战略规划以何为据

本文探讨20世纪90年代以来在空间规划界越来越普遍的战略规划，及其与传统空间规划在目标、内容上的差异以及方法上的挑战。由于我们尚未对国内战略规划进行历史性的、系统性的、概括性的理论研究，本文主要是在专业实践过程中，基于经验与观察的初探与反省。我们认为，由于战略规划自身即是决策过程的一部分，战略规划在方法上需更多地基于对地方现况的有效分析，这需要能提供分析性架构的社会科学知识、能提供分析材料的开放流通的信息渠道以及有助于决策的公众讨论。     

试论城市发展的战略研究及战略规划的形成

在分析目前我国城市发展战略研究实践的基础上 ,指出目前战略研究具有快速、实效、创新、宏观的特点及对象多元化、方法的趋同化、视角全面化的发展趋势 ,进而提出建立制度化的战略规划的可行性及战略规划编制程序的框架设计。最后指出 ,战略研究不等同于战略规划。城市发展战略研究可以视为一种规划的工作方法 ,而战略规划应当是一个过程 ,是一个技术过程、社会过程和政治过程的结合 ,其最终的成果则必定是基于技术和社会、经济现实的政治决策 ,并有制度性的保障     

Approaches to Democratic Involvement: Widening Community Engagement in the English Planning System

Participation has become integral to the delivery of public services, as governments attempt to involve citizens in decision making through processes of consultation and engagement. This paper addresses the issue of community participation in the context of the English planning system, which has recently been restructured to focus more sharply on integrating communities in the planning process. It presents findings of research into the workings of the reformed planning system, in particular in relation to the objective of public participation, using the case of the Planning Aid service. The paper sets the discussion in the context of two different forms of democracy (representative and deliberative democracy) and associated strategies for participation. It then outlines the recent reforms in the planning system, highlighting the different approaches to participation that are being applied. The paper then examines the case of Planning Aid, a service that aims to involve disadvantaged groups in the planning system. The paper concludes that the outcomes from recent experiences of participation in planning are in part due to the “hybrid” approaches that are emerging within the system. While this provides the potential for more inclusive planning, it is argued that this “hybridity” needs to be acknowledged by policy makers and practitioners if strategies and mechanisms are to be put in place that respond to the demands of different forms of democracy.     

我国城市规划公众参与缺失的历史原因

从中西方现代城市规划产生与发展的历史来看,我国城市规划公众参与缺失的历史原因主要是政府干预思想突出、法制建设落后和市民社会直没有形成,而产生这些现象的根源是近代以来我国自上而下的现代化过程。公众参与是市民主动参与城市发展决策的表现,是民主化法制化社会的个反映,而不是自上而下赋予的一种权利。目前,对促进公众参与的研究,在宣传教育、机构设置、制度保障等方面的认识,还是种自上而下的表现,这显然不利于城市规划公众参与目标的真正实现。     

基于模糊逻辑的工程投标决策方法

投标决策对于任何一个承包商都是非常重要的。如果承包商面对工程承包市场上的多个项目,不加选择地投标,将会导致企业管理混乱和资源的浪费,影响本公司发展战略目标的实现。本文根据我国当前建筑工程市场竞争的情况,建立投标决策的评价指标体系,并借鉴国外文献的研究方法,为承包商提供一种基于模糊集合理论的工程投标多目标决策方法,可以在不确定条件下尽量减少决策中的不确定因素,从而获得科学、合理的决策结果。     

Democratic design experiments in urban planning – navigational practices and compositionist design

In the field of urban planning, public participation and inclusion of citizens have been practised and researched for many years. However, a focus on co-creative urban planning practices seems to have gained more focus over the last decade and calls for new urban planning practices, which allow experimentation and imagination, and at the same time take its outset in the existing networks in the city (such as visions, strategies, regulations and practices) when planning for the future. In this article, we investigate how a compositionist design programme can be translated into the practices of urban planners. We find that the notion of ‘democratic design experiments’ in many ways meet the demands of the increasingly complex field of urban planning and set out to explore how such a design programme can be applied in practice. We suggest ‘navigational practice’ as a way of describing how urban planners deal with ‘drawing things together’ in urban space and introduce ‘sensitivity’, ‘staging’ and ‘mobilization’ as interconnected elements of this practice. We exemplify the significance of these navigational practices by analysing two democratic design experiments in the area of urban waste management in Copenhagen. The article concludes that compositionist design is a powerful contribution to the framing of urban planning projects and that navigational practice can be a productive way of operationalising democratic design experiments in the urban context.     

Using strategic management practices to promote participatory democracy in Australian local government

Strategic management was introduced as a critical component of Australian local government reform during the 1990s. In addition to encouraging efficiency and effectiveness of operation, it was also intended to promote participatory democracy within local authorities. The paper explores the extent to which this objective has been achieved through an analysis of twenty-five New South Wales municipalities. Discussion concludes that while strategic management has enhanced community involvement in local governance, it cannot be a substitute for traditional democratic processes.     

析大都市区发展战略规划

大都市区发展战略规划是在经济全球化与政治管治模式转变两个大背景下产生的,是应对全球城市/区域竞争的重要手段。我国应完善城市规划编制体系和内容,赋予战略规划生机与活力;尽快制定更广泛、更长远的战略规划;提高公众参与的集体理性,保护规划编制的合理性;建立协调型的规划体制;进行针对性的重点问题规划,提高战略规划的效率。     

基于政治意愿的发展情景和情景规划——以常州西翼地区发展战略研究为例

在“发展型政府”及政府掌握较多公共资源的条件下,城市发展往往取决于“政治意愿”。本文以常州西翼地区发展战略研究为例,讨论在城市发展战略规划中应用“情景规划”方法的意义和过程。其技术路径是借助调查、评估和预判等方法为决策者展现完整的信息,包括提供对应于“政治意愿”的各种发展情景的空间图景以及潜在的代价与收益;并在规划过程中与各关联方充分、有效地沟通,寻求地区发展的战略共识。本文认为,城市规划并不是一项价值中立的工作,规划方案也不应是规划专家一厢情愿的“科学”判断。规划师应将规划的技术理性过程置于真实的外部世界之中,进而试图创新规划方法,提升规划职业的工作效率和社会价值。     

Applying crowdsourcing techniques in urban planning: A bibliometric analysis of research and practice prospects

Urban planning requires more public involvement and larger group participation to achieve scientific and democratic decision making. Crowdsourcing is a novel approach to gathering information, encouraging innovation and facilitating group decision-making. Unfortunately, although previous research has explored the utility of crowdsourcing applied to urban planning theoretically, there are still rare real practices or empirical studies using practical data. This study aims to identify the prospects for implementing crowdsourcing in urban planning through a bibliometric analysis on current research. First, database and keyword lists based on peer-reviewed journal articles were developed. Second, semantic analysis is applied to quantify co-occurrence frequencies of various terms in the articles based on the keyword lists, and in turn a semantic network is built. Then, cluster analysis was conducted to identify major and correlated research topics, and bursting key terms were analyzed and explained chronologically. Lastly, future research and practical trends were discussed. The major contribution of this study is identifying crowdsourcing as a novel urban planning method, which can strengthen government capacities by involving public participation, i.e., turning governments into task givers. Regarding future patterns, the application of crowdsourcing in urban planning is expected to expand to transportation, public health and environmental issues. It is also indicated that the use of crowdsourcing requires governments to adjust urban planning mechanisms.     

The use of direct democracy to decide housing site allocations in English neighbourhoods

Abstract

The aim of this article is to reclaim the democratic legitimacy of self-selecting and informed publics in citizen engagement in housing development planning. It argues for an approach to public participation in which the issues, and the articulation of conflicting attachments to those issues, are understood as the occasion for democratic politics. The article illustrates this approach in an analysis of the use of direct democracy to decide housing allocations in the policy of neighbourhood planning in England. Drawing on literature from Science and Technology Studies and actor–network theory, it evidences the public articulation of house-building as a matter of concern and identifies the agency of housing in enrolling publics, translating interests and in fostering debate and contention. It concludes that the articulation of conflicting interests can deepen democratic engagement in housing development planning and open up the exclusions through which this issue is currently framed.     

主体功能区规划驱动下的城市规划转型

主体功能区规划与城市规划转型发展都是"两型社会"建设的必然要求。主体功能区规划作为一种战略性、基础性和约束性规划,回归了主动引导和公共政策的本性,是对传统空间规划理念的一次重大变革。而作为传统空间规划的城市规划存在诸多弊病,转型发展成为必然趋势。研究通过梳理主体功能区规划与城市规划在空间规划体系中的关系,以及分析两者的不匹配性,提出主体功能区规划是城市规划转型的主要驱动力之一,其具体驱动机制在于优化开发区域、重点开发区域、限制开发区域和禁止开发区域对城市规划提出的要求。主体功能区规划驱动下城市规划转型的方向应是政策引导型规划、综合目标型规划、宜人特色型规划和主动引导型规划;转型的推动力在于政府,而推动政府的力量主要是绩效考核机制、公众参与和完善的审批制度。     

Using strategic management practices to promote participatory democracy in Australian local government

Abstract

Strategic management was introduced as a critical component of Australian local government reform during the 1990s. In addition to encouraging efficiency and effectiveness of operation, it was also intended to promote participatory democracy within local authorities. The paper explores the extent to which this objective has been achieved through an analysis of twenty‐five New South Wales municipalities. Discussion concludes that while strategic management has enhanced community involvement in local governance, it cannot be a substitute for traditional democratic processes.     

探索以实施为导向、以公共政策为引导手段的战略规划——以《广州2020:城市总体发展战略规划》为例

在比较国内外关于战略规划的研究与实践后,总结战略规划的主要特点与面临问题,结合广州市2000年以来关于战略规划的实践与探索,对战略规划的研究方法以及战略规划影响下的城乡规划体系展开初步的讨论,指出以实施为导向,以公共政策为引导手段以及构建战略规划支撑下的新型城乡规划编制体系是提高规划实效性和时效性,更好发挥规划对城市发展与建设宏观指导作用的有效途径.     

Four Critical Junctures in the History of the Urban Planning Profession: An Exercise in Hindsight

Present trends in urban planning threaten to alter the profession's fundamental nature. Toward a better understanding of those trends, I identify and discuss four critical junctures (or major turning points) in the history of the planning profession, focusing on the profession's quests for increased political efficacy, sanction and financial support from the federal government, academic respectability, and validation by the private sector. The article concludes with an appeal for a return to the utopian, visionary, reformist spirit that previously fueled the profession.     

Creating smarter cities: Considerations for selecting online participatory tools

The abundance of online public participation tools has made it difficult for planning organizations to decide which tool will best meet their needs. Understanding the benefits or challenges of specific tools, facilitation requirements, or how individual tools may best advance the public participation aims is not always easy. This article builds on theories of planning, organizations, and information science to discuss various factors that cities and planning organizations should consider in deciding whether and how they should choose online participatory tools. While the technical capability of online technologies in facilitating participation and decision making should be examined, the capability of planning organizations and communities in adopting these technologies should be considered as well. This article argues that planning organizations should choose a participation platform based on the capacities of their organization, the characteristics of the communities that are going to use the tool, user-community norms and rules, and the tool's capabilities.     

Deliberation,Participation and Learning in the Development of Regional Strategies: Transport Policy Making in North East England

Two trends in contemporary governance practice are mirrored in recent UK efforts in transport policy and practice: first, a concern to develop strategies in more participative and deliberative ways; second, a re-territorialisation of the state with greater attention to regional levels. This article discusses these issues through assessing a single regional transport strategy-making effort. The article argues that the process has achieved some of its aims and is a useful effort at generating awareness of, and interest in, this aspect of strategic policy making. However, the case highlighted shows how important it is to develop an appropriate collaborative process if a policy mechanism is to endure. This requires greater attention to: the purposes of participation in strategy development; the skills, practices and roles needed by the animateurs of such processes; the system of formal decision-making institutions and mechanisms arising from re-territorialisation in the UK case; and reconceptualising participatory processes in more deliberative ways. The article concludes with an assessment of ways forward both specifically for the development of strategic transport policy and for stakeholder engagement in similar exercises in other policy areas.     

Trust in Planning: Theoretical and Practical Considerations for Participatory and Deliberative Planning

Trust is a central element of planning practice because the profession is positioned at the nexus of public and private interests, has a crucial role in the contested management of space, and seeks to promote democratic governance and public participation in local decision making. While trust (social and interpersonal) is often cited as a central factor contributing to the success or failure of participatory planning processes and of plan implementation, its role in planning has not been fully conceptualized. Building on the literature on trust in governance, this paper highlights key characteristics and paradoxes of trust, discusses the importance of trust for cooperation and planning, and presents the factors that hinder and promote trust. This discussion provides the bases for planning practice and research aimed at effective trust building.     

Empowerment planning in local communities: Some experiences from combining communicative and instrumental rationality in local planning in Norway

This article attempts to provide insight into research from several development projects in local communities in Norway. These projects have had the overall purpose of designing a model of empowerment planning which utilizes communicative and instrumental rationality in a combined top‐down and bottom‐up development approach. It has been found that, if the planning is based on Habermas’ concept of a logical political will‐making process with undisturbed discourses, strategic planning can be used to mobilize the people, tactical planning can be used to organize the local resources and the implementation can be supported by operative planning. In addition, an evaluating and learning process can nurture the mobilization, organization and implementation. Experience has shown that this alternative planning approach is needed, but a successful process is heavily dependent on strong local and regional political institutions which are under democratic control.     

城市规划中的公众参与——以武汉市公众参与实践为例

本文试图以武汉市公众参与的几个规划项目为线索,分析公众参与规划的发展状况,探讨我国公众参与的具体实施方式。文章首先讨论公众参与在专业设计领域出现的历史;然后,概括出本文的研究方法以及研究结果;第三,讨论上述结果在实际中产生的影响,为今后城市设计项目的公众参与决策提供可能的建议。