具有大半金属能隙的V掺杂LiZnP新型稀磁半导体的磁电性质

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波超软赝势法,对新型稀磁半导体Li_(1±y)(Zn_(1-x)V_x)P(x=0,0.0625;y=0,0.0625)体系进行几何结构优化,计算并分析了各体系的电子结构,形成能,半金属性,磁性及居里温度。结果表明,新型稀磁半导体LiZnP可通过掺入V和改变Li的化学计量数来实现自旋和电荷注入机制的分离。单掺V引入了自旋极化杂质带,表现出强的半金属性,sp-d杂化导致体系产生2.92μ_B的净磁矩。体系的性质还受Li的化学计量数的影响,Li空位时,半金属性和磁性有所减弱,但居里温度最高;Li填隙时,杂化作用增强,形成能最低,导电能力最强,磁性最大。     

不同浓度Mn掺杂LiMgN新型稀磁半导体的磁电性质

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法,对纯LiMgN、不同浓度Mn掺杂LiMgN及Li不足和过量时不同浓度Mn掺杂LiMgN的超晶胞进行几何优化,计算并分析它们的电子结构、半金属性和磁电性质。结果表明,Li1±y(Mg1-xMnx)N(x,y=0.0625,x,y=0.125)体系均表现为100%自旋注入,材料均具有半金属性;Mn单掺LiMgN时,随着Mn浓度的增加,杂质带宽度增大,居里温度提高;Li不足时,随着Mn浓度的增加,体系带隙值减小,导电能力增强;Li过量时,当Mn浓度为6.25%时,杂质带宽度和半金属能隙最大,带隙值最小,体系的居里温度提高。说明Mn掺杂LiMgN体系可以通过改变Mn的浓度和调节Li的含量来实现磁性和电性的分离调控。     

Cu/Mg掺杂AlN的电子结构和光吸收研究

采用平面波超软赝势和广义梯度近似的第一性原理计算方法,对本征Al N和掺杂体系Al N∶Cu,Al N∶Mg,Al N∶Cu-Mg的超晶胞进行了几何优化,计算了它们的电子结构、能带、态密度、磁矩及光学性质等。结果表明,Al N∶Cu,Al N∶Mg均表现为100%自旋注入,材料均具有半金属性质,其中Cu掺杂体系的半金属性更稳定;Al N∶Cu-Mg共掺体系在能隙深处产生杂质带,具有金属性,改善了材料的高阻抗现象。研究发现Cu掺杂体系的磁矩最大,Cu-Mg共掺体系较Mg单掺的净磁矩有所减少。进一步分析光学性质发现,杂质离子的引入使得低能区的介电函数和复折射率函数出现明显的峰值,其中共掺体系的峰值最大,明显增强了体系对低频电磁波的吸收。     

第一性原理计算Fe掺杂LiMgP新型稀磁半导体的半金属铁磁性

采用基于密度泛函理论的广义梯度近似平面波超软赝势法,对不同离子浓度配比的Fe掺杂LiMgP新型稀磁半导体进行结构优化,计算并分析了体系的电子结构、半金属铁磁性、重叠电荷布局及体心离子附近各离子的电参数。结果表明Fe掺杂LiMgP能够得到性能优良的半金属铁磁体,具有大的半金属能隙及可控的电磁性质,有望成为一种极具应用潜力的自旋电子学器件材料。纯LiMgP体系中化学键为极化的共价键,Fe的掺入形成了比Mg-P更强的Fe-P共价键,表现出优异的半金属铁磁性且具有大的半金属能隙0.500 eV,Fe离子与Li、Mg、P3种离子之间的相互作用使得它们的轨道电子数减少。Li过量时,形成能最低,结构最稳定,带隙值较单掺Fe时明显减小,而体系的半金属性明显减弱,填隙的Li原子使得轨道之间的相互作用减弱,Fe-P键的重叠电荷布局和体系净磁矩的值最小。Li不足时体系变为金属铁磁性,体系中离子的轨道电子数最少,参与轨道杂化的电子数最多,Fe和P原子之间的电子云分布最密集且共用电子对偏移程度最小,Fe-P键重叠电荷布局达到最大值0.78,键长达到最小值,体系净磁矩最大。     

新型稀磁半导体Mn掺杂LiMgAs的光电性质

基于密度泛函理论第一性质原理平面波超软赝势法,对理想新型稀磁半导体Li_(1±y)(Mg_(1-x)Mn_x)As (x=0,0.125;y=0,0.125)进行几何结构优化,计算并分析了体系的电子结构、磁性和光学性质。结果表明,掺杂体系的磁性和电性可以分别通过Mn的掺入和Li计量数的调控来改变,掺Mn后形成Mn—As极性共价键,且引入与Mn有关的自旋极化杂质带,体系为半导体磁性材料。Li不足时,p-d杂化使体系变为半金属性,表现为100%的自旋注入,Mn—As键的重叠电荷布局最大,键长最短。而Li过量时,sp-d杂化则使体系变为金属性,居里温度最高,形成能最低,导电能力最强。对比光学性质发现,Li不足和过量时,介电函数和光吸收谱在低能区出现新峰,增强了体系对低频电磁波的吸收。掺杂体系的能量损失峰均向高能方向偏移,呈现明显的蓝移特征,且峰值急剧减小,表明其等离子共振频率显著降低,而Li过量的等离子振荡范围最宽。     

双钙钛矿Sr_2Fe_(1-x)Cr_xMoO_6电子结构与磁学性质的第一性原理研究

利用第一性原理系统计算了Sr2Fe1-x CrxMoO6体系中不同Cr含量(x=0,1/3,0.5和1)所对应Sr2Fe1-xCrxMoO6晶胞结构的电子结构和磁学性质。计算结果表明,体系的晶格常数、总磁矩及Fe离子磁矩由于Cr掺杂而降低,晶格发生畸变,并发现当Cr掺杂含量增加至0.5时自旋向上费米面附近态密度明显增加,超胞呈金属性,但Sr2Fe1-xCrxMoO6(x=0,1/3,0.5和1)仍保持半金属性。得出的计算结果与现有的实验和理论值吻合较好,该结果为其材料的进一步实际应用提供了理论依据。     

Cu掺杂β-Ga2O3电子结构和磁学性质的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论框架下的第一性原理方法,结合广义梯度近似研究了Cu掺杂β-Ga2O3系统的磁学特性。计算结果表明,单Cu的掺杂,稳定体系倾向于自旋极化态,且Cu替代八面体的Ga(B)时系统更稳定,容易在实验上形成;Cu掺杂β-Ga2O3呈现出半金属特性,Cu的掺杂引入了2.0μB磁矩,其中局域在Cu原子上的磁矩为0.45μB,其余主要来自于Cu杂质周围的氧原子。由于电荷补偿效应,在Cu掺杂β-Ga2O3系统中引入氧空位时,体系磁矩减小到零。在2个Cu取代Ga的10种构型中,A1-B3构型的能量最低,且显示出铁磁性,磁矩为3.8μB。考虑氧空位后,A1-B3构型的反铁磁性和铁磁性能量差增大,磁矩减小到1.0μB。     

N空位、Ga空位对GaN∶Mn体系电磁性质和光学性质影响的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波超软赝势法分别计算了VGa和VN距掺入Mn原子为近邻、次近邻、远近邻各3种情况下GaN体系的电子结构和光学性质,分析比较了空位的不同位置对Mn掺杂GaN体系磁性的影响。计算结果表明,Mn掺杂会导致GaN体系带隙增大且体系表现为半金属铁磁性;VN的存在会增强缺陷复合物体系的铁磁性,且随着VN相对杂质Mn距离越近,体系总磁矩增加;而VGa的存在会降低缺陷复合物体系的铁磁性,且随Ga空位相对杂质Mn距离越近,体系总磁矩减少。不同位置的VGa和VN均会导致缺陷复合物体系主吸收峰和光吸收边相对于单Mn掺杂而言向低能方向移动,出现红移现象。     

Au-V(Cr)原子线的半金属铁磁性研究

基于第一性原理计算,理论预测到吸附在氮化硼纳米管上的Au-V(Cr)原子线呈现半金属性:费米面上的态密度在多数自旋方向上呈金属性而在少数自旋方向上呈半导体性.吸附在氮化硼纳米管上的Au-V(Cr)原子线的半金属性起源于孤立的Au-V(Cr)原子线.计算得到单原胞的总磁矩为玻尔磁子的整数倍,这也是半金属性的一个显著特征.     

Ga掺杂前后LaCoO_3的电子结构研究

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法,结合局域自旋密度近似和Hubbard U修正,对不同Co离子自旋态下及Ga掺杂LaCoO_3的超晶胞体系进行了几何结构优化,计算并分析了它们的电子结构。结果表明,当Co离子处于低自旋态时,LaCoO_3为非磁绝缘性的绝缘体;当Co离子被激发到中间自旋态时,由于强烈的p-d轨道杂化作用,LaCoO_3转变成一个有磁性的半金属体;当Co离子处于高自旋态时,体系呈现金属铁磁性,磁矩由中间自旋态的0.91μB增大到高自旋态的2.2μB。Ga掺杂后,体系的Co3d态电子和Ga4p态电子以及O2p态电子在费米能级附近发生p-d轨道杂化,引入杂质带,形成受主能级,使体系的导电能力增强,体系呈现半金属铁磁性,其净磁矩为4.01μB。     

Magnetic Properties of Diluted Magnetic Nanowire

A magnetic diluted nanowire with cylindrical structure described by the Ising model is investigated. Using the effective field theory with a probability distribution technique, the influence of the dilution on the phase diagrams, susceptibility and the hysteresis loops are discussed in detail. Novel features are obtained for the thermal variations of longitudinal susceptibility and longitudinal magnetization. We have investigated the magnetic reversal of the system and have found the existence of triple hysteresis loops patterns, affected by the concentration of magnetic atoms, the temperature, and the exchange interaction between the core and the surface shell.     

Tweezing of Magnetic and Non‐Magnetic Objects with Magnetic Fields

Although strong magnetic fields cannot be conveniently “focused” like light, modern microfabrication techniques enable preparation of microstructures with which the field gradients – and resulting magnetic forces – can be localized to very small dimensions. This ability provides the foundation for magnetic tweezers which in their classical variant can address magnetic targets. More recently, the so‐called negative magnetophoretic tweezers have also been developed which enable trapping and manipulations of completely nonmagnetic particles provided that they are suspended in a high‐magnetic‐susceptibility liquid. These two modes of magnetic tweezing are complimentary techniques tailorable for different types of applications. This Progress Report provides the theoretical basis for both modalities and illustrates their specific uses ranging from the manipulation of colloids in 2D and 3D, to trapping of living cells, control of cell function, experiments with single molecules, and more.     

Magnetic Properties of Chalcopyrite-Based Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors

We calculated the chemical trends of transition metal-doped chalcopyrite DMS (diluted magnetic semiconductors) by the use of KKR–CPA–LDA method. The ferromagnetism was stable in V- and Cr-doped chalcopyrite DMS. In the case of Fe and Co doping, however, the spinglass-like state was realized. On the other hand, in the cases of Mn doped I-III-VI₂ and II-IV-V₂ type DMS, the ground state was ferromagnetic and spinglass-like, respectively.     

Magnetic Nanocapsules

A brief review on recent advances in the area of the magnetic nanocapsules is given. The most applicable nanoencapsulation procedures are introduced, which include： （1） physical techniques such as arc-discharge, evaporating, etc.; （2） chemical techniques such as chemical vapor deposition, solid-state reactions, etc. The structure and magnetic properties of various nanocapsules with different core/shell structures are studied in details, for possibly applications in magnetic recording, magnetic refrigerator, magnetic fluids, superconductors and medicine.     

铁硅铝磁粉芯的磁特性研究

采用球磨制粉和模压成型方法制备了铁硅铝磁粉芯,并研究了其频率特性和直流叠加特性。结果表明,在测量的频率范围内（1～500kHz）,铁硅铝磁粉芯有效磁导率基本保持不变,而品质因数随频率的增加而增大,达到峰值后缓慢下降。在相同频率下,随着粉料粒度的减小,磁粉芯的有效磁导率降低,品质因数增加。铁硅铝磁粉芯具有良好的直流叠加特性,当直流偏磁场强度为1000e时,其有效磁导率变化率小于50％,且减小磁粉粒度可改善磁粉芯的直流叠加特性。     

基于SQUID的磁纳米粒子磁特性测量研究

基于超导量子干涉器件(SQUID)的高灵敏磁通电压转换特性,将探测磁纳米粒子磁特性的线圈的微弱磁信号转换成电压信号输出。设计了包含激励源模块,信号测量模块,人机交互模块的测量系统,并采用标定线圈完成了测量系统的标定,实测数据表明,该系统可用于对磁纳米粒子磁特性的测量,为后续研究适用于生物体内温度测量的方法提供了支持。     

SQUID-Detected Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Microtesla Magnetic Fields

We describe studies of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of liquid samples at room temperature in microtesla magnetic fields. The nuclear spins are prepolarized in a strong transient field. The magnetic signals generated by the precessing spins, which range in frequency from tens of Hz to several kHz, are detected by a low-transition temperature dc SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) coupled to an untuned, superconducting flux transformer configured as an axial gradiometer. The combination of prepolarization and frequency-independent detector sensitivity results in a high signal-to-noise ratio and high spectral resolution (～1 Hz) even in grossly inhomogeneous magnetic fields. In the NMR experiments, the high spectral resolution enables us to detect the 10-Hz splitting of the spectrum of protons due to their scalar coupling to a ³¹P nucleus. Furthermore, the broadband detection scheme combined with a non-resonant field-reversal spin echo allows the simultaneous observation of signals from protons and ³¹P nuclei, even though their NMR resonance frequencies differ by a factor of 2.5. We extend our methodology to MRI in microtesla fields, where the high spectral resolution translates into high spatial resolution. We demonstrate two-dimensional images of a mineral oil phantom and slices of peppers, with a spatial resolution of about 1 mm. We also image an intact pepper using slice selection, again with 1-mm resolution. In further experiments we demonstrate T₁-contrast imaging of a water phantom, some parts of which were doped with a paramagnetic salt to reduce the longitudinal relaxation time T₁. Possible applications of this MRI technique include screening for tumors and integration with existing multichannel SQUID systems for brain imaging.     

磁制冷材料中一级磁相变的研究进展

磁制冷技术作为21世纪的新一代制冷技术已经受到了关注。因此近年来具有一级磁相变的磁制冷材料成为全球学术界的一个研究热点,并越来越受到工业界的重视。主要介绍了磁制冷材料中的一级磁相变特点,综述了具有一级磁相变的磁制冷材料的研究进展和应用现状。最后展望了具有一级磁相变的磁制冷材料的发展趋势。