Three phase flow of gasndashcoal slurry mixtures in vertical tubes

The pressure drop and liquid and slurry phase holdups of a cocurrent flow of gasNdashoil and gasNdashcoalNdashoil slurry mixture in cylindrical columns (1.85 and 2.85 cm-ID) were investigated. The effect of viscosity (43.1-315 cp) was determined using solutions of two different mineral oils and of four different concentrations of coalNdashoil mixtures. The liquid and slurry holdups increased with liquid flowrate and liquid viscosity and decreased with gas flow rate. For solid concentrations in the range 0-35 wt% with the size of coal employed (0.07-0.16 mm) the slurry behaved like a homogeneous Newtonian fluid. The data for frictional pressure drop and phase holdups were correlated in terms of the ratio of fluid velocity, and the Reynolds and Weber numbers of the liquid and slurry phases.     

Role of vapor-liquid equilibrium in evaluation of coal liquefaction kinetics

The role of vapor liquid equilibrium in the coal liquefaction process and its effect on the process kinetics were studied. Available experimental data were analyzed by inclusion of vapor-liquid equilibrium in an existing model to study its effect on the kinetics. The analysis showed that due to liquid vaporization, a significant increase in the slurry residence time occurs. In the range of operating variables investigated, the actual slurry residence time was observed to be higher by a factor of 1.14 to 1.41. Model simulations for some typical operating conditions (717-737 K, 13.8-20.7 MPa) showed the wt. fraction of liquid vaporized to be in the range of 0.1 to 0.3. This is seen to be in agreement with published data on the volatility of typical coal liquids. This study has shown that consideration of vapor-liquid equilibrium in the kinetics and design of coal liquefaction process can be of importance, especially at high temperatures, where vaporization would be significant.     

煤液化残渣制浆研究

对某煤液化残渣进行湿法成浆性实验研究,通过对煤液化残渣料浆在表观黏度、稳定性和流变特性方面的考察,认为在选取合适的添加剂和添加剂加入量的条件下,具备合理粒度分布的煤液化残渣能够制备出高质量分数符合湿法气流床气化工艺要求的料浆。     

浆态床甲醇合成反应过程数学模拟

在固定床等温积分反应器中回归了LP201催化剂上的甲醇合成反应动力学参数,在液固拟均相、全混流、气相流动形式分别为全混流、平推流的基础上建立了浆态床搅拌反应器中甲醇合成反应的数学模型. 模拟结果显示,根据所得动力学参数,计算结果与实验结果吻合良好;气相甲醇合成过程中气相流动形式明显影响反应效率;在液相甲醇合成过程中,气相的流动形式对反应影响不大;气液传质阻力对反应有较显著的影响,必须与反应过程同时加以考虑.     

‘Solubility parameters’ in coal and coal liquefaction products

‘Solubility parameter’ spectra have been used in polymer research to determine the characteristics of cross-linked polymer systems. Cross-linked systems are not soluble in any solvent. Instead, solvent is imbibed by the cross-linked polymer and causes it to swell. The ‘solubility parameter’ of the solvent which causes maximum swelling is identified as that of the cross-linked material. Coal can be thought of as having some characteristics of a cross-linked system^1,2. That is, when immersed in a solvent with which it interacts, it will swell. In addition, coal contains extractable material. If coal is regarded as a ‘multipolymer’, this extractable matter can be thought of as the uncross-linked portion of the coal. Swelling spectra have been taken for untreated coal and coal from which some extractable matter has been removed, which partly suppresses swelling. This extractable matter can be thought of as similar to the uncross-linked coal molecule. Its structure can therefore be used to model the coal matrix itself, to determine the coal structure without using destructive chemical methods to break the coal apart. Dissolution spectra for both the coal extract and the coal liquefaction products from the PAMCO and Synthoil processes were taken. A set of mixed solvents with effective ‘solubility parameters’ ranging from 14.3 to 47.9 MPa^1/2 (7.0 to 23.4 hildebrands) was used. The behaviours of the coal extract and coal liquid products show striking similarities, leading us to believe that molecules similar to those found in liquefaction products already exist in the virgin coal and that hydrogenation products reflect the properties of the starting material.     

煤直接液化性能的影响因素浅析

发展煤直接液化技术是我国缓解石油供需矛盾和保障能源安全的一个较好的战略选择,但影响煤直接液化性能的因素很多,对这些影响因素进行阐述分析是该技术进一步发展的关键。本文首先在反应原料方面,主要综述了煤的煤化程度、官能团、显微组分和无机矿物质,催化剂的种类、特点、作用、添加量和研究热点,溶剂的种类、作用和研究现状,反应气氛的种类和作用,并指出：煤化程度适中、镜质组含量较高、灰分较低的煤更适宜作为直接液化原料;煤粉担载的原位合成高分散铁基催化剂性能较好,并且经过了工业装置的验证;含有较多部分氢化稠环芳香烃的物料适宜作为煤直接液化溶剂;氢气提供活性氢的机理及其他廉价气体替代氢气气氛还需进一步研究。然后在工艺条件方面,主要分析讨论了反应温度、反应压力、煤浆浓度、进料空速和气液比高低的影响,认为需综合考虑较高的油收率和装置处理量及装置的平稳运行,选择适当的工艺条件。最后指出这些工作将为煤直接液化技术的完善提供一定的参考,我国的煤直接液化产业也将取得良好的发展前景。     

ISOTHERMAL AXIAL DISPERSION REACTORS IN COAL LIQUEFACTION HYDROPROCESSING

The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of reactors for hydroprocessing of liquid-solid mixtures, and to assist in the design and scale-up of large scale reactors from the information obtained from small scale experimental units. The paper describes a linear, isothermal, cocurrent upflow tubular reactor model with axial dispersion. The model is applied to coal liquefaction, assuming that the complex liquefaction kinetics can be represented by five lumped components-six first order reactions, and that the three phase (coal-solvent-gas) flow can be approximated by a two phase (slurry-gas)flow.     

ISOTHERMAL AXIAL DISPERSION REACTORS IN COAL LIQUEFACTION HYDROPROCESSING

The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of reactors for hydroprocessing of liquid-solid mixtures, and to assist in the design and scale-up of large scale reactors from the information obtained from small scale experimental units. The paper describes a linear, isothermal, cocurrent upflow tubular reactor model with axial dispersion. The model is applied to coal liquefaction, assuming that the complex liquefaction kinetics can be represented by five lumped components-six first order reactions, and that the three phase (coal-solvent-gas) flow can be approximated by a two phase (slurry-gas)flow.     

Numerical study on the coal gasification characteristics in an entrained flow coal gasifier

The coal gasification process of a slurry feed type, entrained-flow coal gasifier was numerically predicted in this paper. By dividing the complicated coal gasification process into several simplified stages such as slurry evaporation, coal devolatilization and two-phase reactions coupled with turbulent flow and two-phase heat transfer, a comprehensive numerical model was constructed to simulate the coal gasification process. The k– turbulence model was used for the gas phase flow while the Random-Trajectory model was applied to describe the behavior of the coal slurry particles. The unreacted-core shrinking model and modified Eddy break-up (EBU) model, were used to simulate the heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions, respectively. The simulation results obtained the detailed information about the flow field, temperature and species concentration distributions inside the gasifier. Meanwhile, the simulation results were compared with the experimental data as a function of O₂/coal ratio. It illustrated that the calculated carbon conversions agreed with the measured ones and that the measured quality of the syngas was better than the calculated one when the O₂/coal ratio increases. This result was related with the total heat loss through the gasifier and uncertain kinetics for the heterogeneous reactions.     

第二液相对气液二相体系传质的影响

以CO2气体-K2CO3/KHCO3水溶液吸收过程为研究体系,用酸解法测量气体被吸收的速率,通过对比试验考察了加入第2液相(有机相)对体系传质速率的影响。经过试验研究证明,第2液相的加入对气液传质过程的影响程度与加入的物质有关,在试验条件下甲苯对体系强化作用高于异辛醇和庚烷对体系的强化作用。当第2液相加入量较小时,随加入量的增加,其对气液传质过程的促进作用增强,但当第2液相加入量较大时,这种作用则不明显。同时第2液相对传质作用的影响与流动场有关,增加流动场的搅动有助于强化气液传质作用。     

一种新型浮选柱的数值模拟及性能研究

自主研制了一种新型多级规整填料浮选柱,应用计算流体力学软件FLUENT6.3.26进行数值模拟计算,对其内部的气液两相流动进行了考察,采用了欧拉-欧拉多相流模型,对气相的模拟采用单一气泡尺寸,液相湍流采用了标准k-ε模型,两相之间的动量传输仅考虑曳力作用。通过模拟,获得了不同实验条件下浮选柱内部的气液速度场分布、气含率分布等,对部分模拟结果进行了定量比较。结果表明随着气相流量的增大,浮选柱内部气含率增大,液体循环速度增大,从而气液之间混合更加充分,这对于提高浮选柱的分选效率和设备的放大有重要意义。在唐山钱家营开滦煤矿选煤厂进行了以其煤浆为原料的浮选性能的测试,在气体1.25 m³/h,进料0.05 L/h条件下20 min停留时间获得了精煤灰分10.28%,尾煤灰分43.39%,精煤产率52.53%的指标,与该厂浮选精煤灰分10.58%相接近。     

连续内环流三相反应器局部流动特性

在φ200 mm×2500 mm连续内环流三相反应器内,考察了空气 水 玻璃珠体系反应器内局部流动参数随操作条件的变化规律。结果表明,导流筒内截面平均气含率随表观气速的增大而增大,较之气液两相流,在低固含率时,加入固体对气含率影响不明显,而在较高固含率下,气含率有明显降低,但固体再增加时对气含率变化影响不大。在较低表观气速下,进料浆速对导流筒内气含率轴向分布趋势有一定的影响,但在较高表观气速下影响不大,导流筒内的气含率大于环隙内的气含率且随气速增大差别更加明显,浆相连续有利于气相分散并增大环隙内的气含率。导流筒内循环浆速径向分布呈抛物状,中心高、近壁处低,受进料浆速和入口固含率影响都不大。浆相循环强度最低为20,高可达180。固含率轴、径向分布受表观气速和进料浆速的影响,固含率轴、径向分布基本均匀,随进料浆速增加,反应器内固含率降低。     

Complete conversion of brown coal into distillate

The conditions for complete conversion of Victorian brown coal were investigated with an iron–sulfur catalyst in a continuous reactor system consisting of three stirred tank reactors in series. The coal was found to be completely converted into distillate (b.p.<420°C) when the gas flow rate (GFR) through the reactors was increased and the slurry-feed rate was reduced at a temperature of 450°C and a pressure of 18.6 MPa. An analysis of the composition of the liquid in the reactors under liquefaction conditions confirmed that the increase in GFR markedly enhanced the stripping of the solvent fraction in the feed slurry and the lighter fraction derived from the coal, resulting in marked increases in the actual residence time (θ_RT) of the liquid consisting of the concentrated catalyst and heavy fraction. The stripping effect markedly enhanced liquefaction reactions, thus providing a higher distillate yield. However, the GFR effect was gradually saturated as the liquid remaining in the reactors (reactor liquid) became heavier with the increase in the GFR. The extension of nominal residence time (defined by the ratio of slurry-feed rate to reactor volume, θ_NT) from reduction of the slurry feed rate was found to be effective in extending the GFR effects under a high GFR condition, resulting in the complete conversion of the coal. In addition, the stripping of the solvent by the increased GFR was also found to be more enhanced at 18.6 MPa than that at 14.7 MPa although its vaporization was suppressed at a higher pressure. This is due to the heavy fraction in the reactor liquid being more hydrogenated over the concentrated catalyst at a higher hydrogen pressure. However, the dependencies of the conversion rate of the heavy fraction on θ_RT were almost the same for both 14.7 and 18.6 MPa. These results suggested that a complete conversion of the coal could be achieved at 14.7 MPa by using a heavier solvent.     

转速对油煤浆制备均匀度的影响

油煤浆的制备是煤液化工艺流程稳定运行的关键,直接影响到煤液化工艺的整个过程。本文重点讨论了在转速改变的情况下油煤浆制备装置内部流线图,通过内部流线的对比,以及混合均匀度和达到混合均匀所耗费的时间的测定,从而初步确定试验条件下的最佳转速。     

常压低温条件下油煤浆黏度变化的研究

在煤直接液化过程中，油煤浆的黏度变化是工艺设计的重要参数之一．进行了常压低温条件下影响油煤浆黏度变化的实验研究，分析了溶剂、煤粒度、煤油比以及外力因素如剪切速率、温度和溶胀等条件对煤浆黏度的影响规律．实验结果表明：煤浆的黏度随溶剂黏度的增大而增大，随煤颗粒粒度增大而减小，随煤油比增大而升高．煤浆的表观黏度随剪切速率的增大而逐渐降低，表现出一定的剪切稀化性，煤颗粒在溶剂中发生溶胀，煤浆体系的黏度由于溶胀而增大．温度对浆体的黏度影响较大，黏度随温度升高而降低，通过对实验数据的数学回归，建立了一定温度范围内黏度随温度变化的定量关系式．     

油煤浆黏温特性研究进展

煤直接液化技术是缓解石油供需矛盾、实现煤炭清洁高效利用的重要技术途径之一，油煤浆的黏温特性对其配制、输送、加压、预热及反应性能具有重要影响。本文从油煤浆黏温特性的变化规律、研究方法、变化机理、影响因素等方面的研究进展进行了综述。在升温过程中，油煤浆流变特性表现为非牛顿流体，具有剪切稀化特性；高温高压下黏度测定方法主要有4种；分析黏温特性变化机理：煤浆制备和升温阶段黏度变化主要由溶胀作用导致，高温阶段主要由煤裂解产生沥青质（尤其是前沥青烯）导致；从溶剂、煤的性质（煤阶、显微组分及粒径分布）、剪切速率、油煤浆浓度、催化剂和氢分压等方面分析了油煤浆黏温特性的影响因素。最后指出了未来油煤浆黏温特性的研究方向，为我国煤直接液化技术的进一步发展提供参考。     

煤直接液化工艺中煤浆黏温特性变化机理的研究进展

煤直接液化过程中煤浆黏度的变化严重影响设备的正常运行,油煤浆的黏温特性是煤直接液化工艺设计与开发的重要参数。对国外直接液化条件下油煤浆黏温性能变化机理的研究进行了综述,介绍了溶胀作用及沥青烯、前沥青烯等煤衍生物的非共价键作用等多种形成机理,并对进一步深入研究提出了几点看法。     

Coal liquefaction using ore catalysts

Ores and ore concentrates containing minerals of Co, Mo, Ni, Fe, and other potentially active metals have been investigated as slurry catalysts for liquefaction of Blacksville mine, Pittsburgh seam, bituminous coal. The tests were conducted batchwise in a stirred autoclave for 30 min at 425°C and 13.79 MPa (2000 psig) hydrogen pressure according to a two-cycle scheme. In the first cycle, the reaction charge consisted of ground coal, catalyst, hydrogen, and SRC-II heavy distillate. The product of the first cycle was hot-filtered, and the liquid product served as a vehicle for the second cycle, which was otherwise run identically to the first. Reaction products from each cycle were analysed to determine conversion of coal, yield of liquids, liquid product viscosity, and group type (preasphaltene, asphaltene, and oil). Mixtures of ores containing iron pyrites and minerals containing other catalytically active transition metals were compared to pyrites alone and to a pulverized supported Co-Mo-alumina catalyst. An ore catalyst containing both Fe and Ni was superior to another that contained an equivalent mass of iron alone. The best ore catalysts tested, in terms of high liquid yields and low product viscosities, were mixtures of pyrites and molybdenum- and cobalt-containing ores. The latter yielded results that approached those obtained with an equivalent mass of cobalt and molybdenum on an alumina support.     

T型微通道内浆料体系中气泡生成行为与尺寸预测

实验研究了T型微通道内浆料中气泡的生成过程和尺寸。聚丙乙烯微球浆料和N₂分别为连续相和分散相。气泡的生成过程可分为三个阶段：膨胀阶段、挤压阶段和快速夹断阶段。随着浆料浓度的增大,膨胀阶段时长几乎没有变化,挤压阶段显著缩短,而快速夹断阶段略有缩短。在膨胀阶段和快速夹断阶段,气泡颈部宽度与无量纲剩余时间均呈幂率关系,而挤压阶段气泡颈部宽度与时间呈线性关系。考察了浆料浓度、气相和浆料流量对气泡生成尺寸的影响。结果表明气泡尺寸随气相流量的增大而增大,随液相流量和浆料浓度的增大而减小。     

Mathematical Modeling of Drying of Liquid/Solid Slurries in Steady State One-Dimensional Flow

A mathematical model of simultaneous mass, heat and momentum transfer for two-phase flow of a gas and a solid/liquid slurry was developed. The model was applied to calculation of the drying process of coal-water slurry droplets in a gas medium in a steady one-dimensional flow. The model was based on the well-known two-stage drying process for slurry droplets. After the first period of drying, in which the evaporation rate is controlled by the gas phase resistance, the evaporating liquid diffuses through the porous shell (crust) and then, by convection, into the gas medium. Inside the dry external crust of the drop, a wet central core forms, which shrinks as evaporation proceeds. The temperature of the slurry droplet rises. The process ends when the temperature of the dry outer crust reaches the coal ignition temperature in the case of combustion or when the moisture of the particle reaches the final required moisture. The developed model was based on one-dimensional balance equations of mass, energy and momentum for the liquid/solid and gas phases. The system of governing equations was represented by first-order differential equations and solved simultaneously. The numerical solution of the governing equations was obtained using Gear's method. The model permitted calculation