Housing Policies and the Little Tigers: How Do They Compare with Other Industrialised Countries?

This paper locates the housing policies of the little tiger countries-Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan-in the policy regimes approach found in the literature dealing with other industrialised countries. It begins by establishing three regime types-liberal, communist and corporatist-describing different balances of market and state in the development, construction and consumption phases of housing provision. Building on a discussion of the general approach in the little tiger countries to economic and social policy, and particularly of the nature and extent of state intervention in their housing policies, it proposes that together they represent a fourth regime type, one that can be characterised as corporatist in production and liberal in consumption.     

Negotiating risk in property-based arts economic development: Exploring the innovative but untimely development partnership between the Seattle Art Museum and Washington Mutual

Property-led arts development (PAD) is central to urban policy and planning. The demand for physical arts infrastructure runs parallel with the public call for arts nonprofits to act more entrepreneurial in shaping and re-imaging urban space. Increasingly, these groups have become active property developers negotiating the risks and rewards of land development rather than remaining passive fundraisers of bricks and mortar campaigns. This shift in organizational identity raises questions about whether the politics of urban arts development have changed. This study asks four questions: (1) how are nonprofit arts organizations becoming more entrepreneurial in property development, (2) how are nonprofit arts organizations reshaping the urban landscape through development partnerships, (3) how are nonprofit arts developers responding to the 2008 economic crash, and (4) how does PAD align with new thinking on downtown development alliances? This research explores the innovative but failed land development deal between the Seattle Art Museum and the now-defunct Washington Mutual to build a joint tower in the central business district. Their atypical private/nonprofit partnership changed Seattle’s downtown landscape through flexible ownership structures, generous planning incentives and off-budget municipal maneuvers. The lauded project turned sour when the homegrown financial institution collapsed, forcing the museum into debt with limited private or public sector solutions. While SAM overcame the immediate crisis, the case is a cautionary tale about the long-term risk of contemporary PAD. The case shows that innovative practices do not predetermine success. Further, the partnership study illuminates how contemporary arts investments reflect as well as contradict new thinking in urban politics literature about evolving patterns of influence in U.S. downtowns.     

Developing Regional Regimes: A Comparison of Two Metropolitan Areas

Abstract: The author relates tenets of urban regime theory to the major elements of new regionalism. He develops a framework of government and private sector structures and factors that facilitate the development of regional governing regimes. He categorizes these structures and elements as high, medium, or low according to the extent to which they facilitate or hinder the development of regional regimes. This framework is used in an analysis of new regionalism in the Pittsburgh and Chicago regions. The author concludes that the Pittsburgh region's private sector regime development capacity is in the high category while its government capacity is in the medium category. The Chicago region's private sector regime development capacity is placed in the medium category while its government sector capacity is judged to be in the low category.     

空间转型和经济转型——二战后芝加哥中心区再开发

芝加哥在战后成功地实现了从传统制造业为中心向现代服务业为中心的经济转型，被认为是美国多元化城市经济的典范。本文从公共政策和城市规划的角度，对芝加哥中心区在战后50年的空间和土地利用变化进行回顾和分析，反映了中心区的复兴过程和城市的经济转型过程，并介绍了2020年芝加哥中心区规划。笔者认为，在芝加哥战后经济转型的过程中体现了城市政府对不同经济发展战略的选择，经济发展的长期目标是创造就业和提高全体居民的生活质量；在经济转型的过程中，城市规划应在土地利用、空间资源分配、社会公平和公正方面发挥作用，为多元化的经济结构创造多样化、高质量的城市空间，而不仅仅关注于物质建设领域。     

Who lives downtown? Neighbourhood change in central Halifax, 1951–2011

The paper traces neighbourhood change in central Halifax, Canada, from 1951 to 2011 to consider how urban renewal policies and other factors may have influenced who lives downtown. In the 1950s planners advocated slum clearance and modernization to permit commercial expansion in the city centre. Subsequent decades saw central neighbourhoods decline. By the 1980s population began to rebound as planning policy increasingly promoted residential uses downtown. Over the 60 years central Halifax transitioned in character: three of the central tracts became increasingly affluent, while the fourth went from close to the city average to a low-income tract. The trajectories that neighbourhoods follow depend on several factors including societal changes, economic conditions, public policy interventions, and decisions made by other significant institutions (such as universities).     

Manufacturing Industrial Decline: The Politics of Economic Change in Chicago, 1955–1998

Contemporary urban political economy emphasizes the role of structural factors in explaining the deindustrialization of cities in the post‐World War II era. Urban economic restructuring, by most accounts, has left city officials with few choices other than to pursue corporate‐centered economic development strategies emphasizing downtown‐area commercial and residential growth. In Chicago, however, a corporate‐center redevelopment strategy advanced by a coalition of downtown business leaders competed with a production‐oriented strategy articulated by a coalition of neighborhood organizations, manufacturers, and labor. Centrally located industrial districts facing gentrification pressures became contested terrain, and manufacturers ultimately benefited from protective measures put in place by a sympathetic administration. This essay argues that urban economic restructuring is open‐ended and politically contested. It concludes that a fuller appreciation of the contingency of urban economic development would help uncover viable regime types featuring governing coalitions that include both community‐based organizations and neighborhood business establishments.     

An investigation of design parameters that affect commercial high-rise office building energy consumption and demand

There are many factors that drive the energy consumption and demand in high-rise commercial office buildings. Understanding the effects of individual building parameters and two-factor interactions can be very useful for directing building audits and developing energy simulation models. A fractional factorial analysis was conducted to evaluate a large number of building parameters in an effort to quantify their effect on building energy consumption and demand. The analysis utilized building data collected from 22 building audits of high-rise commercial office buildings located in the downtown Chicago Loop area. Simulation results for three of the buildings show the effects of each factor and two-factor interactions on energy consumption and demand over a set of climate zones. The factors of primary importance include lighting and equipment power density, chiller efficiency, window U-value, the mass of interior furnishings and supply fan static pressure.     

THE IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENT FEASIBILITY OF CONTAINMENT POLICIES IN CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS

ABSTRACT In many of the world's large cities it has become common practice to contain the physical dimension of central business district commercial development. These policies are among the must far-reaching of urban land use planning, but nevertheless have not been subject to systematic evaluation. This paper examines tine component of the impact of the major downzoning within Toronto's downtown. In so doing it provides an example of a method for assessing policy impact on development feasibility in a market economy. It introduces a computerized development feasibility model which enables detailed input of parameters and produces a variety of both before and after tax yields in order to assess the effect of policy on yield, rent, creation cost, and land value. The paper measures the countervailing impacts of density restrictions and containment-induced rental increases. It also measures the value which the containment strategy in Toronto has given to bonusing and linkage arrangements.     

POLICY REVIEW - Regime Shifts in Dutch Housing Policy

Since the early 1980s many Western governments have been faced with the challenge of dismantling their unwieldy social policy systems. In the Netherlands, housing policies were one of the first fields to undergo the shift from the previous patterns of direct 'governmental' intervention to the new regimes of 'governance'. The social and political aspirations of housing policy were not put aside however. Instead, they are now being pursued by establishing rules which determine the relations between social and governmental actors in another way (the new regime of 'order' rules). The author analyses the emergence of the rules of the new regime and discusses some of the institutional and distributive implications.     

BLACK CLERGY AND URBAN REGIMES: The Role of Atlanta's Concerned Black Clergy

ABSTRACT: This study examines the involvement of black ministers in urban regimes through a case study of Atlanta's Concerned Black Clergy organization. In the early years of black political leadership, the black clergy were promoters of racial solidarity, oftentimes against the interests of low income residents. With black political leadership secure, the clery emerged as frequent critics of development policies during Andrew Young's years as mayor. More recently, the Concerned Black Clergy have become active regime participants helping to influence policy decisions on behalf of the city's poorer citizens. Through their organizational efforts, the Concerned Black Clergy have become part of the process of regime change in the city.     

THE DILEMMAS OF BUILDING A PROGRESSIVE URBAN COALITION: The Linked Development Debate in Chicago

ABSTRACT: In 1983 Chicago elected its first black mayor, Harold Washington. During Washington's first term of office, his administration not only reordered municipal priorities in such a fashion as to benefit his core, minority voting constituency, but also defined a municipal agenda emphasizing greater attention to neighborhood needs and more open government. In 1984 an important neighborhood coalition, the Save Our Neighborhoods/Save Our City Coalition (SON/SOC), proposed a linked development policy to tap downtown investment for neighborhood projects. Although SON/SOC's proposal was compatible with the Washington neighborhood agenda, this mainly white organization and the Washington administration experienced considerable difficulty in forging a mutually acceptable proposal The linked development debate in Chicago demonstrates the salience of race, class-cultural factors, and alternative approaches to neighborhood mobilization as barriers to the development of progressive coalitions in city politics.     

Planning,Policy and the Public Interest: Planning Regimes and Planners' Ethics and Practices

A substantive Public Interest criterion promotes planning area residents' welfare, absent countervailing public policy considerations. This criterion is applied to appraise planning practices in two planning regimes in the West Bank of Palestine: the British Mandate and the Israeli occupation. Detailed analysis of these planning systems' institutions, land policies, statutory plans and development control shows that planners in both regimes acted in the Public Interest as they saw it. But under the British Mandate there was no conflict between the two considerations, while the Israeli occupation policy promoting Israeli interests overrides the welfare of the Palestinian population. This conclusion invites reflection on the interaction between planning regimes and the ethics of planners' practices.     

URBAN POLITICAL REGIME FORMATION: A Study in Contrast

ABSTRACT: Urban political economists in the 1980s have focused much of their attention on urban development and the politics of growth. Urban political regime analysis has made a significant contribution to our understanding of the political economy of urban development. This study applies regime analysis to two cities— Boston and Detroit—with starkly different economic contexts to determine the relationship between uneven development and the form and policy focus of urban political regimes.     

On being unreasonable: Progressive planning in Sheffield and Chicago

This paper gives an account of ‘left’ and ‘progressive’ economic development politics and policy in Sheffield and Chicago in the early 1980s. The origins of these policies in activist work and grassroots organizing, and the leadership of John Benington and David Blunkett in Sheffield and of Robert Mier and Harold Washington in Chicago are characterized and briefly compared.     

REGIME BUILDING,INSTITUTION BUILDING: URBAN RENEWAL POLICY IN CHICAGO, 1946–1962

ABSTRACT: Urban regime analysis emphasizes the role of coalition building in creating a capacity to govern in cities. Through a case study of urban renewal policy in postwar Chicago, this article considers the role played by political institutions. Conceptualizing this historical period as one of regime building, I show how existing political institutions were out of sync with the city's new governing agenda of urban renewal and redevelopment following World War II. Creating a capacity to govern in urban renewal policy required both coalition building and a fundamental reworking of formal governing institutions.     

存量工业用地更新与政策演进的时空响应研究——以天津市中心城区为例

存量空间更新已经成为我国城市发展用地供给的主要途径之一。为应对存量空间中土地产权与交易成本的固有复杂性,相关城市政策需起到必要的导控作用。以天津市中心城区为例,探讨了存量工业用地的空间更新与政策演进之间的相互作用关系。首先,通过全途径调研构建空间更新数据库,对1995年以来存量工业用地的时空演变历程进行量化描述;其次,梳理1979年以来的相关城市政策,并对政策变迁的规律进行测度指标评价与分析;最后,通过比较研究,证实存量工业用地更新的进程受到政策演进的阶段性影响,而政策产生影响的反馈速度则受制于政策自身“引导型”或“规制型”的内在特性。     

Conflicting élites and changing values: designing two historic districts in downtown Seattle, 1958–73

Seattle's Pioneer Square and Pike Place Market have maintained their reputation as symbolic urban places in the city and as exemplary historic districts in the United States. This paper illuminates the emergence of these two historic districts from the standpoint of the conflict between the two élite camps, as well as their motivations in shaping downtown urban forms during the 1960s. The conflict occurred as part of a transition from the time when business leaders' economic values fuelled a CBD-centred promotion, through the point where planning for downtown fringe districts came to incorporate art and design professionals' cultural values. The local élites played their distinctive roles in creating the two historic districts in downtown Seattle, sometimes in line with the nationwide trends and sometimes apart from them. The making of the two historic districts was eventually realized as a part of federally funded urban renewal and demonstration programmes, which the business élite initially ushered in and the cultural élite later tailored to fit its downtown values. While the shift in perspective did yield, as many have recalled, moments of a 'people's victory against the establishment' and 'preservation virtues against redevelopment harms' in downtown planning, this paper suggests that the shift involved local planning circumstances that were too complex to be characterized in such dualistic terms.     

四川会馆中“五腔同台”和“五腔一体”现象研究（二）

该文按照川剧的五种声腔将四川境内的会馆建筑进行分类分析,以寻找川剧与其他剧种戏场的不同和相同之处。从而归纳出川剧观演场所的特点,为传统会馆剧场保护和当代川剧剧场的发展提供借鉴与改进意见。     

日本市区中心活性化政策研究

日本经济发展至今,随着地域不断向郊外扩展,市区中心的衰退现象日益严重。针对此问题,日本政府制定了一系列的政策措施,期望能改善市区中心的各项职能,使之恢复往日的生机与活力。本文以紧凑城市的理念为前提,选取若干个日本典型的地方城市,对各个城市的市区中心现状及其实施的市区中心活性化政策的发展变迁进行研究,探讨现今实施政策的问题点,并根据现状及存在问题提出相应的改进,以期在以后政策制订及实施过程中得以完善。并希望能够对我国高速发展的城市化进程中所出现的问题起到借鉴作用。     

Capital city dynamics: Linking regional innovation systems,locational policies and policy regimes

We propose a tentative theory linking economic and innovation dynamics with the ways capital cities try to develop and position themselves through the formulation of locational policies. Global and world city theories challenge the traditional role and centrality of capital cities. Capital cities that are not the economic centers of their nations – so-called secondary capital cities – tend to be overlooked in the fields of economic geography and political science. Consequently, there is a lack of research and resulting theory analyzing their political economy. We put forward an interdisciplinary perspective that is informed by theories of economic geography and political science, as processes of economic development and political positioning are interrelated and need to be examined together. By linking three different theoretical strands – the regional innovation system approach, the concept of locational policies, and the policy regime perspective – this paper proposes a framework to study the economic and political dynamics in secondary capital cities. Examples of secondary capital cities such as Bern, Canberra, Ottawa, The Hague and Washington D.C. illustrate our theoretical arguments throughout the paper.