A new calibration algorithm of wide-band polarimetric measurementsystem

The principle and experimental results of a new self-consistent calibration algorithm for a wideband polarimetric scattering measurement system are presented. The calibration targets include a flat plate, a dihedral corner reflector, and a rotated dihedral corner reflector. The rotation angle of the third calibrator can be derived in the calibration process and used to verify the calibration performance. Experimental results show that the calculated rotation angle of the third calibrator over the operation bandwidth is in good agreement with its actual angle, hence it provides a self-consistent parameter of the calibration algorithm. Based on the signal-to-noise consideration, an optimal rotation angle for a dihedral corner reflector is found to be 22.5°. This calibration technique is also useful in characterizing the frequency and polarization responses of dual-polarization antennas     

低频UWBSAR极化校准模型

极化校准是多极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,AAR)研究的一个重要组成部分。低频超宽带(ultra wide band,UWB)SAR的极化测量值是频率和方位角的函数,因此普通高频窄带SAR的极化校准模型不再适用。本文首先讨论了定标体的散射特性建模,给出了适合低频UWBSAR的极化校准模型。最后利用计算机仿真,仿真结果与模型分析相一致。     

低频UWB SAR定标体电磁散射建模

在进行低频超宽带合成孔径雷达(ultra wide band synthetic aperture radar, UWB SAR)校准过程中,常常需要使用各种定标体.定标体的散射特性表现为低频谐振散射,因此常规高频窄带SAR定标体散射模型不再适用.本文利用矩量法(Method of Moment,MOM)计算指定频率点和入射角度的目标散射特性,利用渐近波形估计(asymptotic waveform evaluation,AWE)技术获得超宽带和宽角度的目标散射特性,并根据SAR的几何模型,给出了目标散射特性随日标视角和频率的变化关系.     

基于标校球的瞬态极化雷达校准方法

理论上瞬态极化雷达可获取动态目标全极化散射特性的精确测量信息,但由于存在极化通道不一致、极化隔离度有限以及背景杂波等非理想因素,其极化测量存在误差,必须进行校准。当前极化校准需要多个定标体,且定标体姿态摆放误差将引起校准偏差。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于标校球的瞬态极化雷达校准新方法,在考虑双天线空域极化特性的基础上,仅需单个金属球即可完成定标,提高了校准精度。该方法为解决制约瞬态极化雷达实际应用的校准难题提供了技术支撑。     

地面平面场RCS 测量异地定标误差分析

地面平面场是用于进行全尺寸或缩比目标模型静态散射特性测量的室外场地。该文从地面平面场的特点入手,分析了在进行目标雷达散射截面(RCS)测量时,目标和定标体因受到测量环境影响而产生的定标误差。在简要阐述地面平面场中的异地定标技术的基础上,综合考虑地面反射和天线方向性两方面的因素,研究了定标体回波强度与放置位置的关系,分析了地面平面场与自由空间的定标之间的差异以及由此所带来的测量误差。最后,通过计算机仿真得到了异地定标误差随定标体测量距离、测量频率以及天线波束宽度的变化规律。通常情况下,定标体放置在靠近目标的位置有利于减小异地定标误差。      

Polarimetric SAR calibration experiment using active radarcalibrators

Active radar calibrators are used to derive both the amplitude and phase characteristics of a multichannel polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) from the complex image data. Results are presented from an experiment carried out using the NASA/JPL DC-8 aircraft SAR over a calibration site at Goldstone, California. As part of the experiment, polarimetric active radar calibrators (PARCs) with adjustable polarization signatures were deployed. Experimental results demonstrate that the PARCs can be used to calibrate polarimetric SAR images successfully. Restrictions on the application of the PARC calibration procedure are discussed     

基于频域的低频UWB SAR极化校准

多极化,低频超宽带(Ultra Wide Band, UWB)合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)是雷达技术未来发展的一个重要方向。系统的低频特性,UWB特性和大处理角特性使得常规SAR极化校准不再适用。该文基于多极化低频UWB SAR频域处理模型,考虑了极化校准中定标体的低频超宽带电磁散射特性的问题,给出了极化校准方法。计算机仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

Polarimetric calibration of the SIR-C C-band channel using activeradar calibrators and polarization selective dihedrals

A polarimetric calibration experiment of Shuttle Imaging Radar C (SIR-C) is carried out using several different calibration targets. These are C-band polarimetric active radar calibrators (PARCs), polarization selective dihedrals (PSDs), 22.5° rotated dihedrals, and a trihedral. A novel polarimetric calibration algorithm is proposed that combines existing algorithms and uses one PARC and two PSDs. An error evaluation example is shown to estimate the typical hardware error value of the calibration targets allowable for a given calibration error. The novel algorithm gives polarimetric calibration results comparable to those obtained using the existing algorithm for three PARCs. Since PSDs work at frequencies lower than design frequency, and hence can be commonly used at multiple frequency bands, the simple addition of just one more frequency band PARC allows polarimetric calibration of a dual-frequency polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) by means of the proposed algorithm     

单发双收SAR 系统通用极化定标算法

单发双收极化SAR 系统只接收两个通道数据,使得极化定标可用的先验信息减少|同时由于这类系统收发极化方式的多样性(包括多种收发极化组合的双极化和简缩极化模式),目前还没有通用的定标算法。对此,该文提出了一种新的通用极化定标算法,可以广泛应用于多种收发极化组合的单发双收SAR 系统。该算法利用常见的三面角、0 二面角与45 二面角作为理想点目标,无需对目标场景和系统作假设,可以直接估计系统的发射端和接收端失真项。该文理论推导了定标算法的求解过程,仿真分析了定标器误差对失真参数估计的影响,通过点目标的定标结果和极化特征图验证了该通用定标算法的有效性。      

宽带数字存储示波器校准方法探讨

示波器市场正在向着宽带和数字存储示波器方向发展。随着新型一体化示波器校准仪的出现,示波器的校准工作变得容易起来。本文通过讨论宽带存储示波器的特点及各项校准指标,提出了用5800A校准宽带存储数字示波器（DSO）的方案。     

Calibration and measurement of a wideband six-port polarimetricmeasurement system

The principle of operation, calibration procedure, and experimental results of a wideband six-port polarimetric measurement system are described in this paper. This measurement system can measure the polarization states of incoming waves and the polarimetric scattering matrices of scattering targets from the wideband power data. The imbalances and coupling between antenna polarization channels and the characteristics of microwave components used in the measurement system are calibrated using three partly unknown scattering calibrators that are illuminated by four unknown-polarized calibrating waves     

低频SAR辐射校准

低频SAR天线通常具有极宽的方位向波束角，在辐射定标时，定标体RCS随雷达波入射角的变化不能够忽略，文中利用低频散射模型，得到定标体RCS随角度变化关系，结合条带式低频SAR的工作原理，给出辐射校准的方法，并进行仿真试验，验证了该方法的有效性。     

全极化雷达极化标校技术研究

受各种非理想因素的影响,极化测量雷达难以直接测得目标准确的极化散射矩阵（polarization scattering matrix,PSM）,因此,高精度极化标定是准确获取和利用目标极化信息的基础.本文从极化标校的基本原理出发,建立了PSM测量的误差模型,分析了主要误差因素对PSM测量结果的影响,阐述了无源和有源极化标定方法并对其性能和适用场景进行比较,分析了极化标校器的参数对极化标校精度的影响.分析结果表明,目标的交叉极化分量与极化测量雷达系统的极化隔离度处在相同水平时,目标的交叉极化分量测量结果会明显偏离其真值,通过极化隔离度优于测量系统隔离度无源或有源极化定标体对系统进行标校可以减小系统极化隔离度带来的测量误差.本文工作为极化定标体的研制和全极化测量雷达的系统标校奠定了基础.     

基于时域的低频UWB SAR辐射校正

低频UWB SAR系统校准的关键问题是获得定标体精确的散射特性和建立合适的信息处理模型。本文利用MOM和渐近波形估计（AWE）方法得到随频率和方位角变化的角反射器RCS,建立了基于时域聚焦算法的校正模型,最后利用计算机仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

大面源红外定标器热适配结构优化设计与验证

针对红外定标器在定标试验过程中因异质材料线膨胀系数不匹配导致结构热失配,造成低温状态下螺栓松动、降温速率慢、温度均匀性差,高温状态下玻璃钢隔热垫压溃等问题,开展大面源、宽温区、多材料体系红外定标器热适配结构优化设计与验证。从法向预紧力调控和面内翘曲变形控制两方面,筛选关键材料,调整装配参数,优化结构参数。采用仿真与试验相结合的手段,探究高低温状态下异质多层结构螺栓预紧力变化规律,验证红外定标器结构安全性和稳定性。最后通过升降温试验验证红外定标器关键技术指标。研究结果表明,选用聚四氟乙烯作为隔热材料,配合不锈钢螺栓,施加初始拧紧力矩介于10～18 N·m之间,调整安装孔孔径为25 mm以上,可有效控制预紧力变化,减小面内翘曲变形。全系统仿真结果表明在高低温状态下,连接安全有效的螺栓比例均达到了90%以上。热适配结构设计与优化可显著提高红外定标器降温速率,改善辐射面低温状态温度均匀性,结构安全性与稳定性满足设计要求。热适配结构优化设计方法可作为同类产品的参考。     

基于极化定标的极化隔离度空变分析

极化定标是多极化合成孔径雷达(PolSAR)系统获取真实目标极化散射矩阵的必要步骤。文中针对极化定标过程中存在的极化隔离度距离向空变特性,采用基于无源角反射器的极化定标算法作为仿真工具,对PolSAR系统极化隔离度绝对值及其空变范围对图像中极化隔离度的影响规律进行了分析。分析结果表明:当用于极化修正的极化误差矩阵与PolSAR系统自身极化隔离度不匹配时,极化修正将会使得修正后的图像极化隔离度变差。因此,在进行极化定标时,应当尽可能在定标场沿距离向布设一定间距的多组定标器,从而获取PolSAR系统在整个距离向成像带宽内的极化隔离度拟合曲线,在进行极化修正时对图像中距离向不同的像素点采用曲线中对应位置的极化误差矩阵进行修正,进而得到尽可能接近目标真实极化散射矩阵的估计值。     

低频超宽带SAR定标体散射特性

低频超宽带合成孔径雷达辐射定标过程中,定标体的散射特性表现为低频谐振散射特性。常规散射特性计算方法如矩量法中的广义阻抗矩阵在谐振频率点上条件数过大,导致计算不准确。本文给出了基于奇异值分解的方法得到较为精确的计算值。为了克服矩量法每次只能计算一个频点的散射特性,本文给出了基于渐进波形估计的方法,获得定标体超宽带散射特性。     

Polarimetric calibration of SIR-C using point and distributedtargets

In preparation for the Shuttle Imaging Radar-C/XSAR (SIR-C/XSAR) flights, the University of Michigan has been involved in the development of calibration procedures and precision calibration devices to quantify the complex radar images with an accuracy of 0.5 dB in magnitude and 5 degrees in phase. In this paper, the preliminary results of the SIR-C calibration and a summary of the University of Michigan's activity in the Raco calibration super-site is presented. In this calibration campaign an array of point calibration targets including trihedral corner reflectors and polarimetric active radar calibrators (PARCs) in addition to a uniform distributed target were used for characterizing the radiometric calibration constant and the distortion parameters of the C-band SAR. Two different calibration methods, one based on the application of point targets and the other based on the application of the distributed target, are used to calibrate the SIR-C data and the results are compared with calibrated images provided by JPL. The distributed target used in this experiment was a field of grass, sometimes covered with snow, whose differential Mueller matrix was measured immediately after the SIR-C overpass using The University of Michigan polarimetric scatterometer systems. The scatterometers were calibrated against a precision metallic sphere and measured 100 independent spatial samples for characterizing the differential Mueller matrix of the distributed target to achieve the desired calibration accuracy. The L-band SAR has not yet been adequately calibrated for inclusion here     

Calibration of bistatic polarimetric radar systems

A calibration technique for laboratory type polarimetric, bistatic instrumentation radars is presented. It describes the errors induced by the standard radiation transfer approach (I-SRT) in a way similar to that for the monostatic case. A 12-term error correction and absolute polarimetric calibration is performed with two external reference targets. Only the polarimetric bistatic reference of the first target must be theoretically determined. The scattering reference of the second target is determined by a measurement during the calibration process (single reference calibration). The simulation of a third cross-polarization measurement is performed by an antenna rotation and a remeasurement of the second target. Thus all data are gained for the determination of the error terms and measurements of unknown objects can be full polarimetrically calibrated. The procedures are shown for an adapted dihedral corner reflector. Misalignment errors are discussed     

Ground-based measurements of inflight antenna patterns for imagingradar systems

An approach is presented for determining the inflight antenna pattern in the cross-track direction for air- and spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. In the 1991 Oberpfaffenhofen DC-8/E-SAR calibration campaign, ground-based measurement, equipment comprising 18 precision calibration receivers and nine polarimetric active radar calibrators, all operating in C-band, were tested. These instruments are capable of handling various pulse lengths and repetition frequencies, and they have a very high dynamic range. Together with precise internal clocks, these instruments are suitable for recording the actual radar transmit pulse shape for the later evaluation of the desired inflight antenna pattern. Lining up these devices in the cross-track direction, each receiver yields an azimuth cut of the three-dimensional antenna pattern. The elevation pattern was then obtained by time correlation of these azimuth cuts. Further results concerning pulse shapes, squint angles, and H-V pattern misalignment are presented