D扫描方法重构巴西劈裂试验得到的砂岩张节理表面形貌模型。根据粗糙节理表面统计自相似性质,引入地形学领域广泛应用的随机分形数字高程模型生成方法,通过调节不同的随机参数d,采用"菱形–正方形"算法迭代生成一系列不同形貌特征的分形粗糙表面数字高程模型,并将其与天然砂岩张节理进行形貌特征比较。采用三维盒维数法计算天然砂岩张节理以及随机构建的分形高程模型的分形维数,并基于选定的剪切方向统计2种模型的视倾角统计分布规律。分别以分形维数以及视倾角统计分布标准差为表征粗糙模型三维形貌特征的参数,确定了该天然张节理的形貌特征参数对应的粗糙度水平符合随机参数d=2~3 mm范围的分形高程模型的粗糙度水平,验证了基于分形理论构建随机数字高程模型的方法在模拟构建粗糙节理表面模型方面的可行性。     

节理粗糙度对应力波传播的影响研究

考虑节理吻合程度,分析节理粗糙度对应力波传播和节理岩石力学特性的影响规律。使用分离式霍普金森压杆对预制节理试样进行冲击压缩试验,定性研究节理吻合程度对应力波传播的影响,采用投影覆盖法分析节理面,探究分形维数对应力波传播的影响规律。由劈裂试验获得粗糙节理面试样,2个标准试样组合得到光滑节理面试样。试验中控制子弹速度保证入射波的相同,得到以下结论:光滑节理试样的透射系数和等效刚度与完整试样相比衰减约2.1%,表明光滑完全吻合节理对应力波传播影响不大;节理吻合程度相同时,节理粗糙度越大(分形维数2.088～2.214),应力波穿越节理试样的透射系数和等效刚度越小,其中等效刚度近似呈线性减小,透射系数呈二次曲线减小;节理粗糙度相同(分形维数)时,节理吻合程度越小,节理应力波透射系数和试样等效刚度越小,表明节理吻合程度是应力波传播的重要影响因素。     

混凝土粘结面粗糙度评价的功率谱法分维

通常混凝土粘结面的形状极不规则 ,其表面的分维仪测值是一随机过程。在频率域内 ,该随机过程的功率与圆频率有负幂率关系 ,说明粘结面具有分形现象。对粘结面采用灌砂法和功率谱法分维对比分析后认为 ,功率谱法的分维值及相应的截距可对粘结面大的波形起伏与粗糙点进行描述。     

Estimating the relation between surface roughness and mechanical properties of rock joints

Discontinuities in rock masses have an important influence on deformational behaviour of blocky rock systems. For a single rock joint, the roughness of its surface is of paramount importance to its mechanical and hydraulic properties, such as friction angle, shear strength, and dilatancy/aperture. Many methods have been used to characterize the surface roughness of rock joints, such as joint roughness coefficients (JRC), root mean square (RMS) value, structure function (SF) etc. However, most of these methods can only be used in the 2-D models. In this study, we carried out direct shear experiments on rock joints under both constant normal load (CNL) and constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions, and measured the surfaces of rock joints before and after shearing, using a 3-D laser scanning profilometer system. By using a 3-D fractal evaluation method of roughness characterization, the projective covering method (PCM) and a direct shear apparatus of high accuracy, the relation between mechanical properties of rock joints under different boundary conditions and the change of their fractal dimensions in both 2-D and 3-D models have been examined, which gives a new approach to accurately evaluate the evolution of roughness of rock joint surfaces and its influence on the hydro-mechanical behaviours of rock joints.     

岩石断裂面的各向异性分形和多重分形研究

针对表面结构的分形各向异性和奇异性特征，对岩石断裂表面的多重分形性质进行了研究。提出了一种新的分形测量方法---投影覆盖法，直接测量断裂表面的多重分形维数Ｄ∈［２，３），并引入粗糙性概率度量表面不规则性。研究表明，断裂表面的多重分形谱可提供有关断裂机制的更丰富的信息，不同载荷条件和断裂模式下形成的岩石断裂面具有明显不同的多重分形谱函数特征。     

Over-consolidation effect on shear behavior of rock joints

Although many researchers have studied the normal and shear behavior of fractures under stresses, the over-consolidation effect on the slip/shear behavior of discontinuities has not been considered. The over-consolidation behavior of non-planar rock fractures should be considered when deposition–consolidation–erosion (or excavation) sequences occur. Plaster replicas of representative natural rock joint surfaces were prepared for this study. In this case, the surface roughness and other geometrical properties remain constant during the laboratory direct shear tests. It was observed that the shear strength within a large range of roughness, joint wall strength and normal stress values significantly increases with increasing over-consolidation ratio. According to the test results, a new model is developed as an extended form of Barton's shear failure criterion for rock joints. This model considers the effect of various paths of normal loading/unloading before shearing and over-consolidation ratio in a fracture. A new joint over-closure (JOC) parameter is also introduced as the ratio of closure in over-closed to normally closed conditions.     

Effect of roughness on the shear behavior of rock joints subjected to impact loading

The shear behavior is regarded as the dominant property of rock joints and is dramatically affected by the joint surface roughness. To date, the effect of surface roughness on the shear behavior of rock joints under static or cyclic loading conditions has been extensively studied, but such effect under impact loading conditions keeps unclear. To address this issue, a series of impact shear tests was performed using a novel-designed dynamic experimental system combined with the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The dynamic shear strength, deformability and failure mode of the jointed specimens with various joint roughness coefficients (JRC) are comprehensively analyzed. Results show that the shear strength and shear displacement characteristics of the rock joint under the impact loading keep consistent with those under static loading conditions. However, the temporal variations of shear stress, slip displacement and normal displacement under the impact loading conditions show obviously different behaviors. An elastic rebound of the slip displacement occurs during the impact shearing and its value increases with increasing joint roughness. Two identifiable stages (i.e. compression and dilation) are observed in the normal displacement curves for the rougher rock joints, whereas the joints with small roughness only manifest normal compression displacement. Besides, as the roughness increases, the maximum compression tends to decrease, while the maximum dilation gradually increases. Moreover, the microstructural analysis based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) suggests that the roughness significantly affects the characteristics of the shear fractured zone enclosing the joint surface.     

非贯通节理Jennings强度准则的岩桥弱化和节理面起伏角修正

 通过对具有不同粗糙程度(以节理面起伏角表示)的共面非贯通人工节理进行不同法向应力水平下的直剪试验,研究节理面起伏角对非贯通节理剪切强度的影响,分析在剪切过程中岩桥力学参数的弱化机制。现有Jennings准则将岩桥视为完整岩块,计算所得的剪切强度与直剪试验结果存在较大偏差。在试验结果的基础上,考虑剪切过程中岩桥力学参数的弱化和节理面起伏角的影响,对Jennings准则进行修正。将修正Jennings准则计算的非贯通节理剪切强度结果与直剪试验结果对比,结果表明：修正Jennings准则的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,能较好地预测具有规则起伏角的非贯通节理剪切强度。     

新的岩石节理粗糙度指标研究

首先,基于节理轮廓线提出一个剪切粗糙度指标(SRI),新指标由3个粗糙度参数构成,描述节理平均起伏度、起伏的方向性、起伏分布特点以及粗糙的分形特性,并建立新指标与JRC之间的拟合关系。其次,基于三角形面积单元离散的三维节理面,将剪切粗糙度指标推广到三维形式,从而使得新指标能够描述节理的三维形貌特征。最后,以张拉型花岗岩节理作为算例,计算结果表明新指标能较好地反映节理的各向异性粗糙特性。新指标物理意义明确,计算方便,能够表征节理的主要粗糙特性,为进一步研究岩石节理的剪切力学特性奠定基础,具有重要的理论意义。     

Evaluating damage during shear tests of rock joints using acoustic emissions

The acoustic emission (AE) signals generated during direct shear test were evaluated on different types of joints (rock–rock, rock–concrete and concrete–concrete). Several boreholes were cored from a dam body, rock mass and interface between dam and rock mass, and the samples were prepared and tested under direct shear test. A laser profilometer scanner was used for scanning the joint surfaces in order to assess surface roughness. By correlating the AE signals with the shear graphs one can predict the starting point of shearing during direct shear test. Count and energy parameters were analyzed in two different methods to monitor the shear behavior of the joints: a graph of the count and energy rates, and a graph of cumulative count and energy. Four separated periods were observed for bonded and non-bonded joints: linear pre-peak period, non-linear pre-peak period, post peak period and residual period. This study showed that AE has enough accuracy to monitor the shear behavior of the joints and it can be used in site confidently.