北京长河湾流域径流非点源污染总量估算

针对北京城区流域径流非点源污染问题,选择典型流域--长河湾作为研究对象,采用源类型方法对汇入该流域的雨水水质进行分析,估算单场降雨径流的污染负荷,从而推算出流域的年径流污染负荷总量,并建立了径流污染主要水质指标之间的量化关系.结果表明,道路及屋面径流雨水中主要污染物(CODer、SS、TN、TP)之间存在良好的相关性;长河湾流域的径流非点源年污染负荷总量巨大,对城区水系构成了严重威胁.     

城区雨水管网径流污染特征研究

以新乡市城区屋面作为汇水区域,开展试验对雨水管网中场次降雨径流水文水质过程进行研究,可为有效利用城市雨水、控制非点源污染等提供依据。水质指标包括SS、COD和TN。结果表明:水质指标中SS、COD变化趋势基本一致,随着降雨过程的持续浓度逐渐降低并趋于一个稳定值;TN随着雨量的累积浓度逐渐降低,但在降雨结束前有反弹趋势;指标标准差率呈SS>COD>TN的趋势;径流初期屋面冲刷效应明显,初期径流量可定义为前1³mm的降雨量;径流中SS与COD、TN之间的相关性较好,在控制径流污染时可采取措施同时去除;径流污染物直接通过城区排水管网汇入受纳水体后对其水质影响较大,尤以SS、COD的变化最为明显。     

强降雨下果园除草对径流中颗粒物及营养盐的影响

为探究夏季果园除草对果园面源污染的影响,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了3种雨强(60 mm/h、120 mm/h、180 mm/h)及2种下垫面(有草样地和无草样地)条件下,果园地表径流中颗粒物(SS)及营养盐(TN、TP)的流失情况。试验结果表明,径流中TN、TP质量浓度与SS质量浓度均呈线性相关关系,TP与SS质量浓度之间的线性相关性更强(R~2=0.921 5);人工割草造成了径流中SS、TN、TP质量浓度升高,使其单位面积流失量分别增加了30%～46%、11%～29%、11%～22%,尤其是增大了降雨后期的流失量。因此,在夏季多雨、尤其是暴雨发生时段,应减少对果园中杂草的收割频次。     

常州市湖塘纺织工业园降雨径流污染负荷分析

我国当前以实现分流制为规划指导原则,分流制下工业园区雨水径流污染对水环境存在较大潜在影响。在此背景下采用SWMM软件模拟降雨和实地调研相结合的方法,分析湖塘园区降雨径流的污染负荷。结果表明:0.25年一遇的降雨径流质量浓度峰值ρ(TN)=6.01 mg/L,ρ(TP)=0.02 mg/L,ρ(COD)=125.21 mg/L,该降雨重现期下的TN和COD浓度均远劣于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅴ类水标准;随着降雨重现期增大,径流污染物浓度峰值会进一步提高。排入受纳水体采菱港的污染物总量比例:径流中TN占园区总TN(径流+点源)排放量的25.9%,径流中TP占4.4%,COD占28.0%,COD、TN径流污染量占整个园区污染总量的比重较大。结合湖塘园区排水系统的实地调研,建议加强园区初期雨水截留、推广园区中水回用和推进园区与企业排口设置规范化,以有效降低园区雨水径流对周边水环境的影响。     

An investigation on suspended solids sources in urban stormwater runoff using 7Be and 210 Pb as tracers

Radionuclides 7Be and 210Pb were used as tracers to identify suspended solid sources and transport pathways in the storm runoff events from urban catchments. Water samples were collected in runoff of storm events in Wuhan City, China. Suspended solids, COD, TN, TP, and the 7Be and 210Pb activities in the suspended solids were analyzed. Following the pathway of urban runoff pollution, the rain precipitation, urban ground dust, gutter sediments, and sewer deposit samples were analyzed for 7Be and 210Pb activities. The results show that the 7Be/210Pb ratio decreased through the system from a value of 0.86+/-0.44 in ground dust, to 0.63+/-0.18 in suspended solids in storm runoff from the sewer outlet, to 0.55+/-0.31 in gutter sediments, and to 0.41+/-0.13 in combined sewer deposits. The 7Be/210Pb ratio decrease suggests that 60+/-12% of suspended solids at sewer outlet originated from the drainage system sediments, the rest was from the wash-off of urban ground dust during the rainfall events. The 7Be and 210Pb trace approach can give insight into the short-term source and transport of pollutant during storm runoff in urban drainage systems and it can help to develop management strategies.     

基于WRF模型的澎溪河流域非点源污染预测EI北大核心CSCD

为精准揭示三峡库区澎溪河流域非点源污染的空间异质性特征,基于WRF模型,构建了反映流域3 km×3 km精细格点降水的流域非点源污染模拟预测模型,对澎溪河流域非点源负荷进行模拟预测。结果表明:与由澎溪河流域6个气象站点2009—2012年观测降水资料得到的径流模拟结果相比,基于WRF模型输出降水的径流模拟精度提高了27%,总磷质量浓度模拟精度提高了31%,总氮质量浓度模拟精度提高了36%;采用WRF模型输出降水模拟的年径流量范围为35.28亿~54.04亿m^(3),总磷负荷均值为1 151.35 t/a,总氮负荷均值为11 759.72 t/a;澎溪河流域总磷、总氮非点源负荷较高的子流域单元多呈集聚状分布在河流水系附近,空间异质性明显。     

苏州城区不同功能区地表径流污染特征

以苏州城区为例,在多雨季节对商业区、工业区、居民区三大功能区的降雨径流水质进行了6次采样监测,发现不同功能区地表径流水质差异较大,前10min初雨径流中各功能区COD、TN、NH4+-N、SS及工业区TP的平均浓度均劣于Ⅴ类水质标准。另外商业区初雨径流中COD、SS、TN、NH4+-N浓度均高于其他功能区,工业区初雨径流中TP浓度高于商业区和居民区。随着降雨历时的延长,降雨径流中主要污染物浓度均逐渐下降并趋于稳定。     

Evaluation of nutrient loads from a mountain forest including storm runoff loads.

Water quality and flow rates at a weir installed on the end of Aburahi-S Experimental Watershed (3.34 ha) were measured once a week from 2001 to 2003 and in appropriate intervals from 30 min to 6 h during five storm runoff events caused by each rainfall from 8 mm to 417 mm. The average annual loads of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were calculated to be 19.0 and 0.339 kg ha(-1) y(-1) from the periodical data by using the integration interval-loads method (ILM), which did not properly account for storm runoff loads. Three types of L(Q) equations (L = aQ(b)) were derived from correlations between loading rates L and flow rates Q obtained from the periodic observation and from storm runoff observation. L(Q) equation method (LQM), which was derived from the storm runoff observation and allowed for the hysteresis of discharge of materials, gave 9.68 and 0.159 kg ha(-1) y(-1), respectively, by substitution of the sequential hourly data of flow rates. L(R) equation (L = c(R - r)d) was derived from the correlations between the loads and the effective rainfall depth (R - r) measured during the storm runoff events, and L(R) equation method (LRM) calculated 9.83 +/- 1.68 and 0.175 +/- 0.0761 kg ha(-1) y(-1), respectively, by using the rainfall data for the past 16 years. The atmospheric input-fluxes of TN and TP were 16.5 and 0.791 kg ha(-1) y(-1).     

Estimation of nutrient load from urban diffuse sources: experiments with runoff sampling at pilot catchments of Lake Balaton, Hungary.

About a quarter of the total nutrient loading of Lake Balaton (Hungary) originates from urban diffuse sources, mostly from direct shoreline watersheds. This load cannot be measured directly. Sampling of urban runoff can help improving load estimations. The dynamic processes characterizing the accumulation and washoff of contaminants suggest that randomly observed concentrations are likely under- or overestimated. The results of two recent pilot programs aimed towards achieving continuous measurement of nutrient load carried by urban runoff are introduced. Stations were implemented in two pilot catchments located on the shore of Lake Balaton. Storm event runoff was sampled automatically and manually. Discharge, precipitation and rainfall intensities were also recorded. Results proved that the more a specific pollutant is associated with solid particles, the more of its load comes from a few but large storm events, nevertheless the cumulative effect of small rainfall events is not negligible, either. Event mean concentrations of solid-related pollutants were found to be dependent on rainfall intensity. The derived empirical relationships for SS, TP and TN event mean concentrations were indeed found to be applicable for reducing the uncertainty of load estimations of these pollutants significantly, as compared to using long-time average (i.e. annual mean) concentration values.     

降雨对沣河水质和污染特征的影响

通过对沣河降雨前后水质的监测,分析了沣河污染特征。结果表明:降雨形成的面源污染对沣河总氮负荷影响显著,硝氮和总氮在降雨过程中的变化有很好的相关性,硝态氮是沣河总氮污染的主要存在形式,其主要来自于农田和水土淋溶流失及城市地表径流的硝酸盐氮;非降雨时,农村排放的生活点源是引起沣河COD和氨氮水质污染的根本原因,降雨促使生活点源进入沣河,COD和氨氮在河流水质变化中有着很好的相关性,其污染主要来自于沣河流域城镇生活污水、工业废水、乡镇企业废水及高校生活污水。     

城市屋面降雨冲刷污染物变化模型模拟研究

城市屋面降雨径流污染是受纳水体质量恶化的主要影响因子。以典型屋面作为汇水单元,开展天然降雨情况下雨水径流水文水质过程监测试验,水质指标包括SS、COD、TN。利用雨水径流产流负荷替代降雨强度校正了传统冲刷模型,研究有效降雨深度与径流水质之间的相关函数关系,构建了雨水径流污染物浓度变化模型,对相关参数进行求解。模型模拟的SS、COD、TN的浓度变化过程精度较高,纳什效率系数均在0.87以上。表明模型的实用性较好,可为城市雨水资源高效利用、面源污染控制技术与措施制定、海绵城市建设等提供依据。     

A new installation for treatment of road runoff: up-flow filtration by porous polypropylene media.

We installed a new device on a paved road to treat runoff from a roadway surface. All the stormwater runoff was transferred into the device and the runoff equivalent to 10 mm/hr or less was treated. The treatment method consists of sedimentation and up-flow filtration with porous polypropylene (PPL) processes. The treated runoff was discharged into the existing storm drainage pipe. The average removal efficiency of the initial runoff at the beginning of rainfall which has high pollution intensity was about 90% for SS, about 70% for COD, about 40% for total phosphorus (T-P), about 80% for Pb and Cd, about 70% for Zn, Cu, Mn and Cr, and about 60% for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The overall removal efficiencies of the experiment that ran for four months remained > 60% of SS, > 40% of COD, > 60% of heavy metals, and > 40% of PAHs. The PPL is excellent for removing smaller size particulates of suspended solids, which originate basically from diesel exhaust, as well as larger size particulates from automobile tires, asphalt roads, and other accumulated source(s) of clay and sand, etc.     

天津典型居民区不同下垫面雨水径流污染特征

在对天津典型居民区域的不同下垫面雨水径流水质进行监测的基础上,以典型降雨为例,探讨了雨水径流污染物的特征和事件平均浓度(event mean concentrations,EMC)。结果表明,天津典型居民区主干道和菜市场雨水径流中的污染物质量浓度随着降雨历时的延续呈降低趋势,冲刷效应明显;屋顶雨水径流中污染物的质量浓度随降雨历时的延续变化较小,冲刷效应较弱。3种下垫面雨水径流中污染物质量浓度大小差异明显,菜市场和主干道雨水径流中SS质量浓度相差不大,且都远远超过屋顶雨水径流;雨水径流中COD和TP质量浓度的顺序由大到小依次为菜市场、主干道、屋顶;雨水径流中TN质量浓度的顺序由大到小依次为菜市场、屋顶、主干道。以EMC中值计,菜市场雨水径流中污染物平均浓度要高于主干道和屋顶,菜市场雨水径流中TP的质量浓度是主干道的3倍、屋顶的24倍。天津典型居民区雨水径流污染比较严重,如不经截留或处理直接排入城市河道等接纳水体,会严重影响河道的水质和城市的环境。     

基于GIS的漳河上游城市非点源污染负荷估算

为了解漳河上游水污染成因,2017年对长治市城区典型功能区不同下垫面进行了11场降雨监测,分析了次降雨径流污染物平均浓度(EMC),采用平均浓度模型法估算了2017年漳河上游各城市非点源污染年负荷,并结合ArcGIS技术分析了各市县污染程度。结果表明:2017年,长治市城区降雨径流非点源污染较为严重;各功能区路面径流污染物的EMC值大于屋面,主要污染源为SS、CODCr、TN和重金属Cd;商业区路面SS的EMC值高达666.87 mg/L,工业区屋面Cd的EMC值是44.27μg/L,居民区路面CODCr、TN的EMC值分别为148.69 mg/L、6.273 mg/L。长治市城区非点源TN、TP、SS、CODCr、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb年负荷入河总量分别为5.301 t/a、0.464 t/a、267.310 t/a、177.890 t/a、0.075 t/a、0.150 t/a、0.384 t/a和0.023 t/a;3种下垫面非点源污染年负荷入河贡献率顺序为屋面、路面、绿地。从空间分布方面来看,长治市城区污染的产出最多,武乡县产出最少。     

融雪的水量平衡模型在内蒙古锡林河流域水文模拟中的应用

水量平衡模型是目前水文及环境分析中最常用的工具和手段之一,半干旱地区的水文模拟是目前水文科学研究中的难点.以内蒙古地区的锡林河流域为研究对象,开展了考虑融雪的水量平衡模型(Snowmelt-based Water Balance Model,SWBM模型)的拓展性应用研究.结果表明:锡林河流域气候干旱,产流受降水和融雪驱动,流域降水量及实测径流量均呈现弱减少趋势.SWBM模型对对月径流过程具有较好的模拟效果,率定期和检验期的模型效率系数均可超过60％,相对误差小于8％,说明该模型可以用于研究气候变化对半干旱地区的影响评价.     

清流河流域场次暴雨洪水特征及其对降水的响应关系

暴雨洪水是主要的自然灾害,分析暴雨洪水特性及其与气候要素的响应关系对流域防洪减灾和水资源可持续利用等方面具有重要意义。根据清流河流域102场暴雨洪水资料,系统分析了场次暴雨洪水过程特征、径流组成以及洪水特征要素与降水指标之间的响应关系。结果表明:场次降雨特征在一定程度上决定了洪水过程变化,水利工程修建和下垫面变化等人类活动对暴雨洪水过程特征有一定影响;场次暴雨洪水的产流系数总体具有递减趋势,但地表径流占径流总量的比率有增大趋势;场次径流量及洪峰流量与场次降水量之间具有较好的相关性,雨强对清流河流域暴雨洪水特征影响相对较小,蓄满产流是清流河流域主要的产流机制。     

渭河陕西段底泥间隙水与上覆水中污染物分布特征研究

通过渭河8个断面2015年4月和9月的采样分析,探讨了表层底泥间隙水和上覆水中污染物的分布特征,并对间隙水和上覆水中的污染物浓度进行了相关性分析。结果表明:在丰水期时上覆水中TN、NO_3—N、NH_3—N及COD含量均高于平水期,其中采样点D5(泾河汇入前渭河干流处)的污染物含量很高;间隙水中TN、NH_3—N、NO_3—N变化趋势相似,丰水期TN、NH_3—N、NO_3—N含量均高于平水期含量,采样点D5、D7(泾河汇入后干流处)丰水期总磷、COD含量很高;相关性分和上覆水中TN、COD浓度在丰水期高度相关,说明间隙水中TN、TP、COD的浓度是其上覆水中TN、TP、COD浓度的决定因素。     

黄河流域降水变化规律分析

近年来，黄河下游出现许多新问题，如冬春季断流日益严重，汛期洪水水位表现高、传播速度慢等，这些问题都与黄河流域降水量变化有关系。本文分析了黄河流域各区年降水量和暴雨量及暴雨强度的变化规律，其中用年最大７日（或最大１日）和最大３０日降水量代表暴雨量和暴雨强度，能比较好地反映降水与产流产沙的关系，对黄河下游防洪减淤工作具有指导意义。     

渗透铺装对降雨径流水文水质调控效果分析

以宜兴市海绵城市示范区域为研究对象,通过SWMM软件对研究区域概化、建模,根据实际监测数据对模型真实度进行验证。模拟了重现期分别为3a、5a、10a、15a、50a、100a暴雨强度下渗透铺装对降雨地表径流产生的水文、水质效果,并分析渗透铺装对城市雨水系统生态性的影响。结果表明:采用渗透铺装对降雨径流量的削减可达19.74%,径流系数平均降低21.93%,径流削减作用总体随降雨强度增大而增大,但增幅较小,调控效果较为显著且稳定。对常规污染物负荷(SS、COD、TN、TP)可分别减少24.12%、23.79%、22.81%、21.90%,削减作用明显,且对径流量及负荷浓度峰现时间产生一定迟滞效果。研究对渗透铺装的效果进行科学评价,可对工程设计提供一定参考意见。     

Runoff characteristics of highway pollutants based on a long-term survey through a year.

Highway pollutants generated mainly from traffics are repeating accumulation, raise, drift and move on the highways. Some of them are removed by road cleanings done regularly, the others are flushed by stormwater into receiving water. The objectives of this study are to survey characteristics of the highway pollutants, and to quantify their behavior on the highways. The study area is a part of Meishin Expressway running through the main island of Japan. Surveys on pollutant runoff from the highway were done for all storm events through one year from December 2004 to November 2005. For the surveys, samples were collected by continuous water sampling during storm events. And chemical substances in each sample such as SS, TOC, TN, TP, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for each class of particle size were measured. Using the results of the survey, characteristics of pollutant runoff during storm events were examined. And it cleared the basic unit loads for the highway pollutants throughout a year. As a result, some significant knowledge for the environmental management of highway pollution has been obtained.