One-fold Gold反演法计算空气吸收γ剂量率

介绍了基于One-fold Gold反演法求解空气吸收γ剂量率的计算方法。使用MCNP计算NaI(Tl)探测器的能量响应矩阵,将该矩阵和γ能谱数据代入One-fold Gold反演表达式,求得核素在单位时间内发射的某种能量的特征γ射线的数目,并代入建立的数学表达式,计算出关注核素产生的空气吸收γ剂量率。分别使用~(133)Ba、~(137)Cs标准点源对方法进行实验验证,结果显示,使用该方法计算出的空气吸收γ剂量率相对高压电离室测量值的偏差均小于10%。     

碎、裂晶体环探测器作反符合屏蔽的井形NaI(Tl)γ谱仪

本文报告了一台采用碎、裂晶体环探测器作反符合屏蔽的井形 NaI(Tl)γ谱仪,并对环探测器的研制及其性能作了扼要介绍。谱仪主探测器采用φ100×100毫米的井形 NaI(T1)晶体,有效地提高了谱仪探测效率。以圆柱形碎、裂晶体为主要闪烁体的环探测器性能良好,在封装工艺简单,容易制作,成本低,几何适应性强等方面具有明显的优点。谱仪对~(137)Csγ射线(0.662兆电子伏)的能量分辨率为9.8%;对10毫升~(137)Cs 样品的全能峰探测效率为28.3%;在0.05—2.0兆电子伏的能量范围内谱仪积分本底为154计数/分;对~(137)Csγ射线的康普顿减少因子为2.5。当样品和本底的测量时间均为1000分钟、置信水平为95%时,谱仪对10毫升~(137)Cs 样品的探测灵敏度为4.2×10~(-13)居里。     

FH1906型低本底 γ 闪烁谱仪

本文介绍了 FH1906型低本底γ闪烁谱仪的结构及性能。该谱仪可实现低本底γ分析测量,γ-γ符合测量,β-γ符合测量和低本底β测量等功能。在井形反符合屏蔽条件下,谱仪在0.05—2.0兆电子伏能量范围内的本底约37计数/分,对~(137)Cs点源的能量分辨率为10.6%,对~(137)Cs薄膜源的康普顿减弱因子(面积比)约为3.9,对~(137)Cs 小体积样品的最小可探测下限约为4.8×10~(-13)居里。     

基于三晶体耦合γ射线方向探测器的放射源定位

为了快速定位并寻回丢失的放射源,设计了一种由NaI、CsI、锗酸铋(Bi4Ge3O12,BGO)三种晶体与铅耦合组成的γ射线方向探测器,并采用基于蒙特卡罗方法的通用软件包MCNP(Monte Carlo N Particle Transport Code)研究了铅晶比例、射线能量、剂量率等因素对探测器角度分辨率的影响。结果表明,对于137Cs源,在空气吸收剂量率≥0.331μGy·h~(-1)处,定位角度偏差≤0.99°;对于60Co源,在空气吸收剂量率0.586μGy·h~(-1)处,测量的平均角度偏差为0.46°;对于水平距离7 m、高度4 m的3.7×107Bq 137Cs源,相对定位偏差约为5%。     

~(137)Cs源稳谱技术对γ能谱测井结果的影响

为了达到稳定的γ能谱测量,必须向γ射线探测器提供一个稳定的参考信号。在国产的FD-121型γ能谱测井仪和其它类型的γ能谱仪中,采用了~(137)Cs源作为γ能谱的参考信号源。~(137)Cs的半衰期为30.174年,所幅射的γ射线能量为0.661MeV。采用~(137)Cs源自稳技术的主要缺点是:能量为0.661MeV的~(137)Cs的γ谱峰容易与能量为0.609MeV的~(214)Bi的γ谱峰重叠,并形成一个合成γ谱峰。合成γ谱峰的位置介于0.609和0.661MeV之间。当外部γ强度(~(214)Bi)增大时,合成γ谱峰的位置逐渐向0.609MeV靠近(图1)。     

用NaI(Tl)探测器在线测定大体积水中的γ弱放射性

文章介绍了用NaI(Tl)晶体探测器对大体积水中的γ弱放射性直接快速在线测量的方法,并用~(40)K液体源和点源(~(60)Co,~(137)Cs)进行了效率刻度。可行性研究表明,对φ100×100mm的NaI(Tl)晶体探测器,监测水池的容积在1m~3左右是可取的。监测装置的最小可探测的放射性比活度可望好于9.2×10~2Bq/m~3。实际监测中,还要对工业下水进行鼓泡赶氡。     

碘化钠-塑料探测器反符合屏蔽低本底Υ谱仪

本文报道一台以φ75×75mm 的 NaI(Tl)晶体为主探测器,以φ430×500mm 的环型塑料闪烁体为反符合探测器,以另一φ75×75mm 的 NaI(Tl)晶体为符合探测器所组成的反符合屏蔽低本底γ谱仪。采用含放射性杂质少的结构物质和屏蔽材料,符合、反符合等措施降低本底。在井型反符合屏蔽条件下,主探测器在0.05—2.0MeV 能区内的积分本底为68cpm。对~(137)Cs(φ8mm)面源的能量分辨率为10.5%,全能峰效率为10.9%,康普顿散射减弱因子可达2.1;当测量时间为1000min,置信水平为95%时,面源最小可探测下限为1.13dpm。该谱仪适于环境样品及某些弱放射性样品的测量。     

秦山、大亚湾核电厂周围地区土壤对~(137)Cs吸收的研究

进行了三种不同的~(137)CS溶液分别通过秦山、大亚湾核电厂周围七个地区农业土壤耕作层(0～20cm)的试验,这三种~(137)Cs溶液为:(1)同体积(40mL),同比活度(3.7×10~4Bq/L)~(137)Cs溶液;(2)同体积(40mL),不同比活度(3.7×10~3,3.7×10~4,3.7×10~5Bq/L)~(137)Cs溶液;(3)不同体积(40,80,120mL),同比活度(3.7×10~4Bq/L)~(137)Cs溶液。结果表明:土柱上层1cm的比活度和~(137)Cs溶液比活度之间符合y=A·x~B关系;~(137)Cs溶液体积之间符合y=A Bx关系。上层1cm的土壤对~(137)Cs滞留量一般在90％～95％以上,上层5cm的土壤对~(137)Cs滞留量均为100％,滤液为本底水平。可以认为:在土壤受到溶液态~(137)Cs污染条件下,采取铲除表层的方法可有效减轻或消除污染。     

γ能谱-剂量转换法测量环境辐射剂量

采用HPGe谱仪测量γ射线能谱,通过一系列的方法实现对剂量率的精确测量。选择多个标准点源对一台HPGeγ谱仪进行能量与效率刻度,并求解得到G函数的具体形式,并在~(137)Csγ标准剂量辐射场中进行刻度与测量。实验结果表明:采用该方法在实际环境中的测量结果与剂量率仪的测试结果的最大误差为±14%。利用环境能谱测量得到环境辐射剂量是一种可行有效的方法。     

~(137)Cs稳谱源的研制

通过对~(137)Csγ射线穿过陶瓷体源芯、不锈钢源壳和钨钢壳后衰减规律的研究,参考用户提供的~(137)Cs稳谱源的表面γ剂量率,确定~(137)Cs稳谱源的活度。对陶瓷体源芯吸附性能进行研究,以提高~(137)Cs稳谱源γ射线输出率的一致性,最终确定~(137)Cs稳谱源的制备工艺。经使用证明,该源的γ射线输出率准确、产品一致性好,已应用于岩性密度测井仪测井,可实现~(137)Cs稳谱源的国产化。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅰ): Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) ＞SHA (HA from the surface) ＞THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g)ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5 - 6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Information for authors

<正>1.NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES(NST),a bimonthly journal,is devoted to all aspects of nuclear science and technology,theoretical or experimental.Its special interest lies in the subjects of synchrotron radiation science and technology;low energy accelerators,radiation technology and applications;radiochemistry,radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine;nuclear electronics and instrumen-     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.