折线形胶凝砂砾石坝三维静力有限元分析

以贵州地区某中型水库工程胶凝砂砾坝方案为案例,建立折线形胶凝砂砾石坝及地基的三维有限元计算模型,模型中考虑地基和坝体材料的非线性特性、坝段间接触特性、地应力平衡等。基于ABAQUS三维有限元计算,研究该方案蓄水工况和施工期工况下建坝引起的地基应力变化及各坝段的变形情况,为该项目方案决策提供理论依据。经计算分析,断层破碎带和影响带附近的地基应力及坝体变形均较大,不能满足地基承载力要求和坝段变形控制要求,需提出工程处理措施或其他技术方案进行优化。该有限元计算结果对类似工程如折线形刚性坝、胶凝砂砾石坝以及宽断层破碎带筑坝具有一定的借鉴意义。     

用无穷元模拟拱坝地基

本文用无穷无与有限元耦合系统模拟拱坝地基,满足了在地基的无穷远处位移衰减至零的边界条件.通过对三维半空间问题以及对拱坝实例的分析表明:这一耦合系统与有限元地基模型相比较,提高了应力计算精度,节省了近一半的CPU时间,其经济性与精确性是明显的.结果还表明:拱坝地基的弹性变形显著地改变了坝体上游坝踵与下游坝趾的应力状态,说明地基与坝体的相互作用是重要的.     

某拱坝持久工况下坝体应力变形特性计算分析

为研究某拱坝在规范给出的持久工况下坝体应力变形规律特点,利用ANSYS软件建立坝与地基相互作用的三维有限元模型,对拱坝在持久工况规定荷载作用下坝体应力变形规律进行了分析,结果表明坝体的应力变形分布符合一般规律,位移及应力峰值均小于规范规定值,该拱坝设计方案合理,安全可靠。     

基于分级加载的高面板堆石坝应力变形分析

依据非线性弹性K-G模型理论对天池上水库面板堆石坝进行了应力变形分析。首先采用CAD图形和程序控制相结合方法建立坝体与地基模型,考虑了断层构造和岸坡变化,得到了较为精细的三维有限元模型。然后在模型计算中采用了施工逐级加载的方法对坝体进行了模拟,应用修正后的分级加载位移变形公式,对竣工期和正常水位蓄水期的应力变形进行三维有限元分析,得出了两种工况下断层对该高面板坝应力变形影响一般规律。     

龙羊峡重力拱坝运行期变形与应力反演分析

基于龙羊峡重力拱坝实测数据,建立拱坝-地基有限元模型,进行了反演分析,确定了合理的温度分布函数的参数,以及坝体与基岩材料弹性模量。采用反演得到的有限元模型计算了龙羊峡重力拱坝运行期温度场分布及坝体变形与应力分布。结果表明,龙羊峡重力拱坝坝体中心温度常年几乎没有变化,坝面区域温度变化受外界影响较大;坝体混凝土弹性模量相比于设计试验值大,提升约25%;应力状态方面,坝体整体受压,冬季由于气温较低,坝面区域存在小范围拉应力区,拉应力水平较小,不影响工程安全运行。     

重力坝坝踵应力控制标准的研究

重力坝坝踵应力控制标准问题一直是个难于解决的问题,为了研究这个问题,采用有限元线弹性模型对4种不同高度的重力坝、3种坝体下游边坡、3种地基和坝体弹模比、28组不同网格尺寸进行了计算分析,得出了不同高度、下游边坡、地基与坝体弹模比、网格尺寸情况下重力坝坝踵应力的分布规律,并且得出重力坝采用有限元计算分析的情况下,主拉应力...     

碎石桩加固地基对风化料坝应力变形影响研究

近年来振冲碎石桩逐渐应用到土石坝坝基处理中,为研究碎石桩加固地基对大坝应力变形的影响,以覆盖层地基上的某混凝土防渗墙风化料坝为背景,利用碎石桩对地基进行加固处理。在考虑坝料流变特性的基础上,采用非线性有限元方法,计算分析在碎石桩加固地基与未加固地基下,大坝在蓄水期和运行期的应力变形。通过对比计算结果,系统总结了碎石桩加固地基对坝体与防渗墙应力变形的影响规律。结果表明:在碎石桩加固地基下,大坝在蓄水期、正常运行1 a、正常运行5 a、正常运行10 a后,坝体和防渗墙的应力和变形相比未加固地基下都有所减小,相对而言,变形减小的幅度更大一些。可见利用碎石桩加固地基,可以有效地改善坝体和防渗墙的应力和变形,利于大坝保持稳定运行状态。     

毛藏寺电站混凝面板堆石坝三维有限元分析

依托毛藏寺水电站工程,建立三维有限元模型,采用Duncan E-B非线性本构模型对毛藏寺蓄能电站混凝土面板堆石坝设计方案进行了三维静力有限元应力、变形计算分析。结果表明:坝体的应力和变形基本上处于合理的范围之中,尽管坝体整体变形量级不大,但坝体的变形分布受局部地形影响较大。顺坝轴线和顺坝坡方向最大应力均出现在面板中部。受岸坡地形和趾板的约束作用,面板周边存在局部拉应力区,拉应力数值不高。总体而言,蓄水期面板应力状态正常。     

施工期坝面过水面板堆石坝非线性有限元分析

以某已建工程为例,基于非线性邓肯E-B本构模型,建立了施工期坝面过水面板堆石坝的有限元模型,探讨了施工期坝面过水面板堆石坝的应力变形的分布与变化规律。计算结果表明：坝体应力变形主要是由自重引起的,汛期坝面过水引起的坝体附加应力变形较小,其结果都在合理的范围之内,面板堆石坝汛期采用坝面过水度汛是安全可靠的。     

丰乐双曲拱坝加固方案三维有限元仿真分析

丰乐双曲拱坝运行多年后出现了严重裂缝,本文对该坝加固方案坝体的变形和应力进行了三维全过程有限元仿真分析。分时段模拟了地基应力、坝体自重应力、水沙荷载的分级加载,考虑了裂缝的影响、加固钢纤维混凝土及保温材料效果。计算方案能真实模拟加固方案中坝体的实际应力状态。通过加固前后坝体应力对比分析,论证了加固方案的可行性和合理性,并提出了加固方案施工时的一些建议。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.