Mechanical response of cracked laminated plates

Laminated glass plates are used in several safety, security and transportation applications to enhance their structural integrity. The mechanical behavior of laminates after glass-fracture, for example energy absorbing capacity and residual stiffness, determines their utility. However, the combined influence of glass fragmentation, large deformations and interfacial decohesion has been difficult to assemble in models capable of directing mechanical design. This study provides a framework for such analyses. The cracked plate is modeled as a collection of stiff glass fragments connected by elastomeric bridging ligaments. The behavior of the elastomer layer is represented by an analytical bridging model, validated and calibrated through experiments. For simple regular crack patterns, an analytical model has been developed to study the post-cracking response of laminated glass plates. This model predicts the compliant behavior of a cracked laminated plate as a function of the adhesive strength, thickness and elastic properties of the elastomer layer, and the number of fragments and the size of the plate. Based on the bridging behavior of the elastomeric ligament, an interface/bridging finite element has been formulated for numerical simulations of cracked laminates. Mechanical behavior of cracked laminates has been studied through model experiments and excellent agreement between experiments and theory is observed.     

基于视觉定位的玻璃基板切割生产设备的设计

微电子用玻璃基板加工过程中需要将来料的大板玻璃切割分断成小板,以往采用机械定位的方式,通过定位治具与工件进行机械接触,工件的侧边受到定位治具的压力,易发生形变或者因外力产生崩口或裂痕等缺陷,良品率较低。针对上述问题,设计了基于视觉定位的玻璃基板切割分断生产设备,论述了玻璃基板切割分断机构设计的整体方案、结构组成、视觉定位系统的功能及控制流程。上料搬运、切割和分断过程中分别采用线阵相机识别系统进行初对位和自动对位,减少了单片玻璃的边破和角破,提高了单片玻璃的边缘质量。     

Effect of toughness distribution in the thickness direction on long brittle crack propagation/arrest behaviour of heavy gauge shipbuilding steel

ABSTRACT

Brittle crack arrestability of the heavy gauge steel plates for shipbuilding is now an important issue for the recent mega container ships. In the present work, the brittle crack arrestability of the steel plate with different toughness distributions in thickness is examined in ultra-wide duplex ESSO tests. It is examined whether a running long brittle crack arrests or not in flat temperature condition in ultra-wide duplex ESSO test that are harder mechanical conditions similar to an actual ship hull condition. Test temperatures are selected at which arrest toughness, Kca, evaluated by temperature gradient type standard ESSO test is the same for two test plates. The steel plate with higher toughness in mid-thickness (t/2) than that in quarter thickness (t/4) could arrest a running long brittle crack although the plate with lower toughness in mid-thickness than that in quarter thickness could not arrest it. The typical split-nail shape appeared at the arrested crack front in the plate with higher toughness in mid-thickness than that in quarter thickness. The numerical analyses also demonstrate that the local stress intensity factor at the arrested crack tip is changing sensitively to the crack front shape. It suggests that the higher brittle crack arrestability appears due to the split-nail shape of the arrested crack front enhanced by the inhomogeneous toughness in thickness.     

Effects of exit back-up on delamination in drilling composite materials using a saw drill and a core drill

Machining of composites has caught greater attention in manufacturing of structural parts in aerospace, automobile and sporting goods. Composite materials have advantageous features in strength and stiffness coupled with lightweight compared to the conventional metallic materials. Amongst all machining operations, drilling is the most commonly applied method for generating holes for riveting and fastening the structural assembly. Delamination is one of the serious concerns in drilling holes in composite materials at the bottom surface of the workpiece (drill exit). Quite a few references of the drilling of fiber-reinforced plastics report that the quality of cut is strongly dependent on drilling parameter as well as the drill geometry. Saw drills and core drills produce less delamination than twist drills by distributing the drilling thrust toward the hole periphery. Delamination can be effectively reduced or eliminated by slowing down the feed rate when approaching the exit and by using back-up plates to support and counteract the deflection of the composite laminate leading to exit side delaminations. The use of the back-up does reduce the delamination in practice, which its effects have not been well explained in analytical fashion. This paper predicts the effects of backup plate on delamination in drilling composite materials using saw drill and core drill. The critical drilling thrust force at the onset of delamination is calculated and compared with that without backup. The well known advantage of industrial use of backup can be understood fundamentally by the fact that the threshold thrust force at the onset of delamination is increased making the delamination less induced.     

钛/钢复合板爆炸焊接试验及结合界面研究

为探讨造成钛/钢爆炸焊接复合板结合质量差、末端易出现不同程度开裂区域的原因,进行了钛/钢复合板的爆炸焊接试验,并对结合界面进行了光学金相分析(OM)、电镜扫描(SEM)及能谱线扫描(EDS)。结果表明,平行于结合界面的剪应力是结合界面的主要受力状态;复合板末端处平行于结合界面的剪应力过大、沿部分已焊接界面和Fe基体一侧撕裂,是造成复合板末端开裂的主要原因;优化装药工艺可减小结合界面脆性金属间化合物层的厚度、减缓末端的开裂程度,并显著提高焊接质量。     

中间夹层在金属复合板制造过程中的应用

本文对中间夹层在金属复合板制造过程中的应用进行了回顾,总结了金属复合板结合界面处中间夹层材料的种类,分析了中间夹层材料类型及厚度等对金属复合板界面结合的影响。以不锈钢复合板为例,介绍了其中间夹层不但可以阻止元素扩散避免形成界面脆性相,降低晶间腐蚀,还可以阻止应力腐蚀裂纹的扩展;另外,中间层的合理选用可以提高结合强度并在一定程度上降低对设备大变形量的要求。针对不同的金属复合板材料,选用合适的中间夹层材料及厚度可有效地提高复合界面的结合质量。     

Shear band spacing under bending of Zr-based metallic glass plates

Metallic glasses often exhibit marked ductility when subjected to compressive or bending loads as a result of multiple shear band formation. This observed ductility depends upon sample geometry; thin plates show ductility in bending while thicker plates of the same composition fracture under similar loading. The thickness dependence of yielding and fracture of metallic glass plates subjected to bending is considered in terms of the shear band processes responsible for these properties. Experimental results show that shear band spacing and length scale with the thickness of the plate at a ratio of 1:10. Both shear band offset and shear band spacing increase with increasing curvature; shear band offset as the square of the plate thickness. As bending is increased beyond yield, shear band spacing continues to increase until the strain is accommodated by a few long shear bands. Continued bending leads to crack formation and failure.     

Inversion of ultrasonic, plane-wave transmission data in composite plates to infer viscoelastic material properties

Stiffness and damping properties of viscoelastic materials are given by the real and imaginary components, respectively, of the material constants. A new technique is proposed to experimentally measure the real and imaginary components of anisotropic (and isotropic) viscoelastic plates. Main advantage of this technique is that material properties of thin plates can be measured where many other techniques fail. Material properties are obtained by numerically inverting the transmitted ultrasonic fields, obtained for different incident angles. Simplex inversion algorithm is applied to initial estimates of plate thickness and plate properties. By this iterative technique the values of the unknown parameters (material properties and plate thickness) are continuously modified to give better agreement between the experimental and theoretical transmitted fields. After a certain number of iterations the speed of convergence of the Simplex scheme is significantly reduced. To improve the accuracy of convergence the Newton–Raphson inversion technique is adopted at that point. By this technique material properties of different types of plates are measured. These is a glass plate (isotropic plate with no damping), a polymer plate (isotropic plate with damping), and glass fiber reinforced epoxy plates with different fiber orientations (anisotropic plates with damping). Both real and imaginary components are successfully measured for all these plates. In a relative scale the measurement error for the imaginary components is higher. Reliability of the measured material constants of fiber reinforced epoxy plates is verified by the method of invariance. All experiments are carried out in the frequency range that is appropriate for satisfying two conditions—the specimen homogeneity and the plane wave conditions.     

热磨机高Cr铸铁磨片失效分析

比较了进口磨片和国产磨片的化学成分、金相组织、残余奥氏体体积分数、力学性能和耐磨性,结果显示：进口磨片因硬度稍低、冲击韧性高、残余奥氏体体积分数高、碳化物体积分数低且碳化物呈弥散状均匀分布,因而其耐磨较好.用扫描电镜对热磨机磨片进行失效分析表明：正常磨损主要为摩擦磨损、疲劳磨损、磨粒磨损、腐蚀磨损,它们是很难消除的,减少这类型失效的根本方法是选择适当的磨片材料并采用合理的铸造、热处理工艺.非正常磨损主要是磨片大面积断齿,只要明确认识磨片的工况条件,把好磨片质量关,操作得当,这种失效是完全能够避免的.     

Defect assessment of welded specimen considering weld induced residual stresses using SINTAP procedure and FEA

The defect assessment in butt-welded joint of ASTM A36 steel plates and 7075-T7351 aluminum alloy plates containing transverse through thickness crack was analyzed using SINTAP procedure and FEA incorporating weld induced residual stresses. Weld induced longitudinal residual stress profile can be obtained through SINTAP procedure, FEA or experimental analysis. This residual stress profile can be fitted with the trapezoidal residual stress profile available in SINTAP. For three different cases, crack length and residual stress intensity factor (SIF) are calculated and its comparison with the results obtained through FEA is plotted with respect to crack length. The stress intensity factor for mechanical loading is also plotted in the same graph. Using this graphical plot, the total SIF, including residual stress and mechanical loading, can be calculated for any particular crack size. The total SIF can be compared with the fracture toughness of the material for damage tolerance analysis. Also a failure assessment diagram is drawn for welded 7075-T7351 aluminum alloy plates with different crack sizes for as-welded (only residual stress) and mechanical loading along with the existing weld induced residual stresses to show the safety level for a particular crack size and mechanical loading.     

电积钴板微观组织结构及力学性能对比

研究了3种电积钴板的微观组织结构和力学性能之间的差异，采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜分析了3种电积钴板的择优取向、晶体结构和微观组织形貌；并分析了3种电积钴板的强度、硬度和韧性。结果表明：3种电积钴板均是密排六方结构（hcp）的纯钴相，晶粒取向随机。A-Co板沉积层均匀致密、孔洞较少，而B-Co板和C-Co板的沉积层较为分散且存在大量的孔洞。同时A-Co板表面的平均晶粒尺寸最小，沉积层晶粒大小分布均匀，B-Co板表面的平均晶粒尺寸最大，沉积层晶粒大小分布不均匀。3种电积钴板截面的始极片都是柱状晶结构，且始极片两侧的生长方式不同。由力学性能分析发现A-Co板的抗拉强度和硬度均高于其它2种钴板，但是韧性较差。综上所述，A-Co板的品质要明显优于B-Co板和C-Co板的品质。     

微观组织对TA15 ELI钛合金损伤容限性能的影响

研究了TA15 ELI钛合金43 mm厚板的等轴组织、双态组织和片层组织的室温拉伸性能、断裂韧性(KIC)以及疲劳裂纹扩展速率(da/dN)等损伤容限性能,通过金相显微镜观测了疲劳裂纹在各类组织中的扩展规律,讨论显微组织对该合金损伤容限性能的影响.结果表明该合金等轴组织和双态组织的室温力学性能和疲劳裂纹扩展阻抗差别不大;相对等轴组织和双态组织而言,该合金片层组织在损失强度较小的前提下(Rm=992 MPa),合金断裂韧性提高,达到111 MPa·m1/2,同时该合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率也大幅降低,其Paris公式拟合参数为c=1.08×10-8,n=3.23,具有更好的损伤容限性能.     

复合材料单面修补铝合金裂纹板的疲劳破坏特性

利用热压成型工艺、采用预固化的单向碳纤维/环氧复合材料补片对铝合金裂纹板进行了修补,测试了裂纹板胶接修补前后的破坏强度、疲劳寿命及裂纹扩展情况,观察了破坏后的断口形貌,分析了复合材料补片的止裂机理.结果表明,经过单向碳纤维/环氧复合材料补片胶接修补后,其破坏强度和疲劳寿命均有显著的提高,破坏强度提高了34.28%,恢复到完好板的85.83%,疲劳寿命提高2.06倍;裂纹板的临界裂纹长度从17.86 mm增加到28.64 mm,从而延长了裂纹缓慢扩展阶段,延缓了裂纹快速扩展;其断口形貌方式发生生了明显的变化.     

焊接残余应力对2024铝合金薄板疲劳寿命的影响

对搅拌磨擦焊、TIG焊和激光焊进行数值模拟,得到焊接残余应力场.将残余应力场施加到线弹性断裂力学模型之中,运用J积分方法计算残余应力强度因子,并计算裂纹扩展速率,通过与试验结果和虚拟裂纹闭合法计算结果进行对比,验证了文中所使用方法的正确性.研究发现,残余应力强度因子的分布与残余应力分布形式相似.残余应力的引入,对应力比有较大影响,但随着应力比的增大,残余应力对应力比的影响逐渐减弱.焊接残余应力的引入缩短了焊接构件的使用寿命,当裂纹长度较小时,TIG焊接构件使用寿命比搅拌摩擦焊接构件和激光焊接构件使用寿命短.     

复合材料单面修补铝合金裂纹板的疲劳破坏特性

利用热压成型工艺、采用预固化的单向碳纤维/环氧复合材料补片对铝合金裂纹板进行了修补，测试了裂纹板胶接修补前后的破坏强度、疲劳寿命及裂纹扩展情况，观察了破坏后的断口形貌，分析了复合材料补片的止裂机理。结果表明，经过单向碳纤维/环氧复合材料补片胶接修补后，其破坏强度和疲劳寿命均有显著的提高，破坏强度提高了34.28%，恢复到完好板的85.83%，疲劳寿命提高2.06倍；裂纹板的临界裂纹长度从17.86 mm增加到28.64 mm，从而延长了裂纹缓慢扩展阶段，延缓了裂纹快速扩展；其断口形貌方式发生生了明显的变化。     

钢轨轧制过程典型导卫系统的有限元模拟

利用有限元模拟方法,对钢轨轧制生产过程中典型导卫系统进行模拟研究,借助大型有限元模拟软件MSC.Marc,分别讨论了入口导板和出口卫板对轧制过程以及轧件变形过程的影响。模拟结果表明,入口导板对轧件顺利咬入孔型以及轧件在该道次的变形过程产生显著影响,出口卫板对轧制过程的顺利进行产生显著影响。通过对模拟结果的分析认为,有限元模拟方法有助于实际生产过程中导卫系统的设计与优化;有限元模拟技术的应用,可提高导卫系统的可靠性,并对轧制过程提供有效而便捷的途径。     

S690高强钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为拘束效应

S690高强钢由于其良好的综合力学性能广泛用于海洋平台中. 海洋平台结构易产生腐蚀疲劳失效,海水腐蚀、循环载荷和结构本身的拘束水平对裂纹扩展有重要的影响. 通过空气中和海水环境中的S690高强钢疲劳裂纹扩展试验,结合显微断口分析,研究了拘束水平对S690高强钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响. 结果表明,在阳极溶解和氢致开裂的共同作用下,海水环境对S690高强钢疲劳裂纹扩展具有明显的加速作用. 同时随着裂纹的不断扩展,拘束水平对S690高强钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹的影响不断增加,且裂纹扩展速率与裂纹扩展前后的拘束水平增量和结构本身的拘束水平均密切相关.     

Investigation of glass thickness effect on thermal slumping by experimental and numerical methods

Thermal slumping process is a high volume and low cost manufacturing method for fabricating aspherical and freeform glass mirrors with large dimensions. It has been aggressively tested for X-ray mirrors for space-based telescopes and for solar panels as well. In case a concave mold is used, the relationship between the upper surface contour of a slumped mirror and that of the mold becomes non-linear. On the other hand, the final surface contour of the slumped glass is a very important parameter which directly affects the optical performance of the mirror. In this research, experiments of thermal slumping glass plates on a parabolic concave mold were performed to study the thickness effect on the slumping process and the final surface contour of the upper surface of the glass plate. In addition, numerical simulation was conducted to ensure the internal stresses were removed at selected cooling rate and predict the corresponding surface contour. A comparison between simulation and experiments showed that the finite element method (FEM) simulation is adequate for predicting the surface contour if the glass was fully slumped. It was also discovered that under certain process conditions, thinner glass plates may not be fully slumped therefore proper remedies to the manufacturing process are necessary.     

连铸特厚板坯易发质量缺陷的控制

连铸特厚板坯易发生角裂、中心偏析和内部夹杂物等缺陷,影响特厚板质量。采用理论分析、仿真计算、实验室和生产现场试验的方法,研发了防止特厚板坯角部裂纹技术、特厚板坯均质化控制技术、内部夹杂物控制技术。实施结果表明,生产特厚板坯质量良好,无角部裂纹,中心偏析水平集中在C0.5～C1.5范围内,特厚板探伤合格率达96%。本研究成果对生产特厚板坯时控制质量具有重要意义。     

Reduction of friction in compression of plates by load pulsation

To prevent a sharp rise in load in compression of plates, a compression process using load pulsation was developed. In this process, the compression load is partially released during the forming to re-lubricate the surfaces of the plate. Gaps on the outer surfaces of the plate were caused in each release of unload by the difference in elastic recovery between the die and the plate, and the liquid lubricant is automatically fed into the gap. In the compression of an aluminium alloy plate, the effects of the releasing ratio of the load and the number of release on the reduction in compressive load were examined. Compressive load was considerably reduced by the load pulsation, and the thickness of the compressed plate was decreased. The occurrence of the gaps in the partial release of load was verified by corroding the surfaces of the plate in a compression experiment. It was found that the load pulsation having the automatic re-lubrication function is effective in preventing the increase in the load in the compression of plates.