TP347H钢固溶过程中组织演变的原位表征

为了研究TP347H钢在固溶过程中的微观组织演变规律,采用激光共聚焦显微镜对其在1 100、1 150和1 200℃下固溶处理时的组织演变过程进行了原位观察,结合扫描、金相和Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件对其中的析出相进行观察与分析。结果表明,TP347H钢中的含铌析出相以Nb(C,N)的形式析出,随着温度升高,Nb(C,N)析出相摩尔分数会减少;原位观察发现,在固溶处理过程中试验钢中存在小尺寸二次Nb(C,N)析出相的析出-溶解行为,并且原始态存在的一次Nb(C,N)析出相不会发生溶解;随着固溶温度的升高,二次Nb(C,N)析出相大量回溶,导致晶粒尺寸长大速度加快。晶粒以晶粒合并和晶界迁移两种形式长大。     

铌微合金化高强钢中NbC析出相的生成机理

微合金化与热处理工艺是提升钢材性能最主要的两种方法.本文以DH980高强钢中NbC析出相为对象,研究了铌含量分别为210×10^-6、430×10^-6和690×10^-6和热处理温度分别为1000、1100、1200和1300℃的条件下,高强钢中NbC析出相的析出行为.使用高温硅钼炉熔炼DH980连铸坯并添加不同Nb含量进行铌合金化,再将所得水冷样置于硅钼炉中完成不同温度下的热处理实验,然后使用夹杂物自动扫描电镜对实验样品进行夹杂物扫描、统计.经分析,铌微合金化后的高强钢中主要的夹杂物为Al₂O₃、MnS和NbC,其中,NbC析出相的尺寸范围为0.7～6.0μm,而1.0～2.0μm尺寸的NbC居多.使用Factsage热力学计算软件计算NbC析出温度及析出量,随着钢中铌含量从210×10^-6增加至690×10^-6,NbC析出相的最高析出温度逐渐升高,分别为1125、1200和1260℃,NbC析出率(NbC质量与所有夹杂物质量的比值)也...     

高Ti-Q550钢中Nb、Ti第二相的析出行为

 采用Thermo-Calc软件、热模拟及扫描电镜研究高Ti-Q550钢中微合金的析出规律。采用Thermo-Calc软件计算不同温度下Nb、Ti的析出规律,钛含量对钢中Nb、Ti析出规律及A3的影响。采用热模拟和扫描电镜研究钢中铌相的析出温度。计算结果表明,钛相的析出温度为1498℃,铌相析出温度为1251℃;随着钢中钛含量的增加,(Nb,Ti)C相析出温度和A3温度升高,但铌在钢中的固溶量降低;当钛的质量分数小于0. 08%时,Ti(N,C)相析出温度随钛含量增加而升高,但当钛的质量分数大于0. 08%时,相析出温度基本不变,钛在钢中的固溶量随钛含量增加而增加。     

(V,Nb)C增强铁基复合材料的原位合成及微观组织研究

采用粉末冶金的方法原位合成一种(V,Nb)C增强铁基复合材料,其烧结密度在1360℃达到7.07 g/cm3.使用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM)对微观组织进行分析,结果表明:NbC在高温析出过程中吸附在VC颗粒表面,逐渐向内渗透,形成(V,Nb)C固溶体,能够抑制硬质相颗粒的长大.Nb/V摩尔比为0.4时,Nb能有效地抑制合金元素在碳化物中的固溶,使得V、Mo、Cr元素大量进入奥氏体中,从而在随炉冷却的条件下得到贝氏体加残余奥氏体的基体组织.     

含稀土Ce的Fe-Mn-Al轻质高强钢的热力学计算及组织性能

为了掌握含稀土Ce的Fe-Mn-Al轻质高强钢相组成及组织性能特点,进而提高其综合力学性能,采用热力学计算和试验相结合的方法,研究含稀土Ce的Fe-Mn-Al轻质高强钢的相组成、微观组织和典型力学性能,分析900～1 100℃固溶处理工艺对其组织性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,试验钢在600～1 200℃时的相组成主要包括铁素体、奥氏体、κ碳化物、Ce₂C₃和NbC等;当温度高于865℃时,碳化物几乎全部溶于基体,奥氏体单相区存在于温度865～915℃,当温度超过915℃时,高温铁素体开始从奥氏体中析出,高温铁素体含量随温度的升高而逐渐升高,915～1 200℃温度区间是奥氏体和铁素体的两相区。热锻试验钢中奥氏体体积分数约为86.4%,只有少量带状铁素体沿奥氏体晶界分布,奥氏体晶粒约为28μm,内部含有大量孪晶。固溶处理后,铁素体含量增加、晶粒开始粗化,大部分带状组织铁素体破碎分离,呈小颗粒状沿奥氏体晶界分布,奥氏体内部有大量孪晶,试验钢抗拉强度显著降低,塑性明显提高。固溶温度为1 000℃时,试验钢的抗拉强度为889.6 MPa,断后伸长率为...     

固溶处理对SiC_p/Al-Cu-Mg复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用粉末冶金方法和等温锻造技术制备了15%Si Cp/Al-Cu-Mg复合材料锻件,通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和室温拉伸测试等方法研究了固溶温度与固溶时间对复合材料锻件微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,热处理固溶温度较低、时间较短时,可溶性第二相粒子未充分回溶到铝基体中,铝基体的固溶强化效果不理想,材料强度较低;然而,固溶温度过高易导致材料过烧,从而导致材料的强度和塑性均降低。对复合材料物相分析表明,锻造态复合材料中的第二相主要是Al2Cu,Mg2Si以及少量的含Fe相,经510℃固溶2 h后,Al2Cu相可以充分回溶,而Mg2Si和含Fe相依然残留在基体中。复合材料最佳固溶温度是510℃,最佳固溶时间是2 h。此时获得的力学性能为:抗拉强度(Rm)=579 MPa、屈服强度(Rp0.2)=390 MPa、延伸率(A)=7%。     

固溶处理和稳定化处理对347H组织性能的影响

通过金相、EPMA、EDS和拉伸等技术,研究了不同固溶处理温度和稳定化处理温度对347H组织性能的影响。结果表明:提高固溶处理温度有助于晶粒长大,这主要是由于提高固溶温度会促使Nb(CN)发生回溶,析出相Nb(CN)钉扎作用减弱所致;稳定化处理对晶粒长大的影响不大,这主要是温度低,原子扩散能量不足;高固溶处理温度导致的Nb(CN)析出相固溶,会减弱沉淀强化,造成室温强度降低;而850℃稳定化处理会促进Nb(CN)析出,增强沉淀强化作用,增加室温强度;随着稳定化温度升高,Nb(CN)析出减少,沉淀强化作用减弱,室温强度降低。     

316L不锈钢金属间相固溶过程中的微结构表征

利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和电子背散射衍射仪等设备研究了热轧态316L不锈钢金属间相(σ相和χ相)在固溶过程中的微结构演变规律,同时,利用高温激光共聚焦显微镜对金属间相回溶的全过程进行了原位在线观察,确定了最佳固溶温度。结果表明,固溶过程中发生了γ+σ+χ→γ+σ+χ+α/FeCr→γ+α/FeCr的相变过程。金属间相的回溶从1033.1℃开始到1149.5℃结束,回溶时间为21s,消除金属间相的最佳固溶温度约为1150℃。固溶处理前,基体中分布的带状组织形态不规则,χ相和σ相的面积比分别为0.46%和0.94%;固溶处理后,带状组织形态一致,主要分布铁素体和FeCr相,而χ相和σ相不可见。     

Nb在变形高温合金中的作用

以载入《中国高温合金手册(2012年版)》的经过国家验收、鉴定或批量生产的变形高温合金为主要研究对象，通过大量的文献调研，总结了Nb在变形高温合金中的作用。总结表明，在高温合金中，Nb既是主要的固溶强化元素，又是主要的沉淀强化元素。在固溶强化型高温合金中，Nb主要形成NbC、Z-(Ni_0.04Cr_0.83Fe_0.13)_1.9(W_0.15Mo_0.09 Nb_0.76)_3.3 N等相，显著提高合金的蠕变强度，降低蠕变速率，同时能保证合金良好的焊接工艺性能；在沉淀强化型高温合金中，主要形成γ′-Ni₃(Al,Ti)相、γ″-Ni₃ Nb相、δ-Ni₃ Nb相、ε-Ni₃(Nb,Ti)相、Laves-(Fe Co Ni)_1.84(NbTiSi)相等，通过控制析出相尺寸、形貌和分布的变化来获得良好的综合性能。目前有接...     

热处理对Ti_2AlNb合金显微组织及力学性能的影响

B2相区等温锻造的Ti-22Al-25Nb合金棒材940℃固溶后,在760~840℃时效处理,对其显微组织、拉伸及蠕变性能进行研究。结果表明:不同温度时效处理的显微组织均由初生粗板条状O相、二次析出的细板条状O相和B2基体组成,其中二次析出的O相可以通过时效温度来调节。随着时效温度的升高,Ti2Al Nb合金的室温及650℃高温拉伸强度降低而塑性提高;较低的时效温度(760℃)处理可以获得更好的抗蠕变性能。     

铌微合金化高强船板钢[z]向性能不合原因分析

 对铌微合金化高强船板钢[z]向性能不合的原因进行了分析。借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜对试验钢的组织及[z]向拉伸断口进行了观察,并通过Thermo-Calc软件及固溶度积公式对NbC的全固溶温度进行了计算,结果表明：聚集分布的大块富铌析出物及长条状MnS是导致试验钢[z]向性能不合的重要原因;虽然提高加热温度有利于富铌析出物的回溶,但常规的轧制加热也很难消除大块富铌析出物对钢板的[z]向性能的不利影响。     

Effect of Nb and Ti on second-phase precipitation and mechanical properties of 430 ferritic stainless steel

The influence of Ti and Nb on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and second-phase precipitation of 430 ferritic stainless steel was investigated.In addition to optical microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses,tensile tests,and carbonitride extraction experiments were conducted to investigate the microscopic mechanisms.The results showed that the primary precipitates in SUS 430 ferritic stainless steel were Cr_(23)C_6,Mn_(23)C_6,and Cr_7C_3,and the primary strengthening mechanism was precipitation strengthening.When Ti was added separately,the main precipitates were TiC and TiN.However,coarse TiC adversely affected the mechanical properties of steel.When double-stabilized with Ti and Nb,coarse TiC was replaced by fine NbC.The type of precipitation was altered,and precipitation and solid solution strengthening occurred.Therefore,the tensile strength and plastic strain ratio(r-value) improved to 433.60 MPa and 1.37,respectively.     

Characterization of precipitates in 9%Cr heat resistant steel

Precipitation strengthening as well as solution strengthening is key mechanism for heat resistant steels.It is very important to characterize the precipitates in 9%Cr ferrite heat resistant steels,especially to show the nanometer-sized particles.By transmission electronic microscope attached with an energy dispersive spectrometer as well as optical microscope,scanning electronic microscope,the microstructure and chemical composition of precipitates in a 9%Cr heat resistant steel after different heat treatments were investigated.It was found that the microstructure of normalized sample was martensite with fine NbC and Fe₃C.The microstructure of tempered sample is tempered martensite,and there mainly were two types of precipitates,M₂₃C₆ with the size range of 50 - 300 nm and MX with the size of 10 - 100 nm.Superfine M₂₃C₆ precipitated preferably on prior austenitic grain boundaries and martensitic lath boundaries,while nanometer-sized MX precipitates were distributed randomly. After short-term creep,Laves phase formed along grain boundaries of the 9%Cr steel,and M₂₃ C₆ and MX precipitates were found to become coarser.More information about precipitates in the 9%Cr steel had been exhibited by atomic force microscopy.Thereby,distribution,size and shape of the precipitates as well as their compositions and structures were revealed.     

Precipitation and fine structure in medium-carbon vanadium and vanadium/niobium microalloyed steels

Hot-rolled and continuously cooled, medium-carbon microalloyed steels containing 0.2 or 0.4 pct C with vanadium (0.15 pct) or vanadium (0.15 pct) plus niobium (0.04 pct) additions were investigated with light and transmission electron microscopy. Energy dispersive spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope was conducted on precipitates of the 0.4 pct C steel with vanadium and niobium additions. The vanadium steels contained fine interphase precipitates within ferrite, pearlite nodules devoid of interphase precipitates, and fine ferritic transformation twins. The vanadium plus niobium steels contained large Nb-rich precipitates, precipitates which formed in cellular arrays on deformed austenite substructure and contained about equal amounts of niobium and vanadium, and V-rich interphase precipitates. Transformation twins in the ferrite and interphase precipitates in the pearlitic ferrite were not observed in either of the steels containing both microalloying elements. Consistent with the effect of higher C concentrations on driving the microalloying precipitation reactions, substructure precipitation was much more frequently observed in the 0.4C-V-Nb steel than in the 0.2C-V-Nb steel, both in the ferritic and pearlitic regions of the microstructure. Also, superposition of interphase and substructure precipitation was more frequently observed in the high-C-V-Nb steel than in the similar low-C steel.     

低碳Nb-Ti二元微合金钢析出过程的演变

建立规则溶液亚点阵模型计算了不同温度(1073~1523 K)下低碳Nb-Ti二元微合金钢(Nb质量分数为0.023%,Ti质量分数为0.012%)中碳氮化物析出相的平衡摩尔分数、化学驱动力和各组元摩尔分数,对微合金钢中析出粒子演变规律进行研究,并利用透射电镜观察及能谱分析验证这种析出模式.计算结果表明,1523 K下析出粒子化学式组成为(Nb_0.15Ti_0.85)(C_0.16N_0.84),由富Ti的析出物逐渐过渡至Nb-Ti均匀析出,析出粒子演变顺序为(Nb_0.15Ti_0.85)(C_0.16N_0.84)、(Nb_xTi_1-x)(C_yN_1-y)和(Nb_0.5Ti_0.5)(C_0.56N_0.44),与实验结果符合较好.随着温度降低,Ti/Nb质量比逐渐减小,得到的TiC比NbC更难溶.对均匀形核及位错处形核的临界核心尺寸和相对形核速率进行计算,得到最大形核率即可获得最细小第二相尺寸的温度.      

Effects of micro-alloying and production process on precipitation behaviors and mechanical properties of HRB600

Effects of micro-alloying elements and production process on microstructure,mechanical properties and precipitates of 600 MPa grade rebars were studied by using pilot test,metallographic observation,tensile test,thermodynamic calculation and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the tested steels are composed of ferrite and pearlite,in which the content range of pearlite is 33%-45%. For vanadium microalloyed steel,interphase precipitation strengthening effect of V can be promoted and the yield strength of tested steels can be increased with increasing V content and decreasing finishing rolling temperature. The temperature of terminated cooling should be more than 700 °C when the water cooling is used. When niobium is added to the steel,more coarse( Nb,V) C,N precipitates are generated at high temperature,so that the solid solubility of precipitated phases of vanadium is reduced and the precipitation strengthening effect of vanadium is weakened.     

TEM Investigations of Fine Niobium Precipitates in HSLA Steel

Commercially produced 0.03 % C, 0.08 % Nb, 0.01 % Ti high strength low alloyed (HSLA) steel in the form of 20 mm thick plates was investigated. The steel was thermomechanically processed and the mechanical properties of the steel were evaluated by tensile testing. Using analytical and high resolution transmission electron microscopy the distribution, morphology, composition, crystal structure and particle size of niobium and titanium carbonitrides were observed and identified in these steels. The distribution of the precipitates was found to be nearly random, with occasional occurrence of precipitation free zones. Complex agglomerates with a cubic TiN seed crystal overgrown by a cubic NbC particle were the most commonly observed precipitates. Further TEM analysis in the accelerated cooled and tempered specimens in 1/4 plate thickness did not reveal any evidence that additional precipitation in the ferrite occurred. Precipitation in ferrite was only detected after subsequent cold deformation and tempering of the same samples. By a combination of EFTEM, STEM, HRTEM in addition to EDX spectroscopy, a large population of strain induced NbC precipitates with fcc crystal structure ranging in size down to 2 nm were identified in the ferrite matrix.     

Creep Rupture Strength and Microstructure of Low C-10Cr-2Mo Heat-Resisting Steels with V and Nb

The new ferritic heat-resisting steels of 0.05C-10Cr-2Mo-0.10V-0.05Nb (Cb) composition with high creep rupture strength and good ductility have already been reported. The optimum amounts of V and Nb that can be added to the 0.05C-10Cr-2Mo steels and their effects on the creep rupture strength and microstructure of the steels have been studied in this experiment. The optimum amounts of V and Nb are about 0.10 pct V and 0.05 pct Nb at 600 °C for 10,000 h, but shift to 0.18 pct V and 0.05 pct Nb at 650 °C. Nb-bearing steels are preferred to other grades on the short-time side, because NbC precipitation during initial tempering stages delays recovery of martensite. On the long-time side, however, V-bearing steels have higher creep rupture strength. By adding V to the steels, electron microscopic examination reveals a stable microstructure, retardation during creep of the softening of tempered martensite, fine and uniform distribution of precipitates, and promotion of the precipitation of Fe₂Mo.     

Effect of Nb Solute and NbC Precipitates on Dynamic or Static Recrystallization in Nb Steels

 Nb is often considered to be a powerful alloying element for controlling the recrystallization process in microalloyed high strength steels. However, Nb can be presented either as solute in solution, where it is thought to exhibit a strong solute drag effect, or as NbC precipitates, which are thought to be effective at pinning grain boundaries. Therefore, it is very important to quantitatively measure Nb in solution or in NbC precipitates. A quantitative analysis method of Nb in solution and in precipitates was proposed. The test procedure involved chemical dissolution, filtration and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopic (ICP-AES) analysis. The amount of Nb in solution in Nb-microallyed steels under different treatment conditions was evaluated. The results show that the niobium and carbon contents in steels have a great effect on niobium dissolution kinetics. The solute Nb is more effective to retard dynamic recrystallization, while the NbC precipitates are more effective to inhibit static recrystallization. The results may help to comprehend effect of Nb in steels, and provide some guides in the design of new high strength Nb-bearing steels.     

Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy Evaluation of the Hydrogen-Trapping Capacity of NbC and NbN Precipitates

In the current study, ferritic steels containing NbC or NbN precipitates were investigated. The materials were subjected to various heat treatments, giving rise to different precipitate size distributions as determined by transmission electron microscopy. Both NbC and NbN precipitates act as hydrogen traps. The steels were hydrogen charged both electrochemically and/or from the gaseous hydrogen source, followed by multiple thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) measurements. Electrochemical charging gave rise to a low-temperature peak [323 K to 523 K (50 °C to 250 °C)], originating from the hydrogen trapped near grain boundaries, with activation energy ranging between 24 and 33 kJ/mol, and at small NbC (39 to 48 kJ/mol) or NbN precipitates (23 to 24 kJ/mol). Gaseous charging caused a high-temperature TDS peak [723 K to 923 K (450 °C to 650 °C)], which was attributed to the presence of incoherent precipitates. The activation energy for NbC precipitates, charged in a hydrogen atmosphere, ranged between 63 and 68 kJ/mol and between 100 and 143 kJ/mol for NbN precipitates.