Implementation of a greenhouse gas reduction roadmap for steel producing companies

This paper shall show an economic feasible approach to implement greenhouse gas（GHG） reduction measures into steel companies. The goal to improve energy consumption is directly linked to the reduction of GHG emissions and therefore directly in correlation with the economic viability. A baseline scenario of the considered reference system and of the respective reference year has to be defined, mapped and analysed. In a second step an analysis of the same operation using available and prospected best available technology （BAT） processes is carried out to generate a basis for a benchmark system. The identified reduction potentials are reported and the GHG emission reductions are put into relation to the investment cost of the new process technologies/process adaption to be implemented.This economic feasibility calculation is necessary to realise a cost efficient GHG reduction roadmap implementation into the company’s business operations. The GHG reduction roadmap is developed using the abatement curve concept to get an indication of " low hanging fruits" and for establishing a sequence for implementing carbon emission reductions measures. The scope of that approach can be extended by including further important environmental parameters like NOx, SO₂,CO,dust,heavy metal emissions in air as well as production residues.That gives in the end a broader picture and more starting points to improve the overall environmental performance of steel producing companies beyond the GHG emissions and energy consumption.     

Evaluation of GHG Emission Reduction Potentials of PV System Considering Power Mix Shifts

Introduction of photovoltaic (PV) systems, also known as solar cell systems, reduces greenhouse gasses (GHGs) emission, by substituting a part of the GHG intensive generation with GHG-free generation during effective daylight hours. Because power is generated from different kinds of power plants operated with momentarily changing proportion, consideration of resulting changes in the power mix is needed to correctly estimate the reduction potential of a large scale introduction scenario. In this paper, a linear mathematical programming model is constructed to simulate a power mix for a given power demand under a cost minimization objective. Using the model, GHG emission reduction potentials at different scales of PV introduction were calculated assuming an ideal solar irradiation. A comparison of daily power generation before and after the introduction indicates that reduction potentials calculated with averaged GHG emission factor could result in errors, because PV systems neither replace averaged nor the single kind of power generations, but affects the entire power mix and reduces fossil fuel consumption. It is shown that the GHG emission reduction per kWh of power generated by PV differs at different capacities of installation. Namely, for the initial introduction stage, reduction would be close to fossil fuel fired power plant average for an introduction range less than 1?GWp.     

钢铁厂节能温室气体减排现状及对策

钢铁行业是温室气体排放的主要行业之一,温室气体减排技术包括节能和温室气体利用两方面.介绍国外温室气体的减排现状、中国的能源现状及日本和美国目前主要的节能减排技术;着重介绍宝钢开展的减排工作,包括节能技术的推广应用、新的节能减排技术的研发应用,如蓄热燃烧技术、多孔介质燃烧技术等;提出了应对后京都时代的措施.     

A Commission in a hurry

And talking of legislation, first came the Chemicals, now cometh Carbon. The European Commission, which earlier this year was rather dallying on the way to implementing the New Chemicals Policy, suddenly woke up in July and presented a new Directive for the implementation of a Europe-wide greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme (ETS) — effectively a carbon tax. It will apply to all existing states and those intending to join the European Unionand is the first multi-national emissions trading scheme in the world.     

Here's the crunch on emissions — EU carbon dioxide trading set to start in earnest

Cleaner air in Europe and the rest of the world? Well, yes, maybe. Greenhouse gas emissions are certainly a global concern, and the European Union is making a start on curbing them. An EU-wide emissions trading scheme comes into force soon with big implications for industry. Atle Christer Christiansen, a leading carbon economist, sets out some of the arguments raised by this challenging proposal…     

European emissions trading scheme set to start in 2005

Iron powder producers and processors will have to look to the skies for the next big piece of Euro legislation to effect them. And it's coming soon. For a Europe-wide emissions trading scheme (ETS), which is effectively a carbon trading scheme, is to begin in 2005 and will cover all present and future member states of the enlarged European Union. The deadline for implementation of the EC Directive — approved by the European Parliament only in July — is December 31. Member states have to have their National Allocation Plans (NAP) finalised by the end of March 2004.This is a short news story only. Visit www.metal-powder.net for the latest powder metallurgy industry news.     

Control of greenhouse gas emissions from electric arc furnace steelmaking: evaluation methodology with case studies

Abstract

The energy intensive nature of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking necessitates that efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will affect steelmakers directly and/or through electric power producers. A model of GHG emissions from an EAF meltshop has been developed using the life cycle assessment approach. Direct and indirect sources of GHG gas emissions are estimated and ranked. Furnace combustion optimisation was evaluated in case studies conducted on a Canadian conventional EAF and a British scrap preheating `shaft' furnace. The analysis assumed 32 and 68% fossil fuel electricity generation, respectively. These case studies show that indirect GHG emission sources, in particular electricity generation, are more significant than direct emissions from the EAF. For the conventional EAF, offgas analysis and improved combustion control reduced electricity consumption by 40 kWh t^-1, costs by US$1·05/t, and GHG emissions by 20 kg CO₂-eq./t. For the shaft EAF, real time offgas monitoring and closed loop burner control reduced electricity consumption by 25 kWh t^-1, costs by US$3·6/t, and GHG emissions by 15 kg CO₂-eq./t. The case studies show that combustion optimisation using an EAF offgas analysis and combustion control system provides greater electricity, cost, and GHG reductions than previously reported in the literature.     

The development of nursing: a European perspective

What do we mean by "Europe" and what is a European perspective? Those of us living in the European Union (EU) often equate Europe with our own "Western" countries, although as the EU itself expands even the term "Western" is increasingly inaccurate. The 50 Member States of the WHO European Region cover a huge area stretching from the western coast of Greenland to the Mediterranean, the Arctic and the Pacific coasts of the Russian Federation. "WHO Europe" is a loose geographical definition, since it incorporates all the republics of the former Soviet Union, including those in Central Asia.     

温室气体和钢铁工业减排措施

由温室气体引起的全球气候变化已成为国际社会关注的焦点。2005年2月16日正式生效的《京都议定书》虽暂时对中国无直接的压力，但中国的温室气体排放总量仅次于美国，居世界第2位，居发展中国家的首位，这使中国在相关国际谈判中面临很大压力。2001年中国人均二氧化碳排放量为2.43 t，低于世界人均水平（3.88 t），但温室气体排放呈急剧增长趋势。中国钢铁行业的二氧化碳排放量约占发展中国家钢铁工业总排放量的30%，在国内工业二氧化碳排放量在工业二氧化碳排放中仅次于电力、建材（水泥），居第3位。介绍了相关的国际动态和对我国钢铁行业温室气体排放现状分析和减排措施的研究工作。     

Research Fund for Coal and Steel RFCS: a European success story

Abstract

In 2002 the European Union (EU) established the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS) to exploit the interest of the capital that was left after termination of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The first period of existence of the RFCS has been analysed by a team of experts from the coal and steel sector and their findings collected in a Monitoring and Assessment Report. This report describes the way the RFCS is managed by the European Commission in terms of setting up of priorities for annual calls, evaluating the project proposals and ranking them for funding. Also the way the Technical Groups monitor the progress of the projects is analysed. The report contains suggestions for further improvement. In the Assessment part the M&A Report describes 198 projects that have been finished in the first period of RFCS existence. Benefits achieved by the beneficiaries are collected and where possible expressed in financial terms. A method is introduced to calculate the potential benefit of the RFCS projects when the outcome would have been applied not only at the beneficiaries’ company but at all processes, products and industrial installations in the coal and steel sector of the EU. This information is of direct interest to researchers, technology and R&D directors and company Executive Board members as it illustrates the multiplier achieved from investment in collaborative R&D in the coal and steel sector in the EU.     

Impact of the EU Mediation Directive on the German Construction Sector

The European Union (EU) Mediation Directive of 2008 has to be transposed into German law by 2011. German law already complies with the Directive to a large extent. The only action that needs to be taken concerns the loosely defined obligations regarding the quality of mediation and the mediator’s right to refuse to give evidence. In both cases, only the law governing cross-border disputes needs to be amended. Nevertheless, it is likely that the Directive will have a significant impact on the German construction sector. In terms of cross-border disputes, German companies involved in other EU member states will feel the impact directly because the Directive makes mediation more effective by creating a consistent European framework that provides a balanced relationship between mediation and judicial proceedings. In terms of domestic mediations, the impacts of the Directive will be more indirect. The German lawmaker is likely to go beyond the requirements set out in the Directive, at least by applying the new rules to both cross-border and domestic mediations, but perhaps even by introducing incentives for mediation which are not required by the Directive.     

电弧炉电能需求的生产实践与评价

电耗是电弧炉的重要技术指标之一,在当前发电行业背景下,降低电弧炉电耗具有显著的经济和环境效益。根据典型电弧炉企业生产数据,系统分析各项工艺参数与电耗之间的关系,并进一步评价了各种方法降低电耗的环境效益。结果表明,优化供电制度和强化供氧是具有良好环境效益的节电手段。对于连续加料电弧炉,天然气喷吹对降低电耗的作用被极大减弱,天然气消耗与电耗的相关系数为-1.13 kW·h/m³,其应用不利于CO₂减排。尽管兑加铁水可以显著降低电耗,但是兑加40%(质量分数)铁水的连续加料电弧炉能耗和碳排放量分别是全废钢连续加料电弧炉的2.25和2.50倍,不利于推动钢铁工业节能减排工作。因此,降低电弧炉电耗需要通过增加电弧炉中化学能和物理热的供应及减少能量损失的手段来实现。     

国内外钢铁行业低碳发展策略分析

在绿色化、低碳化发展的时代背景下，全球钢铁行业纷纷开展低碳研究工作，各类低碳技术层出不穷。首先概述了全球钢铁行业CO₂排放现状，以及主要产钢国家的碳减排目标，并对其低碳策略进行详细的分析，指出国际钢铁行业的低碳发展方向主要聚焦于发展电炉流程、氢冶金、碳捕集利用与封存和清洁能源利用等方面。随后聚焦我国钢铁行业碳排放现状，梳理了中国钢铁行业实现“双碳”目标的应对策略，指出减量化发展、流程结构调整是未来我国钢铁行业低碳发展的主攻方向。最后，为了使前文所提的宏观策略更加具体化，又选取我国某一典型钢铁企业，以其技术特点、地理位置、资源禀赋、发展规划为主要依据，针对性地分析并提出了7条适合该企业的减排路径，为其绿色低碳发展指明方向。      

Emissions at Coke Plants: European Environmental Regulations and Measures for Emission Control

At coke plants several pollutants are formed during coking, which are released to ambient air. To protect human health and to avoid harmful impacts on ambient air quality effective control of coke oven emissions is most significant. At coke plants the main source of emissions of NOx, SO₂ and particulate matter is the flue gas from combustion of cleaned coke oven gas in the battery underfiring. Hence, advanced processes for coke oven gas cleaning in the by-product plant, like scrubbing processes for desulfurization of coke oven gas, are important measures at coke plants to reduce emissions to air. Effective filter equipments are available to abate emissions of dust from coke pushing and coal charging. Fugitive emissions at the batteries from leaking oven doors, lids and ascension pipes as well as fugitive emissions in the by-product plant from leaking pipes, flanges and valves can be abated by effective sealings, smooth operation and regular maintenance of all equipments. Inside the European Union emissions at coke plants are regulated in EU-directives on basis of Best Available Techniques (BAT) and monitored regularly by stipulation of national and local authorities. This paper focuses on (1) Legal EU-regulations on abatement of coke oven emissions into air, (2) Modern emission control measures available nowadays at coke plants.     

Study of Caprock Integrity in Geosequestration of Carbon Dioxide

The Industrial Revolution has led to a substantial increase in the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, exacerbating the global-warming phenomenon. One option to mitigate GHG emission is by capturing and safely storing the CO2 in suitable deep underground geological formations. This paper provides a literature review on the potential changes in permeability and geomechanical properties of the caprock and sedimentary reservoir rock caused by the injected CO2 under in situ conditions, highlighting the factors that can potentially hamper the caprock’s integrity. A two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric numerical model of an ideal CO2 reservoir with 30?years of injection and 70?years of monitoring phase is also presented. The model results suggest that, for the parametric values and reservoir conditions used in the model, the injection pressure leads to an increase in pore pressure, thereby reducing the effective stress in the formation. An induced vertical displacement of less than 3?mm is observed at the caprock-reservoir interface at the end of the 100-year period. The observed relationships between injection pressure, effective stress, and total displacement are also discussed.     

Legal Requirements and Challenges for e-Business within the Single Electronic European Market

The advancements in Information and Communication Technologies have not been fully exploited by industries despite the great potential they offer. A major initiative by the European Commission to establish a single electronic European market (SEEM) will provide a platform for e-Business on a pan European level. Legal issues represent one of the top concerns for the SEEM, which is high on the agenda of the European Union (EU) policies and strategies. This paper summarizes some of the key research findings of the EU funded SEEMseed project (Study, Evaluate, and Explore in the Domain of the Single Electronic European Market 2006), based on the four legal studies conducted in the project. It first presents the legal requirements of the SEEM through the e-Business life cycle, and then reveals the major legal barriers and possible solutions in the EU for the development of pan European e-Business platforms, based on an extensive pan European stakeholder survey.     

Effects of the Electrodes’ Shape and Graphite Quality on the Arc Stability During Hydrogen Plasma Smelting Reduction of Iron Ores

Reducing greenhouse gases (GHG), especially CO₂, is necessary to counteract climate change. The European steel industry currently corresponds to 5.7% of the total EU emissions and must therefore minimize their GHG fractions in the future. One of the most promising technologies to eliminate CO₂ emissions while directly reducing iron ore to steel in a single step is the hydrogen plasma smelting reduction. The stability of the plasma arc, which is determined by the properties and geometry of the graphite electrode, has a substantial impact on the process’ economic feasibility. To study the arc stability concerning the graphite quality, tip geometry, and electrode gap, a series of experiments is conducted. The results are evaluated to create stability maps and fields to identify stable process parameters. The geometry of the graphite cathode shows the primary influence on arc stability. Tips with a flat end (standard version) offering the most unstable and a machined step on the graphite cathode providing the most stable conditions. However, an additional coating to prevent side arcing leads to the deterioration of the arc. The two graphite grades tested, with different maximum grain sizes and price classes, show no great relevance to the stability of the arc.     

铜产业链GHG排放减量化的探讨

减少GHG排放以应对全球气候变化已成为人类社会的共识.为了探讨铜业GHG排放减量化问题,文中运用生命周期评价（LCA）方法,依据ISO14064定量评估标准,选取中国铜工业普遍采用的火法炼铜工艺,并以紫金山金铜矿为例,具体分析1 t铜生产过程GHG排放情况,从产业链与工艺角度来看,采矿、选矿、熔炼、精炼、电解环节中GHG直接和间接排放比率分别为:4.33%、58.62%、32.12%、2.42%、2.42%.其中选矿和熔炼阶段占90.74%.并以此为基础探讨了铜工业GHG排放减量化的有效途径.其主要结论为:采用循环技术,减少直接GHG排放源;构建闭合型铜生态产业链,减少能源间接GHG排放;完善铜静脉产业,减少其他间接GHG排放.      

Goblet cell carcinoid of the vermiform appendix

To ensure freedom of movement in the European Union, a limited number of professions is regulated by a so-called Sectorial Directive; all other disciplines, including clinical chemistry, fall under a General Directive. However, clinical chemists in the EU wish their specialty to be more specifically regulated; this means that common standards of education, training, experience and compliance with continuing professional developments must be guaranteed. Therefore, the European Communities Confederation of Clinical Chemistry (EC4) is about to implement the European Register for clinical chemists, and has composed a guide to this Register. The document describes the conditions for entry to specialty training, the minimum standards for registration (university education and postgraduate vocational training with a minimum total of eight years), the competencies of those qualifying for registration, and the operation of the register. Registration guarantees professional and managerial competencies; the title conferred is "European Clinical Chemist". EC4 recognises the existing national registers as far as they are based on the minimal requirements as indicated. An EC4 Register Commission (EC4RC) will maintain and control the European Register, supported by National Clinical Chemistry Registration Committees (NCCRC). An NCCRC controls the quality of the education in each country and assesses candidates. An individual (EU citizen or non-EU citizen trained in an EU country) applies privately for the European Register to EC4RC and, where applicable, the application is accompanied by a document from the NCCRC of the country of registration, stating that the applicant has the necessary qualifications. For EU citizens trained outside the EU the final decision is with EC4RC; non-EU citizens not trained in an EU country are not eligible for registration. Registration is renewed once every five years.     

On the elevated plus-maze the anxiolytic-like effects of the 5-HT(1A) agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, but not the anxiogenic-like effects of the 5-HT(1A) partial agonist, buspirone, are blocked by the 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY 100635

A survey of dental schools in the European Union was carried out for two main reasons. Firstly to promote the exchange of information in respect of curriculum objectives in the different countries and secondly to ascertain the differences in the interpretation of the 1978 EU sectoral directives for dental education and training. Out of 127 schools, only 30 responded, yet the information provided is of considerable importance. It demonstrates wide divergence in the interpretation of the 1978 Directives and methods of assessment of clinical competence. There is a considerable difference throughout Europe in hours devoted to the various subjects included in the Dental Directives. There is little evidence of convergence in methods of assessment or quality assurance. The survey demonstrates the difference in resources, levels of staff, availability of clinical training places, output in research and patient treatments throughout the European Union. The results question the effectiveness of the 1978 Dental Directives in promoting convergence of standards. As there is free movement of dentists throughout the European Union, it is concluded that a different approach may be necessary to ensure that all European Union dental graduates achieve comparable standards in their education and training.