电极间电阻计算的二维问题研究

推导出了二维无限大边界条件下电极间电阻计算的精确解，对二维有限大平面区域内两电极间的电阻进行了数值计算，通过将有限边界的放大并与无限大边界下的精确解进行对比，证实了所采用的数值方法可行。用数值模拟方法分析了边界离电极的远近对电极间电阻的影响，对电极间等电阻条件下贵金属圆形电极改成矩形后的贵金属电极材料节省作了计算，计算表明或节省材料约20％－30％。     

侧埋式电极盐浴炉的设计计算

侧埋式电极盐浴炉的设计计算 埋入式电极盐浴炉经过几年来的推广、使用,已取得了比较显著的效果,但是在推广中也遇到了一个怎样设计计算的问题。由于插入式盐炉的计算方法已不能适用于埋入式盐炉,一个新的方法就是很迫切了。我厂经过几年来的摸索、试验、生产和推广,在侧埋式电极盐     

马蹄形电极盐浴炉的功率计算和电极尺寸设计

给出了马蹄形电极盐浴炉的功率计算和电极尺寸设计公式。实践表明，这些计算公式和设计公式可满足工程要求。     

电弧炉电极调节器的参数优化

通过对电弧炉电极等阻抗调节控制算法的分析,给出了一种实用的PID参数优化方法.电极调节时系统将测量弧流与额定弧流进行比较并计算出当前PID调节的增益系数和变积分常数进行调节.该方法是一种简单、实用的控制方法.结果表明该方法满足了电弧炉炼钢对电极调节的要求,使三相电极更平稳地工作在平衡区内,有效地降低了能耗和电极消耗.     

碱金属热电转换器的电极效率

该文计算了碱金属热电转换器在不同的工作温度和不同BASE面电阻下当输入最大电极功率密度时的电极效率，推导出了在给定工作温度和BASE面电阻时取得最大电极效率的条件，并计算了最大电极效率点和最大电极效率，对在给定了工作温度下BASE面电阻和单位面积电极表面的热辐射量对最大电极效率及其工作点位置的影响从理论上进行了推导。     

六轴联动创成式电火花加工的电极设计

提出了一种加工复杂构型的整体涡轮通道的创造思路和六轴联动创成式电火花加工的成形原理及工具电极设计的方法，建立了电极设计中的数字仿真变分模型，论述了电极路径的求解方法及设计过程的干涉计算问题，在计算机上仿真完成了某一电极设计计算过程。     

主电极直接起动埋入式盐浴炉的设计

利用主电极直接起动的埋入式盐炉,不需要采用辅助电极起动,操作安全可靠,便于加保温盖,可有效节约电能。 但目前所用的这类炉子,常由于设计计算和制造不当,达不到预期效果。本文在试验的基础上,考虑到炉子的工作特点和容抗、感抗对电极电阻的影响,确定了适当的表面负荷,提出了合理的设计计算方法。经现场应用证明,依这种计算方法建造的炉子,性能可靠,效果良好,使用寿命接近一般埋入式盐炉。     

垂直型直流接地极的电极结构对溢流密度的影响

[目的]垂直型直流接地极的溢流密度是关乎接地极性能的关键参数,因此电极结构对溢流密度的影响值得研究。[方法]针对垂直接地极的结构特点,分析了子电极数量、子电极长度、子电极间的间隙距离、电极井截面对溢流密度大小和均匀程度的影响。[结果]研究表明:溢流密度大小与子电极总长度有关,与子电极分段数量和间隙距离几乎无关;而溢流不均匀程度与间隙距离和电极井截面有关。[结论]结合计算分析结果提出了优化的垂直型电极结构。     

富氏级数方法计算埋入式电极盐浴炉电阻修正系数

本文提出分析计算埋入式电极盐浴炉的富氏级数法。此方法不仅可以计算电阻修正系教K_R,还可计算导电熔盐中的电流分布,并且可以有效地控制计算误差。K_R的计算结果与以往文献报导的结果吻合较好。     

电极故障分析

电极故障分析王纪孚吉林镍业公司（磐石，１３２３１１）我公司冶炼厂矿热电炉自焙式电极，直径为１ｍ。在生产过程中会发生电极断、电极短路及电极接地等故障。现就这三种故障情况在电气运行方面做一分析。电极断不论电极硬断或软断都会造成三相电炉变压器一相供电断路，...     

Capacitance of porous carbon electrode in mixed salt non-aqueous electrolytes

Capacitances of a porous carbon electrode in non-aqueous electrolytes containing tetraethylamonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF₄) and a lithium salt with various compositions have been investigated for the potential use in electric double layer capacitor. In the electrolyte prepared by dissolving TEABF₄ and LiBF₄ into the mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) with diethyl carbonate (DMC), an activated carbon fiber (ACF) electrode exhibits a larger capacitance than in TEABF₄ single salt electrolyte on cyclic voltammograms. The symmetrical capacitor cell containing the LiBF₄-TEABF₄ mixed salt electrolyte also exhibits larger capacitance on a constant-current test compared with that containing the TEABF₄ single salt electrolyte, while the capacitance degradation is observable for this cell at a significant extent, while the test under controlled potential of the ACF electrode to −0.2 to 1.0 V vs. Ag provides somewhat stable capacitance over 30 cycles.     

Study of a lithium-lithium propionate electrode in propylene carbonate

Preliminary data are presented on the electrochemical behaviour of a secondary lithium electrode in propylene carbonate at 25 °C. The anion of the insoluble lithium propionate salt, whose precipitation is favoured by the anodic dissolution of lithium, was introduced into the solvent as a tetrabutylammonium salt. This was prepared by neutralising tetrabutylammonium hydroxide with an excess of propionic acid followed by vacuum evaporation to remove the unwanted water. The introduction of this salt into the solvent increases its specific conductivity without affecting its compatibility with lithium. All measurements were made with freshly prepared mercury-mercurous propionate reference electrodes to overcome problems involving their stability over prolonged periods.Steady-state potentiostatic polarization curves, anodic galvanostatic, and cyclic voltammetry measurements provided information on the kinetics of the lithium system. It was shown to be reversible, provided that the overpotential does not exceed 60 mV, and may be able to deliver current densities of the order of 0.25 mA/cm² without appreciable polarisation.Consideration of the reduction of the electrolyte on platinum and lithium electrodes is also discussed.     

The effect of type of the inorganic filler and dopant salt concentration on the PEO–LiClO4 based composite electrolyte–lithium electrode interfacial resistivity

In the present paper the effect of the type of inorganic filler on the composite polymeric electrolyte–lithium electrode interfacial behavior is analyzed. Studies are performed in the wide LiClO₄ concentration range using poly(ethylene oxide)dimethyl ether (PEODME) as an electrolyte matrix. It is demonstrated that both the formation and the growth of the resistive layers at the polymer electrolyte–lithium electrode interface are determined by the salt concentration range and depend also on the type of the filler used. It is demonstrated that for salt concentrations lower than 10⁻³ mol kg⁻¹ or higher than 1 mol kg⁻¹ addition of filler results in the suppression of the growth of the resistance of the interfacial layer. This effect has been related to an increase in lithium cation transference number observed in these salt concentration ranges in composite electrolytes compared to the pure PEODME–LiClO₄ analogues. The effect of the filler on conductivity, microstructure and thermal characteristic of electrolytes studied is also discussed.     

The silver catalyst in the hydrophobic oxygen electrode

Ten sorts of silver powder were tested as the catalysts for hydrophobic air electrodes in an alkaline electrolyte. The fine grain catalysts meet the demands of the electrodes better than the catalysts with large surface area which proved not to be satisfactory. The catalyst prepared by reduction of the aqueous suspension of a solid silver salt has the best properties. Electrochemical electrode behaviour is improved by using pure oxygen. The characteristics of some silver catalysts in hydrophilic electrodes were also determined.     

Ultra low Pt-loading electrode prepared by displacement of electrodeposited Cu particles on a porous carbon electrode

Ultra low Pt-loading and high Pt utilization electrodes were prepared by displacement of electrodeposited Cu on a porous carbon electrode. Copper particles were electrodeposited on a porous carbon electrode (PCE) by four-step deposition (FSD) at first. The size and dispersion of deposited Cu particles were markedly improved with application of the FSD. The Cu deposits were then displaced by platinum as dipping a Cu/PCE in a platinum salt solution. Sequentially, Pt particles supported on the PCE were obtained. The Pt/PCE electrode prepared via the FSD of Cu overcomes the problem of the hydrogen evolution reaction accompanied with direct platinum electrochemical deposition, and has a high Pt dispersion. The single cell consisting of the electrodes Pt/PCE via the FSD of Cu outputs a power of 0.45 W cm⁻² with ultra low Pt loadings of 0.196 mg cm⁻² MEA (0.098 mg cm⁻² per each side of the MEA) at no backpressure of reactant gases.     

Pseudo-capacitance of composite electrode of ruthenium oxide with porous carbon in non-aqueous electrolyte containing imidazolium salt

Pseudo-capacitance of composite materials where ruthenium oxide particles are loaded on activated carbon has been evaluated in the electrolyte of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate dissolved in acetonitrile. The composite materials prepared by conventional a sol-gel method have dispersed structure of ruthenium oxide particle of tens nanometer diameter on the surface of activated carbon. The extent of the pseudo-capacitance of the composite electrodes in the imidazolium salt electrolyte, estimated by the comparison of the capacitance per surface area of electrode in different non-aqueous electrolyte, is ca. 3-5 μF cm⁻² in addition to the double-layer capacitance of ca. 6 μF cm⁻², depending on the loading status of ruthenium oxide. The symmetric cell consisting of the composite electrode containing 18 wt% of ruthenium oxide and the imidazolium salt electrolyte provides cell capacitance based on the pseudo-capacitance by a constant-current test.     

Study on design of molten salt solar receivers for beam-down solar concentrator

Systems using molten salt as thermal media have been proposed for solar thermal power generation and for synthetic fuel production. We have been developing molten salt solar receivers, in which molten salt is heated by concentrated solar radiation, in the Solar Hybrid Fuel Project of Japan. A cavity shaped receiver, which is suitable for a beam-down type solar concentration system, was considered. In order to design molten salt solar receivers, a numerical simulation program for the prediction of characteristics of receivers was developed. The simulation program presents temperature distributions of a receiver and molten salt with the use of heat flux distribution of solar radiation and properties of composing materials as input data. Radiation to heat conversion efficiency is calculated from input solar power and heat transferred to molten salt. The thermal resistance of molten salt and the maximum discharge pressure of molten salt pumps were taken into account as restrictions for the design of receivers. These restrictions require control of maximum receiver temperature and pressure drop in the molten salt channel. Based on the incident heat flux distribution formed with a 100 MWth class beam-down type solar concentration system, we proposed a shape of solar receiver that satisfies the requirements. The radiation to heat conversion efficiency of the designed receiver was calculated to be about 90%.     

Mixed electrolyte consisting of ethylmagnesiumbromide with ionic liquid for rechargeable magnesium electrode

A novel electrolyte system for a rechargeable magnesium battery has been developed. The electrolyte consists of ethylmagnesiumbromide in tetrahydrofuran (EtMgBr/THF) with an ionic liquid (IL) of quaternary ammonium salt. The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte with the composition of EtMgBr/THF:IL being 3:1 in volume was 7.44 mS cm⁻¹ at 25 °C. A reversible processes of cathodic deposition and anodic dissolution of magnesium has been successfully achieved in the mixed electrolyte system of EtMgBr/THF + IL at room temperature.     

熔盐炉及熔盐加热系统

在氧化铝生产过程中,由于我国一水硬铝石型铝土矿存在高铝、高硅、可磨性差和难溶出的特点,管道化溶出方式逐渐成为一种发展趋势,而熔盐炉是管道化溶出系统中最关键的加热设备。结合某氧化铝厂管道化溶出系统熔盐炉及熔盐加热系统,介绍了熔盐的组成及特性,熔盐炉的类型与结构,熔盐加热系统的运行和特点。     

Effect of electrode fabrication methods on the electrode performance for ethanol oxidation

Two palladium/carbon nanofibers modified glassy carbon electrodes, Pd/CNFs/GC-C and Pd/CNFs/GC-E, are fabricated by the conventional powder type method and by the electrophoretic deposition in conjunction with pulse electrodeposition method, respectively. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy reveal that Pd particles are uniformly dispersed on the two electrodes and X-ray diffraction shows the average Pd particle size of the Pd/CNFs/GC-E electrode is slightly larger than that of the Pd/CNFs/GC-C electrode. Cyclic voltammetric analysis shows that the electrocatalytic activity of Pd/CNFs/GC-E electrode is better than that of Pd/CNFs/GC-C electrode for ethanol oxidation in alkaline media, although the latter has higher Pd loading than the former. This is believed to be due to the higher utilization of Pd catalyst on Pd/CNFs/GC-E electrode than on Pd/CNFs/GC-C electrode, which is confirmed by the electrochemically active surface area measurements. In addition, chronopotentiometric analysis shows the long-term operation stability of Pd/CNFs/GC-E electrode is better than that of Pd/CNFs/GC-C electrode.