超声导波管道表面激励接收的仿真分析

目前已有的超声导波激励模型均是在管道端部截面处施加瞬时载荷。然而,实际检测中,导波探头一般安装在管道外表面。为此,本文使用Ansys LS-DYNA显性动力学模块建立管道3-D模型,分别在管道表面施加汉宁窗调制的位移荷载和力载荷,可以成功地激励出轴对称纵向模态导波。仿真信号的波速接近理论值,缺陷定位准确。该方法很好地从声场角度对压电导波和电磁超声导波进行仿真分析,也为非轴对称局部加载激励导波的数值模拟提供了方法。     

基于B扫描成像的油气对焊弯管缺陷的超声导波检测

为解决应用超声导波检出油气对焊弯管缺陷的难题,分析了弯头及环焊缝对L(0,2)模态、T(0,1)模态导波的传播影响,发现环焊缝会使导波产生反射,弯头及环焊缝会使导波产生衰减和模态转换,而导致油气对焊弯管缺陷难以检出;提出了基于B扫描成像的超声导波检测方法,通过B扫描图像辅助识别弯管缺陷信号;最后加工了2根带缺陷的油气对焊弯管,采用上述方法进行检测试验。试验结果表明,基于B扫描成像的超声导波检测方法能够有效检测并定位出弯头及过弯头后直管上的缺陷。     

扭转模态超声导波在弯管中的检测试验

超声导波在弯管中的传播较在直管中人传播更为复杂,而在实际工程现场,弯管弯头部位的检测尤为重要。利用磁致伸缩超声导波激励出扭转模态T(0,1),研究了超声导波在弯管中典型部位的缺陷检测问题及不同检测频率对弯管缺陷识别的影响。试验结果表明:检测频率低会导致超声导波反射信号在拱背外侧缺陷和弯头焊缝处发生频散而难以分离;检测频率高,得到的弯头拱背内侧缺陷与拱背外侧缺陷的信号幅值都很小。因此选择合适的检测频率,才能更好地对弯头缺陷进行有效识别。T(0,1)模态导波经过弯头时,能量会在拱背外侧产生聚焦,在拱背内侧出现发散,拱背外侧缺陷比拱背内侧缺陷更容易检出;信号经过弯头后,能量衰减严重,衰减后的能量约为原来的一半。     

基于磁致伸缩效应的超声导波管道检测实验研究

实验研究了基于磁致伸缩效应的超声导波技术在实际管道检测中的检测能力。在实验过程中传感器与管道之间采用机械干耦合方式,控制传感器单向激励低频T（0,1）模态超声导波。对一根长9．6m的管道试样进行实验,激励的T（0,1）模态超声导波在管道中传播153．6m后,管道端面回波信号仍然具有高信噪比。对两段现场蒸汽管道的检测实验,得出单向激励64kHz,T（0,1）模态超声导波能够检测到13m管道长度内的焊缝、支架、弯头等管道典型结构并且位置误差小于150mm。     

超声导波在钢管中的传播特性

根据有限元理论,通过建立钢管的3D模型,模拟超声纵向导波L（0,2）在钢管中的传播模态。在弹性动力学的基础上,分析得出了超声导波在钢管中传播时存在着多模态和频散特性。根据钢管的频散曲线选取了激励L（0,2）模态的高频信号的频率,利用有限元软件ANSYS／LS--DYNA进行仿真。根据仿真结果中回波信号时间计算得出的波速结果与频散曲线的值相符;通过查看两个节点的位移时间历程曲线图,验证了导波在传播过程中存在的衰减和多模态现象。     

管道中激励和接收扭转模态导波专用探头的研制与应用

超声导波检测技术是一种新兴的无损检测方法。扭转模态是管道中超声导波的模态之一,可以检测各类缺陷。采用厚度切变型压电陶瓷作为敏感元件的探头,其外形尺寸为20 mm×10 mm×20 mm,在4 m长的钢管中进行了扭转模态的激励与接收试验。结果表明,该探头能够有效地激励和接收扭转模态,抑制了其它模态导波的干扰。     

磁致伸缩导波模式控制传感器技术

超声导波在构件中传播具有多种模式的特征,给导波无损检测信号分析及其应用带来一定难度,通过导波传感器的合理设置实现导波模式的可控具有重要的实用意义。系统综述了国外基于磁致伸缩效应的导波传感器模式控制技术,详细介绍了纵向导波、扭转导波、弯曲导波三种模态传感器的设置。通过比较可得,磁致伸缩传感器中偏置磁场和交变磁场方向和大小设置决定了所激励出的导波模式。     

基于模态分离的圆管裂纹超声导波无损检测

针对传统的导波检测信号处理方法对微小缺陷不敏感的问题,利用轴对称导波在遇到不对称结构时会转换为弯曲模态的特性,基于不同模态其振动幅值和相位也不同的原理,通过对混合模态数据进行特征匹配实现对混合数据的分类,进而将各模态的数据分离;以某一特定参数的圆管为例,通过有限元仿真对此方法进行验证。试验结果表明,回波信号中的各弯曲模态都能够被很好的提取,利用分离出来的模态数据能够很好地判定空心圆管中缺陷的存在性和轴向位置,表明该方法能够对圆管中存在的微小缺陷进行检测和定位,为传统线性超声导波检测微小缺陷提供了新的方法。     

基于压电晶片的超声导波激发特性试验

使用超声导波进行无损检测是实现结构健康监测的重要手段,但是其多模态特性会增加损伤信号提取难度,因此需要在激发时尽可能激励单一模态。使用粘贴于结构表面的压电晶片激发和接收超声导波,通过多种尺寸晶片在不同结构厚度下的导波试验,对导波各模态的激发特性进行了研究。结果表明附着于结构表面的压电晶片不但可激发S₀模态,同时也可激发出A₀模态;为了有效抑制A₀模态的幅值,激发晶片的直径需要大于A₀模态的波长。     

冷冻水管道腐蚀缺陷超声导波检测

采用超声导波检测方法,对中央空调冷冻水管道腐蚀缺陷进行了检测。对导波反射回波信号进行标定,拆除保温层对疑似缺陷进行验证,计算缺陷处管道周向腐蚀减薄率,并分析了影响缺陷回波信号的因素。结果表明,超声导波检测能够实现腐蚀缺陷的快速检测与定位;波包在支管与大小头处发生模态转换与发散,使得其后的区域成为检测盲区;导波信号在管道外壁腐蚀层的吸收作用下迅速衰减,沿长度方向的反射回波强度迅速下降。     

超声导波技术在天然气集输站场管道缺陷检测中的干扰因素分析

天然气集输站场管道缺陷检测在天然气生产管理及安全环保上扮演着重要角色。近年来,国际上发展出以超声波入射在管壁中形成导波传播来对管道进行长距离全面快速检测的方法,既可有效检测管道中存在的缺陷,大大降低管道设备风险指数,又可减少管道检测成本。对超声导波检测技术在天然气集输站场的管道检测中遇到的一些情况进行了分析总结。     

以聚焦能量为导向导波非穿透型缺陷检测研究

为了达到导波的检测能量尽可能聚焦于缺陷处的目的,结合时间反转聚焦理论,采用模拟计算与实验研究相结合的方法对含有不同尺寸的非穿透型裂纹缺陷的管道进行检测研究,得到时间反转导波反射回波系数是直接导波反射回波系数的3倍,由此证明了时间反转法的时-空聚焦的特性,即时间反转导波同时到达缺陷位置,实现了能量的汇聚,论证了时间反转聚焦理论可用于管道导波的缺陷检测、提高小缺陷的检出能力。     

Detectability of corrosion damage with circumferential guided waves in reflection and transmission

There is an increasing interest in high frequency short range guided waves to screen or monitor for corrosion. This contrasts with long range guided waves (LRGWs) which screen pipes for large patches of corrosion and have been successfully used in corrosion management for the past twenty years. The fundamental setup described in this paper uses circumferential guided waves, which are excited at a single location on a pipe and travel around the pipe wall and are detected at the same location. The study uses a finite element model assisted method to evaluate the detection capability of two short range circumferential guided wave setups which use both the reflected and transmitted signals. The setups themselves consist of either an axial array of transducers, for monitoring, or a single transducer which axially scans a pipe. Both setups have an array or scan pitch between either adjacent transducers or measurements. The detection capability of the fundamental Lamb wave modes (A0 and S0) in both reflection and transmission have been compared, as well as a hybrid shear horizontal wave setup, which uses the SH0 mode in reflection and the SH1 mode in transmission. A sensitivity analysis was conducted using two separate methods to determine the probability of detection (POD) for either the reflection or transmission signals. Both methods determine a POD for a specific defect, noise level, and array or scan pitch. Probability images are produced which map the POD for a range of defect sizes. For the parameters investigated in this study, it was found that in transmission large diameter defects have a higher detectability, whereas deep, narrow diameter defects are more detectable in reflection. A generalised overview of the sensitivity of short range guided waves is presented by combining both the reflection and transmission PODs. The data fused sensitivity of the S0 and SH hybrid modes are given as 0.6% and 0.75% cross sectional area (CSA) respectively, allowing for the comparison with LRGWs. The A0 mode was excluded from the POD analysis because it was much less sensitive than the other two modes.     

EMAT pipe inspection technique using higher mode torsional guided wave T(0,2)

We developed a pitch-catch system based on electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for pipe inspection, which moves inside the pipe in the axial direction. The first higher mode, T(0,2), of the torsional guided wave is transmitted and detected, and variations of amplitude and phase are measured while moving the EMATs. Several aluminum pipes containing dish-shaped defects are inspected, and the amplitude and phase show enough detection sensitivity. It is found that the phase measurement has better potential as a tool for quantitative inspection. The applicability of the technique for steel pipe is also confirmed.     

The reflection of guided waves from notches in pipes: a guide for interpreting corrosion measurements

Ultrasonic guided waves are used for the rapid screening of pipelines in service and simple, standard testing procedures are already defined. The implementation of the method enables the localization of the defects along the length of the pipe and offers a rough estimate of defect size. In this article we present a systematic analysis of the effect of pipe size, defect size, guided wave mode and frequency on the reflection from notches. The maximum and minimum value of the reflection coefficient at varying axial extent are identified and used for the purpose of defect sizing. Maps of reflection coefficient as a function of the circumferential extent and depth of the defect are presented for a 3 in. schedule 40 steel pipe. An approximate formula, which allows these results to be extrapolated to other pipe sizes, is proposed and evaluated.     

时频重排方法在管道导波信号处理中的应用

针对超声导波的多模态和频散特性会导致信号波包在结构中传播发生展宽的现象，研究了400kHz时的管道导波时域信号。指出了用时频分析方法可以直观地描述导波信号在传播过程中的能量分布，准确反映主要模态信息和各模态群速度变化趋势，建立与导波频散曲线间的对应关系，并且利用时频重排的方法可以进一步提高分析结果的可读性。     

Circumferential guided wave EMAT system for pipeline screening using shear horizontal ultrasound

The use of guided waves is now widespread in industrial NDT for locating metal loss in pipelines, that manifests as pitting, corrosion and general wall thinning. In this paper, a screening technique is assessed in terms of defect detection and defect sizing capability. Shear Horizontal (SH) guided waves propagate circumferentially around the pipe whilst the scanner is moved axially along the length. This type of tool is preferable to other methods, being applied to the exterior of the pipe, without requiring full circumferential access, and is able to operate through thin coatings (up to 1 mm thick). It is designed to provide a pipe screening tool for petrochemical pipelines both topside and subsea, particularly for detecting defects at pipe support areas. The system's efficacy in terms of detection and sizing of defects is considered via experimental measurements on artificially induced defects and in service corrosion patches, with results compared to finite element modelling of the interaction of the guided waves with artificial defects. Finite element modelling has been used to better understand the behaviour of different wave modes when they interact with defects, focusing on the mode conversions and reflections that occur.     

高温管道腐蚀状况在线监测

介绍了超声导波检测技术的理论基础,指出了这一技术用于在线监测的原理。利用该技术对炼油厂催化装置7条高温管道的腐蚀状况实施了在线监测,举例03-13管线三次监测情况及其数据的对比分析,得出基于磁致伸缩效应的超声导波技术可以实现高温管道腐蚀的在线监测。此外,还指出目前管道超声导波监测技术应用中存在的问题并提出了展望。     

空心抽油杆的超声导波检测

利用超声纵向导波对抽油杆缺陷进行检测。将空心抽油杆简化为一管状波导,利用管道中的导波频散曲线,并结合抽油杆的缺陷检测要求,设计出适合抽油杆缺陷检测的传感器,选择合适的导波模态对抽油杆表面上宽1 mm、深1 mm的周向槽进行检测,试验结果表明将抽油杆简化为管状波导是可行的,利用设计的环状传感器激发出纵向轴对称L(0,2)导波模态,有效检出了抽油杆表面的缺陷。