外加电场对细粒散体浸堆渗透性的影响

基于电渗理论,提出利用外加直流电场强化细粒散体浸堆中溶浸液渗流的方法,通过实验研究与机理分析探讨电场作用对细粒散体渗透特性的影响。结果表明:电场作用能够降低双电层厚度,使渗流通道的截面积增加,溶液渗流阻力降低,溶浸液的渗流速度增大;其次,电场对颗粒微孔隙间及渗流盲区的毛细水起到电渗驱动作用,促进不动液的流动;浸堆的渗透系数随着电场强度的增大先增加后降低,高电场强度下容易发生电解现象及电渗固结现象,存在能够使渗流系数达到极值的最优电场强度;颗粒粒径越小,最优电场强度越低,浸堆的导电能力就越好,电场作用对浸堆的渗透性影响越明显,渗透系数的增加幅度随着颗粒粒径的减小呈指数增加趋势。     

微粒渗滤沉积作用对铜矿排土场渗流特性的影响

针对排土场堆浸过程中微粒渗滤沉积作用对矿堆孔隙率的影响，建立微细颗粒沉积和堆体渗流数学模型。在一维条件下，利用有限差分法对模型进行理论计算，并通过实验进行验证，结果表明：微粒的渗滤沉积降低浸堆的孔隙率，增大溶液的渗透阻力；在常流量动水头条件下，渗滤沉积首先发生在模型注液端的20cm以内，沿渗流方向上，流体压力随时间延长而增大；在常水头条件下，随时间的推移，渗流速度逐渐降低，表明堆体的渗透性降低，与排土场浸堆实际情况相符。因此，应采取必要的技术措施，防止微粒渗滤沉积，这对于改善堆体的渗透性和提高浸出率，具有重要的意义。     

电场作用对提高微生物浸矿性能的影响

在排土场微生物强化浸出过程中,结合电场生物工程技术,以氧化亚铁硫杆菌为研究对象,提出利用电场作用提高微生物浸矿性能的方法,探讨电场作用对微生物生长代谢以及渗流特性的影响。结果表明：电场作用对氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长代谢的影响非常明显,适当的电场可有效强化其生长代谢能力,过高的电流会抑制氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长;电场作用下,排土场孔隙中微生物的渗流能力明显增强,微生物电动渗流效应在渗透率高排土场中尤为明显。     

电场作用提高排土场渗透性能的机理

根据多孔介质中电动力学效应，在排土场浸出过程中，提出利用电场作用强化排土场渗透性能的方法，通过机理分析探讨了电场作用对排土场渗透性能的影响。结果表明：电场作用能有效降低双电层作用对排土场渗透率的影响；在足够大的电场力作用下，孔隙中双电层产生定向迁移，双电层厚度减小，排土场渗透率明显提高；在低渗透排土场中，排土场渗透率因数随电场强度增大而单调递增；而在高渗透排土场中，电场作用对排土场渗透率影响的幅度较小，表明利用电场作用提高低渗透率排土场的渗透性能具有非常大的潜力。     

异种金属摩擦焊后电场热处理组织与扩散行为

采用电子探针线扫描等试验技术研究了强电场对T2紫铜和1Crl8Ni9Ti不锈钢摩擦焊接头焊后退火显微组织及其主要合金元素扩散行为的影响。结果表明：外加电场加快了焊合区金属的再结晶进程，提高了晶粒长大速度，增大了晶粒尺寸，且使退火孪晶数量增多，其中负电场(试件接电源负极)的作用最为明显；此外，紫铜与不锈钢摩擦焊接头焊后电场退火过程中，主要合金元素Cu与Fe在焊合区的扩散区比常规热处理时要宽，且扩散区宽度随电场强度数值的增大而增大。其中，负电场使摩擦焊接界面扩散区宽度增大更为明显。     

亚硫酸在硫脲浸金中作用的电化学

采用循环伏安曲线和恒电流阶跃法进行了亚硫酸在硫脲浸金中的作用，亚硫酸存在下，硫脲的稳定性增大，溶液中硫脲的有效浓度增大，使金溶解活化能降低。溶解速度明显加快。亚硫酸具有电化学还原，催化硫脲浸金的作用。     

保护气体中氮气比例对高氮钢双面同轴TIG焊接工艺性的影响

针对高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢开展了双面同轴TIG自熔焊试验，分析了保护气体成分对电弧电压、电弧形态、钨极形貌、焊缝气孔与含氮量的影响规律. 结果表明，随着保护气体中氮气比例的提高，平均弧压以三次函数的速度增大，波动程度亦随之呈增大趋势；氮气的加入导致电弧显著收缩，焊后钨极表面覆盖棕褐色氮化钨薄层，同时焊接飞溅增大，电弧出现周期性“尾焰反射”现象，焊接稳定性随氮气比例提高而变差；随保护气体中氮气比例的提高，焊缝气孔数量和最大气孔尺寸同时增加，焊缝含氮量先增大后趋于稳定；为了降低焊接不稳定和焊缝气孔的不利影响，保护气体中氮气的比例应低于20%.     

大型排土场细菌浸出新工艺

在浸出-萃取-电积工艺处理排土场物料过程中，浸出是最薄弱的一个环节。分析了排土场堆浸现行工艺中存在的问题，阐释了细菌浸矿热量传递规律、氧气传输规律，提出了管注法浸出新工艺，并用两个矿山实例来说明4种不同类型的排土场浸出新工艺设计原则。研究表明：排土场分层表面风化、压实是渗透性差的原因，堆内氧气不足、温度变化幅度大直接影响到细菌的繁殖和浸矿效果；采用水平渗透代替垂直渗透、人工供气和控制浸堆温度是排土场强化浸出技术的核心；采用管注法新工艺可使溶浸液覆盖率由30％提高到95％，满足浸出反应所需氧量，浸堆温度控制在15-40℃，浸出液浓度提高2倍，生产能力扩大3倍，利润比旧工艺提高3．8倍。     

应力促进PZT铁电陶瓷的电致滞后断裂

用单边缺口拉伸试样研究了外加应力强度因子对PZT-5铁电陶瓷电致瞬时断裂以及在硅油中电致滞后断裂的影响。结果表明，在硅油中发生瞬时断裂的临界电场强度EF随外加应力强度因子KI的升高而线性下降，外加正、负恒电场在硅油中能发生滞后断裂，外加KI则促进电致滞后断裂，电致滞后断裂的门槛电场EDF随KI升高而线性下降，且和电场符号无关，外加应力促进恒电场下的滞后断裂表明，应力、电场和环境对铁电陶瓷的断裂存在耦合作用。     

分步气体介质下低功率激光焊接薄板紫铜成形及组织和性能

针对紫铜高反射率给激光焊接带来的困难及不利影响，提出了一种分步气体介质下低功率薄板紫铜激光焊接方法，即对紫铜表面在氧气介质下进行黑化处理，在待焊件表面形成氧化膜，改变材料表面的粗糙度，促使激光能量多次被重复吸收，提高紫铜对激光的吸收率. 对不同氧气流量下的最终焊缝成形、宏观形貌、熔深和熔宽及力学性能进行对比分析，并探究其作用机理. 结果表明，当氧气流量Q ≤ 8 L/min时，随着氧气流量的增大，熔深和熔宽随之增大，当氧气流量为8 L/min时，紫铜板完全被焊透，且焊缝成形良好；黑化层的主要成分为氧化铜，焊缝区的黑化层总体厚度为470 μm，黑化程度从焊缝区沿着母材方向逐渐减弱；焊缝区和热影响区的显微组织由无方向性的α固溶体组成，焊缝中心两侧组织为垂直于熔合线方向生长的柱状晶；焊缝中心硬度较常规焊有显著提高且抗拉强度良好，证明了采用分步气体保护法可以有效的提高紫铜对激光能量的吸收，且分布气体介质条件下不会导致紫铜激光焊接接头力学性能下降.     

The Seepage Characteristics of Heterogeneous Body With Different Spreading Solution Modes and its Applications

As the dump was a typically heterogeneous body, the seepage was different with varied spreading solution modes. The phenomenon of lamination that occured in the site was simulated using three layers in an indoor experiment, and the seepage effect comparison experiment of the inside spreading solution model and the top spreading solution model have been carried out. In the inside spreading solution mode, the phreatic planar flew without infiltration and the parallel layer motion model was used to calculate the seepage coefficient and equivalent seepage coefficient of each state respectively. In the top spreading solution model, the phreatic planar flew with an even infiltration on the surface, and the vertical layer motion model was adopted to calculate the above coefficient. The results showed that the seepage coefficient of the inside model was larger than the top model in the heterogeneous body, The ratio of them was between 1.42 and 3.07. On the basis of these results, the following new technologies were discussed: installing a few small diameter mechanical pore sand piles with every lamination in the using dump; drilling some holes one-off in the unused dump. These two methods could changed the top spreading solution into the inside model, thus the seepage in the dump was improved.     

Calculation of free energy of Al-Cu-Li alloy under electric field

Based on Thomas-Fermi model, the interior potential boundary condition with the effect of electric field was defined, the calculation method of free energy for atom cluster under electric field was established. The change of free energy of Al-Cu-Li alloy under the effect of electric field was calculated quantitatively. It is shown that： near the zero electric field and the side of positive electric field, the free energy of Cu4LiAl7 compound at aging temperature 460 K is higher than that of free energy at solid solution temperature 725 K, but once the negative electric field increases to certain degree there will be opposite result. Under the effect of electric field, at 725 K the free energy of Cu4LiAl7 is higher than that of Al-1.0%Li-4.0%Cu, and at 460 K the free energy of compound is lower than that of solid solution. When the copper content in the Al-Li-Cu solid solution is below 5%, under the effect of electric field the free energy of solid solution increases gradually with the increasing of copper content, but the increasing amplitude reduces with the increasing of copper content. The free energy of binary solid solution increases with the addition of lithium, and with the increasing of electric field intensity the free energy margin of two kinds of solid solution becomes bigger.     

电场提高激光-TIG复合焊熔深的机制

通过对比电场对单激光和单TIG焊接电弧在镁合金板材上堆焊熔深的影响,分析了外加电场对激光-TIG复合焊熔深的影响机制.同时通过研究在不同激光功率、不同TIG电流强度下电场的作用效果,对该机制进行了验证.结果表明,外加电场对激光-TIG复合焊熔深的作用是通过对激光小孔内等离子中带电粒子运动的控制来实现的.外加电场使小孔内电子向小孔底部运动时,可以增加焊接熔深;激光功率越大,外加电场增加熔深效果越明显;增大TIG焊接电流,削弱外加电场对熔深的增加作用.     

高频电阻焊管用低强度钢的热处理工艺

采用Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机研究了加热速度、加热温度以及冷却速度对高频焊管用钢的组织和性能的影响规律。结果表明:加热速度对奥氏体相变点有显著影响,随加热速度的提高,相变点呈线性增加。在850～1000℃范围内,当加热温度达到925～950℃时,强度达到最低值。随加热温度进一步升高,强度增加。随冷却速度的降低,钢的强度显著下降,组织粗化,且出现带状组织。     

喷射成形工艺中静电作用下气体流场的数值模拟研究

雾化质量是影响喷射成形产品质量的重要因素之一,静电作用能有效地提高雾化质量。将静电作用应用到喷射成形工艺过程中,建立了电场作用下气体流场的模型,对喷射成形工艺中静电作用下气体流场进行了模拟。研究表明,在静电作用下雾化区域的压强分布更加均匀、集中,速度由300 m/s提高到700 m/s,从而有效地改善了雾化效果,提高了雾化质量。     

R-curve behavior of BaTiO3- and PZT ceramics under the influence of an electric field applied parallel to the crack front

The fracture resistance curves (R-curves) of BaTiO₃ and commercial PZT–PIC 151 were measured with compact tension specimens under the influence of an electric field applied parallel to the crack front. A strong influence of the electric field on the starting and plateau value was found as well as on the length of the R-curve. Generally a toughness increase was detected with increasing electric field. The toughening effect is estimated from the change in crack tip stress intensity induced by ferroelastic domain switching near the crack tip using the weight function formalism developed for stress-induced transformation toughening of zirconia ceramics. In order to obtain a quantitative prediction of toughening, ferroelastic and ferroelectric properties were measured.