基于EMD-MPE与HMM的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对故障轴承的特征难以提取以及状态识别困难的问题,提出了基于经验模态分解(EMD)-多尺度排列熵(MPE)与隐马尔科夫模型(HMM)的滚动轴承故障识别方法。首先,运用EMD滤波降噪原理对滚动轴承振动信号进行降噪,而后将已降噪的信号进行多尺度排列熵分析并提取不同尺度下排列熵的较大值作为信号特征。最后,将特征信号向量输入已训练好的HMM模型进行故障类型判别。并与支持向量机(SVM)进行比较研究。实验结果表明,基于EMD-MPE与HMM的滚动轴承故障诊断方法对滚动轴承的故障状态能够进行有效地识别。     

滚动轴承故障信号处理方法与诊断试验研究

分析了滚动轴承故障振动信号的非线性、非平稳性特征,基于经验模态分解法（EMD）在处理此类信号中的优势,研究了滚动轴承故障信号的时频分析处理方法。通过EMD法将滚动轴承故障原始振动信号分解为多个平稳的IMF分量之和;选取前8个IMF能量值作为频域特征并结合时域特征构成故障振动信号特征集合,作为BP神经网络的输入;建立了滚动轴承故障诊断的BP神经网络模型,利用BP网络的自学习机制进行网络训练,得到了输入特征与故障模式之间的映射关系;通过对滚动轴承不同类别的故障诊断试验,验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于Hankel矩阵与奇异值分解降噪方法的齿轮故障诊断研究

将Hankel矩阵与奇异值分解相结合对齿轮故障信号进行降噪处理,并应用MATLAB软件实现,来降低信号中的噪声,提高信噪比,从而凸显故障的信息特征。首先将含噪的测量信号构成的Hankel矩阵分解成两个互不相关的空间——真实信号空间与噪声空间,采用3种不同的奇异值选择方法,即奇异值差分谱方法、特征均值方法以及奇异值中值方法,对两个空间的奇异值矩阵处理后,再重构信号,实现降低测量信号噪声的目的。利用计算数据和图像说明不同奇异值选择方法的降噪效果,得出奇异值中值方法对齿轮断齿故障信号降噪效果最佳。     

基于SSD和ICA降噪的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对轴承故障信号在早期由于能量小容易受到噪声影响而被淹没的问题,提出了一种奇异谱分解(SSD)和独立分量分析(ICA)的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,通过SSD对原始故障信号分解,得到一系列不同频段的奇异谱分量(SSC);其次,利用SSC分量构造观测信号和虚拟噪声信号,将观测信号与虚拟噪声信号组成观测矩阵;然后通过ICA对观测信号降噪;构造虚拟噪声通道信号;最后,将分离出来的独立分量进行Hilbert解调,对解调后的信号做FFT运算,并识别故障类别。通过仿真和实验表明了所述方法能够满足对滚动轴承振动信号降噪要求,准确清晰地提取故障特征频率。通过与EMD-ICA方法对比分析,验证了该方法对滚动轴承的早期故障诊断更加有效。     

基于EMD降噪的递归图分析方法在齿轮故障诊断中的应用

为从齿轮振动信号中提取包含故障信息的特征量,提出了一种基于经验模态分解(EMD)降噪的递归图分析方法。该方法用EMD方法将振动信号分解为有限个固有模式函数(IMF)分量,选取包含故障信息的IMF分量建立递归图,从递归图中提取特征向量,运用高斯混合模型进行模式识别。将该方法运用于故障齿轮振动信号的识别,结果表明该方法具有较高的识别率,对齿轮故障能够有效地进行分类与诊断。     

基于VMD与时间序列分析的滚动轴承故障特征提取方法

为了在非线性、非平稳的滚动轴承故障振动信号中有效提取出敏感的故障特征,提出了基于变分模态分解(VMD)与时间序列分析相结合的特征提取方法。首先通过VMD将原始信号分解为不同预设尺度的本征模态分量(IMF),对各个IMF分量建立时间序列预测模型,通过叠加重构得到最终的预测模型,比较评价指标确定最优参数的选取。最后,通过仿真信号与滚动轴承实际故障数据分析,并与经验模式分解(EMD)进行对比,结果表明该方法能够有效的提取到故障特征频率。     

基于SSD和MPE的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

为了解决滚动轴承故障特征难以提取的问题,提出了一种奇异谱分解(SSD)和多尺度排列熵(MPE)的故障特征提取方法,结合K近邻(KNN)算法识别滚动轴承故障类型。首先对滚动轴承振动信号用SSD进行分解,得到3个奇异谱分量(SSC),根据峭度最大原则选择主分析分量;然后用MPE计算主分析分量的熵值,实现滚动轴承的故障特征进行提取;最后将熵值作为特征向量输入KNN分类器中,完成滚动轴承的状态识别。将该方法应用于实验数据分析,并与VMD和MPE相结合的故障诊断方法做比较,结果证明,该方法能够有效地提取故障特征,实现故障诊断。     

基于EWT和ICA联合降噪的轴承故障诊断方法

针对轴承早期故障信号易被淹没于噪声中、故障特征难以提取的问题,提出一种经验小波变换(Empirical Wavelet Transform, EWT)与独立分量分析(Independent Component Analysis, ICA)的联合降噪方法。该方法依据峭度准则将经EWT分解得到的固有模态分量(Intrinsic Mode Function, IMF)重构后利用ICA进行盲源分离,有效抑制了振动信号中的噪声,使故障特征频率的能量幅值最大,从而识别故障特征。通过仿真分析和实际轴承早期故障的实验研究,表明该方法可明显削弱噪声干扰,突出故障频率成分。与EWT和包络谱结合的方法对比,信噪比提高了24.45%,能更清晰准确地提取故障特征信息,满足对轴承故障的诊断要求,为滚动轴承早期故障提取提供了一种方法。     

SVD归一化强度软阈值降噪方法及其应用

为提取被噪声干扰的有效轴承故障特征信息,提出一种SVD归一化强度降噪方法,并对有效奇异值进行软阈值处理,降低噪声的干扰。轴承信号降噪结果表明,在不同的噪声强度干扰下,该降噪方法均能够保留源信号中的主要频率信息,大幅提高信噪比;该方法较SVD差分谱方法能够有效提取故障特征频率信息,避免信号的过降噪。SVD归一化强度软阈值降噪方法降噪原理清晰、计算简便,能够为轴承故障的精密诊断提供可靠的数据基础。     

基于多域空间状态矩阵奇异值与局部保持投影的滚动轴承故障特征提取方法

针对滚动轴承振动信号复杂且难以从中提取有效故障特征的问题,提出了一种总体经验模态分解(EEMD)、奇异值分解(SVD)和局部保持投影(LPP)相结合的故障特征提取方法。首先,对振动信号进行EEMD分解,利用EEMD分解后的固有模态分量(IMF)分别构造时域、频域和时频域空间状态矩阵;其次,利用SVD提炼时域、频域和时频域空间状态矩阵中的故障信息,筛选其中累加百分比大于90%的奇异值组成多域有效奇异值数组,构造多域奇异值特征矩阵;然后,利用LPP约简多域奇异值特征矩阵,提取低维、高区分度的故障特征;最后,利用支持向量机(SVM)对提出的故障特征提取方法进行评估。实验结果证明了该方法提取的故障特征可有效反映滚动轴承的故障状态。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.