热灌装食品包装PET瓶生产技术与应用

对热灌装食品包装PET瓶的生产工艺流程与吹瓶方法、PET瓶的质量问题以及在生产使用过程中影响PET瓶热灌装的因素及其解决方法等问题，进行总结探讨。     

PET热灌装瓶瓶型要素及耐热性能的改善

分析了PET热灌装瓶瓶型设计及选择中需考虑的若干变数，并提出了一些PET热灌装瓶成型过程中改善耐热性能的工艺方法。     

包装用聚酯容器的发展概述

本扼要地介绍了当前包装用聚酯（PET）容器的基本特征,PET容器的品种及其应用领域,讨论了提高PET瓶耐热性的各种方法,提出了当前我国发展PET热灌装瓶应以热定型为主的主张;围绕啤酒包装方面的应用,简要地介绍了提高PET瓶对气体的阻隔性的多层共吹塑技术及其活化技术的应用以及PET瓶的容器内壁涂复处理技术的基本情况,通过比较PEN（聚苯二甲苯乙二醇酯）和PET的特性,阐明了PEN瓶在热灌装、高阻隔性以及重复灌装使用等方面的优势,展示了开发应用PEN瓶在聚酯容器升级换代中的重要性。同时指出,PEN瓶之开发应用,在当前面临降低生产成本这个十分敏感的现实问题。     

饮料灌装瓶进入冷无菌灌装时代

普通的PET瓶最早用于碳酸饮料和矿泉水的灌装，现在仍在大量使用，是第一代PET瓶：由于茶饮料和果汁饮料的兴起，需要使用热灌装工艺，相应地开发出了能够承受较高灌装温度的结晶型PET瓶，又称热灌装瓶，这是第二代PET瓶：2002年和2003年是热灌装瓶的黄金年代，也是中富、紫江这样的上市公司赢利的法宝：目前无论是专业制瓶厂商还是PET设备供应商，都把目标瞄；隹了高阻隔性的啤酒瓶，并且已经开发出了包括多层结构、内外涂覆及吸氧装置的多种技术，已有部分技术和产品在啤酒包装上获得应用，这种高阻隔性PET瓶是第三代PET瓶。     

无菌灌装VS热灌装：谁是市场的宠儿

随着PET瓶包装在世界范围的蓬勃发展，果汁和软饮料的灌装正在由热灌装向无菌冷灌装进发。根据市场及消费者对饮料品质的不断追求，热灌装市场的份额将会逐步减少，取而代之的将是前景看好的无菌冷灌装。     

全球PET瓶循环设计达成一致

<正>PET循环设计规范(标准)的目的是鼓励PET瓶设计师、加工企业和用户能在开发新产品的阶段,将一定准则考虑在内,从而促进PET物理循环的发展。物理循环是重新将废弃材料熔融、变形,从而生成全新再生产品的过程,但不改变所处理材料的化学结构。PET瓶循环设计规范的主要准则包括避免在PET瓶上使用阻碍PET循环流程和降低再生PET质量的材     

PET瓶无菌冷灌装技术剖析

随着PET瓶包装在世界范围的蓬勃发展，果汁和软饮料的灌装正在由热灌装向无菌冷灌装进发。根据市场及消费者对饮料品质的不断追求，热灌装市场的份额将会逐步减少，取而代之的将是前景看好的无菌冷灌装。     

PET瓶饮料无菌灌装发展新趋势

随着PET瓶包装在世界范围的蓬勃发展 ,国外大型包装设备制造企业都致力于PET瓶包装设备的开发 ,尤其对于不含二氧化碳的果汁和软饮料的灌装技术开发已由热灌装逐渐转向超高温灭菌后的无菌冷灌装技术 ,这将给传统的PET瓶灌装技术带来一场革命 ,已经成为国际上果汁和软饮料发展的主要趋势。类似茶、果汁、奶制品等饮料都属于对微生物敏感的产品 ,灌装时包装技术是个挑战 ,因为可能存在的微生物会导致细菌和霉菌的滋生 ,从而引起产品变质。解决这一问题 ,传统的方法是用热灌装 ,但是热灌装技术存在很多缺点 ,如容器内装物较长时间处在高温…     

单层PET瓶开发将加快啤酒塑料包装步伐

啤酒对环境高度敏感,因此要求包装材料具有很高的阻隔性能,PET瓶生产商通常用以下方法来解决:在多层瓶壁内添加阻隔层;通过共混或使用添加剂改进PET瓶性能;使用SiOx等离子涂层。但无论使用哪种方法,最大的挑战就是如何以最低的成本产生最佳的阻隔性。用上述方法生产的多层PET瓶     

国外包装材料再利用

包装材料的再利用及再资源化,不仅能解决环境保护问题,也能产生不菲的社会与经济效益。 日本加速开发PET瓶的回收利用。日本通商产业省采用化学方法将回收的PET瓶进行分解,并用以制成新的PET瓶。目前约70％已用过的PET瓶经回收后作为纤维材料。其余用     

Acetaldehyde in Mineral Water Stored in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles: Odour Threshold and Quantification

The use of PET bottles for packaging soft drinks and mineral waters is still growing world wide. The production process for these bottles is improving constantly. These improvements are focussed on bottles with better barrier properties, higher inertness and higher heat stability. One of the factors determining the quality of PET bottles is the release of acetaldehyde into the product during storage. A literature survey was conducted on the odour and taste detection threshold of acetaldehyde in water. A method is described to rapidly determine the concentration of acetaldehyde in water up to a level of 1 μg/l. This method was used to determine the concentration of acetaldehyde in mineral water during storage in PET bottles. In still water no acetaldehyde could be found, whereas the concentration of acetaldehyde in carbonated mineral water increased steadily upon storage. Model experiments were performed to find an explanation.     

涂层技术制备高阻隔性PET瓶的应用研究

对聚偏二氯乙烯、改性聚乙稀醇和环氧-胺等有机涂层材料及氧化硅、类金刚石等无机涂层材料在PET瓶上的应用工艺、阻隔性能及其在国内外市场的研究进展进行了综述,指出高阻隔PET瓶目前仅处于小规模的试用阶段,若要成功实现从玻璃瓶到PET塑料瓶的转化,不仅需要提高PET材料的阻隔性能,还应保证其具有较高的透明性、可回收性、技术易操作性及实用性等。     

不同包装容器对劲酒品质的影响

目的 研究包装容器对酒体品质的影响因素,为劲酒包装容器的选择提供科学的数据支撑。方法 采用光学透过率测试仪对不同包装容器的透光率进行了测定,并对贮存2年的劲酒的总黄酮含量、总皂苷含量、色率、淫羊藿苷含量、口感进行分析,数据分析的方法为随机区组设计资料的方差分析。结果 无色玻璃瓶、PET瓶透光率高达90%以上,深色瓶、涂漆瓶、陶瓷瓶、不锈钢瓶透光率均极小。总体来说高硼硅玻璃瓶和PET瓶储存的劲酒均有不同程度的颜色变浅,总黄酮、总皂苷含量降低,口感变差,其他容器储存的酒体之间没有明显差异,且它的总体品质要高于高硼硅玻璃瓶和PET瓶储存酒体的总体品质。结论 包装容器的透光性会对劲酒的品质产生影响,避光包装容器可能更适合劲酒的储存,避光容器的材质和形状对劲酒品质基本没有影响;对于透光性容器,容器形状可能影响劲酒品质,相较于圆柱型的包装容器,扁平型的可能更能保护劲酒品质。     

不同包装橙汁贮藏期间物理品质的变化

以纸铝塑复合包装、普通PET瓶和充氮PET瓶包装的橙汁为研究对象,监测其物理指标,如褐变度、可溶性固形物、pH值、表观黏度及流变特性,在不同温度下贮藏24周过程中的动态变化。结果表明,试验周期内不同包装橙汁褐变度的变化符合一级动力学模型;橙汁的流体性质均属于假塑性流体;pH值随贮藏时间延长而降低;可溶性固形物含量在4℃和20℃下无显著变化(P0.05),而在37℃和55℃下呈上升趋势。研究表明,纸铝塑复合包装可以保持橙汁物理品质相对稳定,而从节约成本和携带方便等方面考虑,充氮PET瓶仍是较优的包装方式。     

Quality Changes of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Packaged in Coloured Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles Stored Under Different Lighting Conditions

In this paper, the influence of light storage and the exposure on quality parameters of a monovarietal extra virgin olive oil packaged in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles were investigated. Coloured PET bottles (clear, green, orange, white and blue) were stored under different artificial lighting conditions in order to simulate the market environment (one fluorescent cool white lamp) and to perform an accelerated test (four fluorescent cool white lamps); storage in the dark was considered as a control. Total peroxide value, polyphenols, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents were, among the ones tested, the quality indexes most affected by lighting and were useful to investigate the bottle colour influence. Concerning the global quality of olive oil, under one fluorescent lamp, the best performances were obtained using blue and white PET bottles; whereas under accelerated conditions, the differences in the protection efficacy offered by the differently coloured bottles were reduced. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of various constituent elements of polyethylene terephthalate bottles used for beverages in Japan

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are some of the most commonly used containers for beverages. During the manufacturing process of PET resin in Japan, metallic catalysts such as Sb and Ge are widely used, with other metals or metallic compounds also being employed to improve the quality of PET bottles. However, few reports into the contents of such elements exist. Thus, we herein report the concentrations of 34 elements (ie, Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, W, Pb, and U) in 16 samples of unused virgin PET bottles for beverages. The measurement was performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and these bottles were found to contain five main elements (ie, <0.5- to 50-mg/kg Ge, <1- to 26-mg/kg Ti, <0.1- to 279-mg/kg Sb, <10- to 48-mg/kg P, and <0.5- to 53-mg/kg Co) that were used as polymerisation catalysts, stabilisers, oxidation catalysts, and bluing agents. Furthermore, when these residual element concentrations in 21 commercial mineral-water PET bottles were determined, there was no significant difference from unused bottles.     

高阻隔PET瓶的质量缺陷分析及处理对策

在介绍了高阻隔PET瓶的特点和常用生产工艺的基础上,详细论述了高阻隔PET瓶在成型过程中的常见质量缺陷产生的原因,并针对不同缺陷的成因提出了防范的措施.分析表明,实际生产中要提高产品质量需要加强成型工艺条件的控制,必要时要改变材料配方.     

Quantification of the Sorption Behavior of Polyethylene Terephthalate Polymer versus PET/PA Polymer Blends towards Organic Compounds

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are widely used for beverages. Oxygen‐sensitive beverages, however, often require the use of barrier materials or oxygen‐scavenging additives incorporated into the PET material, which is in most cases polyamide (PA). As a consequence, small amounts of polyamide are entering the PET bottle‐to‐bottle recycling feedstream. Aim of the study was therefore the determination of the sorption behavior of bottles made of different PET/PA blends in comparison with a PET reference. As a result, PET test bottles containing blended PA amounts of up to 1000 ppm do not show a sorption behavior for the investigated model compounds, which is different from pure PET material. Therefore, polyamide impurities in the recycling streams coming from polyamide barrier bottles will not lead to a different sorption/remigration behavior as pure PET bottles. Consequently, evaluations of PET recycling processes will still be valid for feedstream materials containing such small amounts of polyamide from barrier bottles. On the other hand, the introduction of 8% of polyamide decreases significantly the sorption of organic compounds into the bottle wall. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental direct evaluation of functional barriers in PET recycled bottles: comparison of migration behaviour of mono‐ and multilayers

Recycling of used bottles into new bottles is associated with possible migration of pollutants arising from the previous life of the packages. To reduce or delay such migration, the recycled resin is depolluted or a functional barrier layer made of virgin plastics is used. Testing migration from such recycled bottles relies on the use of model pollutants (surrogates). In order to enable modelling of migration kinetics, each step of the use of surrogates is carefully investigated here in the case of PET. First, criteria underlying the selection of surrogates are carefully examined; together with volatility, polarity and diffusion behaviour, it is shown here that their solubility in the food simulant and their chemical stability strongly influence migration results. For aqueous test media, 2,4‐pentanedione and phenol should be used as surrogates. Second, a procedure is developed to impregnate surrogates at very large concentrations (several thousands of mg/kg PET) which are necessary to monitor migration kinetics. This procedure, which uses dichloromethane as solvent, allows a quick and reproducible impregnation, not sensitive to temperatures between 11–23°C, factors which favour its use at a plant scale. Third, flakes impregnated with this procedure are processed into bottles, and their physicochemical properties are compared to those of commercial bottles. Last, monolayer and tri‐layer polluted bottles (model pollutants in inner layer) are tested for migration for more than 1.5 years. With multilayers, the migration lag time of the fastest surrogates is 6 months with 3% acetic acid and 3 months with ethanol as the simulant, due to plasticization of PET by ethanol. The sequence of migration of surrogates is different with monolayer and multilayer bottles, which shows that partition effects (solubility) play an essential role, especially with monolayer materials. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of package light transmittance on the vitamin content of pasteurized whole milk

Pasteurized whole milk (3% fat) was stored under fluorescent light at 8°C in clear 1 litre polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and three variants of pigmented PET bottles with different light transmittance. Changes in the vitamin content were monitored over a period of 10 days. Milk packed in pigmented PET bottles with the lowest light transmittance, which was stored in the dark under the same experimental conditions, served as the ‘control’ sample. Data were obtained for vitamin A (retinol), vitamin B₂ (riboflavin) and vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) content. Standard plate counts were determined to ensure an acceptable microbiological status of the pasteurized milk during the sampling period. In clear PET bottles a reduction of 22% of the initial content was observed for vitamin A and 33% for vitamin B₂, while the vitamin B₁₂ content remained almost stable. In all pigmented PET bottles the vitamin retention was significantly higher; the losses were 0–6% for vitamin A and 11–20% for vitamin B₂, depending on the pigmentation level, as compared to 6% for vitamin A and no significant loss for vitamin B₂ in the ‘control’ sample. An impact of the package light transmittance on the vitamin B₁₂ content could not be observed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.