高级材料在有色冶金设备上的应用

论述了用于有色冶金热工设备上的高级材料——陶瓷混凝土和氟金云母。介绍了所研制的陶瓷混凝土对冰晶石和电解质溶体抵抗作用的试验方法。给出了俄联盟热力设备制造股份公司不用目前稀缺的硅氟化钾而制取的氟金云母的特性。陶瓷混凝土和氟金云母在有色冶金热工设备上的应用可以延长修理周期,节省能源。     

云母微晶玻璃析晶动力学的研究

采用差热分析的方法，对ＴｉＯ２作为晶核剂的氟金云母生晶玻璃的析晶动力学参数进行了测定。结果表明：ＴｉＯ２使原始玻璃在晶化过程中产生了先析相钛酸镁，降低了氟金云母相的析晶活化能；氟金云母晶体以二维片层状方式生长，其生长过程受界面过程控制。     

聚丙烯/改性金云母复合材料的研究

通过熔融共混法,分别将未处理、经庚二酸(PA)处理和经PA/Ca(OH)_2复合处理的金云母与聚丙烯(PP)制备了PP/金云母复合材料。研究了改性金云母对PP结晶行为及力学性能的影响。结果表明:经PA处理后的金云母的粒径更小,分布更窄。加入处理过的金云母的复合材料中β晶的含量显著提升。添加改性金云母复合材料的拉伸强度和缺口冲击强度提升效果显著。加入处理的金云母后,PP球晶尺寸明显减小,球晶形态发生变化。     

云母纸表面与界面改性及增强机理研究

云母纸成纸主要依靠云母鳞片间的范德华力和静电引力,纸张强度较低,不佳的表面与界面状态,易导致无法成纸.讨论了粒度级配、表面改性、水质改善等表面与界面改性技术,改善云母纸表面与界面特性,提高云母纸材料的拉伸、介电强度.并结合最大密度曲线理论、架桥键合作用、双电层理论,分析表面与界面增强的机理.研究表明:经表面与界面改性后,云母纸的拉伸强度与介电强度均有较大程度的提升.     

液相沉积法制备金云母钛珠光颜料

以耐高温性能优于绢云母的金云母为基材,TiCl4为沉淀剂,SnCl4为晶型促进剂,通过液相沉积法成功制备金云母钛珠光颜料。通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析对金云母钛珠光颜料的结构进行表征,重点探讨了该种液相沉积法对金云母钛珠光颜料的制备效果。结果表明TiO2纳米粒子均匀地包覆于金云母表面,且TiO2纳米粒子粒径均匀,分散性好。     

化学诱导法制备金红石型云母钛珠光颜料

用化学诱导法制备金红石型云母钛珠光颜料，通过SEM，XRD等手段研究了化学诱导剂对颜料表面膜层微观结构及金红石含量的影响。结果表明：用少量SnO2，Fe2O3等金属氧化物对云母进行预膜处理，可有效地抑制云母基片对表层TiO2晶型转化的不利影响，诱导和促进TiO2的低温相变，提高颜料的珠光光泽。以SnO2-ZnO-C助剂为复合金红石诱导促进剂，在较低的焙烧温度（850℃）和较短的焙烧时间（0.5h）内制得了完全金红石化的云母钛珠光颜料，并从结构入手对诱导机理进行了初步探讨。     

信息集锦

高强度云母陶瓷云母陶瓷是一种特种工程材料。目前生产云母陶瓷采用两种方法：一种是结晶玻璃法，另一种是烧结法。但这两种方法生产的云母陶瓷抗折强度不够理想，不能超过150MPa。如用前种方法生产，其抗折强度一般在100～140MPa范围内。用后种方法生产，其抗折强度一般在120～130MPa范围内。因此需要研制一种抗折强度可达到150MPa以上的高强云母陶瓷。近年来，日本在这方面作了一系列的研究工作，研制成功一种高强云母陶瓷。这种云母陶瓷是用氟金云母和氧化铝为主要原料，加入氟化初和氟化钙外加剂，经烧成而成。其原料组成为氟金云母…     

碳酸锂对氟金云母/硅橡胶复合材料瓷化性能的影响

以氟金云母为成瓷填料,碳酸锂为助熔剂,制备可瓷化硅橡胶复合材料,研究碳酸锂用量对氟金云母/硅橡胶复合材料瓷化性能的影响。结果表明,当碳酸锂用量为3份时,氟金云母/硅橡胶复合材料的综合性能最好,经1 000℃处理1 h后,其陶瓷体的三点弯曲强度达3.57 MPa。扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析结果表明,1 000℃时碳酸锂产生液相,将氟金云母和白炭黑粘结起来,并与氟金云母发生共晶反应,生成LiAl(SiO3)2晶体,提高了氟金云母/硅橡胶复合材料的瓷化性能。     

微晶玻璃结晶率的测定

介绍了一种测定微晶玻璃结晶率的方法,以及用该法测定金云母微晶玻璃结晶率的实例。     

生物活性玻璃陶瓷药物缓释体制备及其释药规律的研究

介绍了氟磷灰石、氟金云母型生物活性玻璃陶瓷缓释体的制备工艺和性质，内装抗骨肿瘤药物氨喋呤（ＭＴＸ），用动物体现人实验方法研究其释药规律，为进一步临床应用观察提供依据。     

Scrap of magnesia parts,the reasons for it,and means of reducing it

Conclusions The most common and characteristic forms of scrap of magnesia parts differing in form, dimensions, and composition are shown. These include deviations of the dimensions from the nominal, breaking off of the corners and edges, nonuniformity, welding together, spots, voids, fire cracks, spalls, and cracks of different origin.The reasons for formation of scrap were determined. The primary of them are the reduced quality of the raw material (chromite, magnesite) with a larger quantity of impurities containing limited silicon and calcium oxides, sometimes insufficient density, grain size, and completeness of hydration of the magnesite powders, nonconformity of the bunker, proportioning, mixing, and pressing equipment to the requirements of modern production of progressive high-quality refractories, the insufficiently high binding capacity of lignosulfonates, deviations in the quality of assembly and finishing of press equipment and automatic ejectors, of the car floor lining, and in firing conditions, a high variation in density of the green parts, and nonuniform heating and cooling in the volume of the parts and of the whole charge during firing. More than 50% of the total scrap of all forms is due to firing scrap of parts.The primary means of reducing or eliminating scrap of parts and simultaneously increasing their quality based on the reasons for formation of different forms of it were noted. These above all else, are increasing the volumes and improving and introduction of new methods of concentration of magnesite and chromite, a successive increase in the share of chrome concentrates, chromium-containing broken parts, and powders by firing of magnesite and caustic dust in the production of magnesia refractory parts as the result of a decrease in the share of commercial natural chromite and magnesite, the use in the production of parts of high-quality type PMSP-93 powder produced in shaft kilns and used as the charge for production of fused materials, the use of the prospect of processes for production of dense periclase powders uniform in chemical analysis from recovered caustic dust, replacement of obsolete mixing and press equipment by more modern, increasing the strength of green parts by above all else improving the binding properties of LST and increasing pressing pressure, forming of the taper of parts by the side plates of the die, improving the quality of assembly and increasing the reliability of functioning of press equipment and automatic ejectors, improving car floor linings, introduction of new methods and increasing the volumes of production of progressive unfired refractories in place of certain forms of fired parts, observation of all production parameters, and a relationship of the wages of labor to the quantity of scrap and the quality of refractories.Introduction of the new management system and the active work of the quality groups created will open up and lead to the action of unutilized reserves for reduction of scrap.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 31–38, February, 1989.     

Special Features Of Stabilization Of The Growth Process In Plasma-arc Growth Of Single Crystals Of Refractory Compounds From SHS Products

Problems of the stability of the growth process in growing single crystals of refractory compounds (carbides and bondes of transition metals) by the method of plasma-arc remelting are considered. The main reasons behind the loss of stability of the spatial configuration of the melt (a shift of the anode lock-on of the arc from the center of the molten pool, disturbance of the symmetry of the plasma jet, superheating of the melt) are considered. The effect of cyclic perturbations in the crystallization system that appear upon replenishment on the fluctuation of the energy characteristics of the arc, the temperature of the melt, and the displacements of the crystallization surface is described. It is established that the crystallization rate and the process of coarsening of the crystallites in the formation of a columnar structure in the ingot depend on the frequency of feeding new portions and on their mass.     

Investigation of conditions of spherulite formation in mixtures of crystalline and amorphous polymers

The supermolecular structure of mixtures of crystalline polymers (low pressure and high pressure polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene) with an amorphous polymer (atactic polypropylene) from the point of view of the influence of the amorphous component on the morphology of the crystalline component has been investigated. The criterion of changes in the morphological state of larger supermolecular formations was the microscopic image of the samples obtained with an optical microscope, both between crossed nicols and in phase contrast. It has been established that the formation of typical spherulites depends on the amount of admixture of the amorphous polymer and also on the treatment of the samples. Upon crystallization in presence of a small amount of solvent (p-xylene), formation of typical spherulites of the crystalline component of the mixture can be observed while the same mixture in case of evaporation of the solvent presents a granulated refractive structure without typical spherulites, regardless of the rate of cooling. The probable role of the solvent is to facilitate mutual segregation of the microphases of both polymers in consequence of decrease in viscosity of the mixture. It has been further shown that even after briefly heating the mixture to a temperature of 220°C., before crystallization, spherulites do not form; on the contrary, spherulites originally present disappear and a structure consisting of smaller refractive formations of crystalline polymer is obtained. The formation of this structure, emerging after destruction of spherulites, might be attributed to an increase of interpenetration of both polymers and to an increase of the contact surfaces between components of the mixture.     

Some special features of open-hearth furnace bottoms

Conclusions The peculiar feature of the formation of hearths fettled with fine-grained chromemagnesite powder compared with those fettled with metallurgical magnesite powder is the formation of a more clearly expressed crystalline concretion of periclase as a result of the fine grain size composition of the powder and the presence in it of grains of chromite which help the process of hearth formation.Wear of the hearths made of chromemagnesite and magnesite powders is due mainly to one and the same factor — destruction of the crystalline concretion of periclase under the action of iron-silicate melt in the slag. The process of destruction of the hearths made from chromemagnesite powder occurs more slowly owing to the more complete formation of the concretion of crystals of periclase in these hearths, which is probably the basic cause of the higher resistance.Investigation of samples of hearth taken from the site of an accidental escape of metal through the bottom, showed that they contained crystals of iron spinel which is probably due to the local supersaturation of the hearth with iron oxides.     

聚羧酸减水剂影响抗裂性能的机理研究

通过实验,以混凝土28d的拉压比大小为评价混凝土抗裂性能的优劣，分析了合成聚羧酸减水剂的羧基、氨基、磺酸基、羟基、酯基等各官能团比例，聚醚支链的长短，减水剂分子量大小等因素对混凝土抗裂性能的影响。初步探讨了聚羧酸减水剂提高混凝土抗劈裂性能机理。     

Maternal Melatonin Deficiency Leads to Endocrine Pathologies in Children in Early Ontogenesis

The review summarizes the results of experimental and clinical studies aimed at elucidating the causes and pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of endocrine pathology in children. The modern data on the role of epigenetic influences in the early ontogenesis of unfavorable factors that violate the patterns of the formation of regulatory mechanisms during periods of critical development of fetal organs and systems and contribute to the delayed development of pathological conditions are considered. The mechanisms of the participation of melatonin in the regulation of metabolic processes and the key role of maternal melatonin in the formation of the circadian system of regulation in the fetus and in the protection of the genetic program of its morphofunctional development during pregnancy complications are presented. Melatonin, by controlling DNA methylation and histone modification, prevents changes in gene expression that are directly related to the programming of endocrine pathology in offspring. Deficiency and absence of the circadian rhythm of maternal melatonin underlies violations of the genetic program for the development of hormonal and metabolic regulatory mechanisms of the functional systems of the child, which determines the programming and implementation of endocrine pathology in early ontogenesis, contributing to its development in later life. The significance of this factor in the pathophysiological mechanisms of endocrine disorders determines a new approach to risk assessment and timely prevention of offspring diseases even at the stage of family planning.     

浅谈我国陶瓷产品出口反倾销数据动态预警系统的构建

本文首先从我国陶瓷产品贸易现状出发，阐述了建立我国陶瓷产品出口反倾销数据动态预警系统的意义，然后指出建立我国陶瓷产品出口反倾销数据动态预警系统的总体思路，并在此基础上论述建立我国陶瓷产品出口反倾销数据动态分析预警系统的主要步骤。     

Some problems of separation of mixtures

The paths of the development of research and the change of priorities in the area of separation of mixtures are tracked by the example of analysis of the works of the laboratory founded by N.M. Zhavoronkov in 1945. The studies performed encompass a wide range of basic problems of heat and mass transfer in gas absorption, distillation (including vacuum, molecular, etc.), fractional crystallization, and melting. The subjects of the works under consideration include separation of isotopes of light elements, design of mass-transfer apparatuses with high unit power, investigation of the mechanism and kinetics of separation processes, studies of separation enhancement methods, and development of hybrid energy-and resource-saving processes and equipment.     

Application of Sonic Moduli of Elasticity and Rigidity to Testing of Heavy Refractories

The application of A.S.T.M. C 215-51 T (Tentative Method of Test for Fundamental Transverse Frequency of Concrete Specimens for Calculating Young's Modulus of Elasticity) to the nondestructive testing of 1- by 1- by 7-in. laboratory fire-clay specimens and standard 9-in. fire-clay and high-alumina refractory brick is reviewed. Both room-temperature measurements and hot sonic modulus of elasticity measurements to 1700°F. are analyzed. Sonic moduli of elasticity and rigidity are compared with modulus of rupture by a theory of measurements and statistical analysis. The limits of uncertainty of the average of modulus of rupture are shown to be a function of the degree of verification whereas in the case of both sonic moduli they are not. Limits of uncertainty of the average of sonic moduli data are usually of the same order as errors calculated from the precision of measurements. In the case of modulus of rupture of well-vitrified clays, the uncertainty of the average is much greater than calculated error limits. Sonic moduli differentiate statistically between two samples of 60% alumina brick whereas modulus of rupture does not. If Poisson's ratio is assumed to be zero rather than the conventional one-sixth, ratios of sonic modulus of elasticity to rigidity are shown to approximate the theoretical ratio more closely. Effects of nonuniform density to displace normal nodes are illustrated. Hot sonic modulus of elasticity is shown to reflect changes due to crystallographic inversions, deterioration of chemical bond in unfired brick, and development of sintered bond in unfired brick.     

不脱蛋白质壳聚糖制备工艺

采用D -近似最优设计法系统地研究了NaOH质量分数、碱处理时间及碱处理温度这三个主要因素对制备壳聚糖的影响 :当碱液质量分数增加时 ,壳聚糖的脱乙酰度增加 ,但其速度却在减小 ,当碱液质量分数达到 40 %时 ,脱乙酰度出现峰值 ,约为 90 % ,而后增加碱液质量分数时 ,脱乙酰度反而下降 ;随着反应温度的升高 ,其脱乙酰度几乎线性递增 ,当温度达到 2 0 0℃附近时 ,曲线趋于平直并且脱乙酰度达到最大 ;随着反应时间的增加 ,脱乙酰度开始呈线性增加 ,当反应时间超过 5 0min后 ,脱乙酰度有下降趋势 ;在一定碱液质量分数 (4 0 % )条件下 ,脱乙酰度随着温度的增加而增加 ,因此 ,若需获得较高质量的壳聚糖 ,必须提高反应温度