射流参数对加热条件下液膜射流破碎不稳定性的影响(2)--射流参数对液膜对称模式破碎的影响

利用对具有温度梯度的粘性液膜射流模型进行的不稳定性计算结果，研究了实际射流参数（射流速度）气体密度，液体粘性，液膜厚度，温度梯度，液体种类等）对对称模式扰动作用下液膜射流大，小尺度破碎模式破碎特征的影响规律，并探讨了决定液膜射流破碎尺度的实际因素。     

射流参数对加热条件下液膜射流破碎不稳定性的影响(1)--射流参数对液膜反对称模式破碎的影响

基于线性不稳定性理论，利用对具有温度梯度的粘性液膜射流模型进行的数值计算结果，研究了射流速度，气体密度，液体粘性，液膜厚度，温度梯度，液体种类等实际射流参数对反对称模式扰动作用下液膜射流大、大尺度破碎模式的最大扰动增长率及占优波数等破碎特征的影响规律。     

加热条件下液体燃料射流不稳定性的试验研究

利用自行设计的由高温高压定容系统、阴影法光学系统、数字高速摄像机和同步控制系统组成的试验系统研究了气体介质温度、气体介质密度、启喷压力和喷孔半径等射流参数对液体射流不稳定性的影响。结果表明,液体射流的温度梯度、气体介质密度、射流速度的增加和喷孔半径的减小都是液体射流破碎的失稳因素,对加热条件下液体射流的破碎有显著的促进作用。试验结果证明了由不稳定性理论所给出的预测结论的正确性,表明液体射流的不稳定性理论是研究加热条件下液体射流破碎机理的有效手段。     

旋转气体介质对环膜液体射流破碎不稳定性影响的研究

利用线性不稳定性理论研究了旋转气体介质对黏性环膜液体射流破碎的影响。研究结果表明，无论是轴对称模式还是非轴对称模式，由液体环膜内部气体介质旋转所产生的离心力是液体射流的失稳因素，有助于液体射流的破碎。另外，由液体环膜外部气体介质旋转所产生的离心力是液体射流的促稳因素，不利于液体射流的破碎。当相同强度的旋转同时存在于内部和外部气体介质中时，对于轴对称模式，内部气体介质的影响显著，而对于非轴对称模式，则外部气体介质的影响更为明显。通常情况下，非轴对称模式的扰动增长率强于轴对称模式的扰动增长率，因此会在环膜液体射流的破碎中占据主导地位。     

加热条件下粘性液膜射流破碎机理的研究

利用线性不稳定性理论，对具有温度梯度的粘性液膜射流模型所对应的色散方程进行了数值求解。利用计算结果，研究了加热条件下反对称模式和对称模式粘性液膜射流大、小尺度破碎模式的破碎机理，探讨了韦伯数(We)、密度比(Q)、Marangoni数(Mα)和Ohnesorge数(x)对液膜射流表面波的最大扰动增长率及占优波数的影响。     

加热条件下泰勒模式液膜射流破碎的模式特征研究

利用线性不稳定性理论，对具有温度梯度的粘性液膜射流模型所对应的色散方程进行了数值求解，利用所得到的结果，研究了加热条件下泰勒模式粘性液膜射流破碎的模式特征以及无量纲Weber数、密度比、Marangoni数和Ohnesorge数对不同模式特征液膜射流的最大扰动增长率、占优波数和截止波数的影响。研究结果表明，依照不同的物理条件，液膜射流的破碎会呈现出由对称模式和反对称模式共同控制或分别控制的模式特征来。     

气体旋转运动对环膜液体射流不稳定性影响的研究

环膜液体射流的破碎机理研究对于GDI汽油机的雾化过程具有重要的意义。利用线性不稳定性理论研究了旋转气体运动对低阶和高阶模式黏性环膜液体射流破碎的影响。对于色散方程的数值计算结果表明，无论是对称模式还是非对称模式，低阶模式的扰动增长率通常较之高阶模式要大得多，但较之低阶模式扰动，高阶模式对气体旋转运动更为敏感。研究结果同时表明，对于非对称模式，无论是低阶模式还是高阶模式的扰动，气体旋转运动都是液体破碎的失稳因素；对于对称模式，气体旋转运动是低阶模式扰动的促稳因素，然而却是高阶模式扰动的强烈的失稳因素。     

液体燃料射流破碎的热不稳定性分析

利用线性不稳定性理论,基于基本控制方程和边界条件,获得了表征黏性液体射流射人高温气体介质的射流不稳定性所对应的色散方程,并对该方程进行了数值求解,根据计算结果,分析了若干因素对加热条件下Reylei曲模式和Taylor模式液体射流热不稳定性的影响,结果表明,对上述两种模式的液体射流,由温度梯度引起的热毛细力是促进射流破碎的重要原因,并且这种作用在Taylor模式液体射流中表现更为显著。     

幂律流体气流雾化射流不稳定性分析

基于射流不稳定性理论系统研究了一个圆柱形可压缩气流喷入有限厚度的幂律流体的时间模式不稳定性.在对幂律流体本构方程线性近似的基础上,推导了表征轴对称模式幂律流体气流雾化射流不稳定性的色散方程.通过数值计算,分析了液相雷诺数、韦伯数、气/液密度比和速度比、气流马赫数以及幂律指数对于剪切变稀流体与剪切变稠流体两种情形气流雾化射流的不稳定性影响.结果表明:无论是剪切变稀情形还是剪切变稠情形,液体的黏性力总是抑制其不稳定性,减小幂律指数均可促进幂律流体气流雾化射流的不稳定性.随着气流速度的不断增大,由气/液相互运动导致的剪切波逐渐主导幂律流体气流雾化射流的不稳定性与破碎过程.当液相的参数保持不变,增大气流密度、气流速度以及气流可压缩性均可有效地促进幂律流体气流射流的破碎.空气动力是促进幂律流体射流破碎的有效措施.同时,对于一个小韦伯数,表面张力促进气体射流不稳定性;而随着韦伯数增大到临界值后,表面张力将会逐渐抑制其不稳定性.     

加热条件下液体燃料射流破碎机理的研究

利用线性热不稳定性理论,对黏性液体射入高温气体介质模型所对应的色散方程进行了数值求解。利用所得到的计算结果,研究了加热条件下轴对称模式扰动液体射流破碎机理,探讨了表征各种影响射流破碎作用力的无量纲Weber数（We）、密度比（Q）、Marangoni数（Ma）和Ohnesorge数（Z）对液体射流破碎最大扰动增长率及占优波数的影响。研究结果表明,液体和气体介质之间的温度梯度对液体射流稳定性有着非常显著的影响,表明热毛细力对于液体射流的破碎有促进作用,这种作用对处于Taylor模式下的液体射流尤为显著,并且这种热力作用可使液体射流从一种模式进入另一种模式,并可以大大改变射流的破碎尺序。     

可压缩气体中的三维黏性液体射流雾化机理

建立了可压缩气体中的三维黏性液体射流雾化数学模型,在射流雾化过程中起控制作用的参数主要有气液速度、气液密度、气液界面表面张力、液体黏性、喷嘴直径及音速.采用线性空间稳定性分析方法详细分析了这些参数在高速射流雾化过程中不稳定性的作用.结果是：增加液体射流速度、气体密度及喷嘴直径;减少液体密度、液体黏性及表面张力,可使射流不稳定性增强.此外,当气流与液体射流反向时增加气体流速也可以使流动不稳定性增强,但当气流与液体射流同向时结果相反.气体可压缩性的增加使流动变得不稳定,但它的影响是很小的.     

液体射流的非轴对称破碎

本文分析粘性液体射流的线性稳定性问题，本文首次根据理论预测所确定的物理条件观察到了射流在各种非轴对称模式支配下的破碎情况，实验采用的是高速公路分幅激光全息技术，实验结果表明，液体射流结构遵守稳定性理论所预测的规律，实验还发现，液体射流的实际破碎尺寸要大于线性稳定必伯预测结果。     

幂律流体环膜射流破碎特征的试验

通过自行搭建的环膜射流试验系统,采用高速摄影技术对牛顿流体(水)与剪切变稀型幂律流体(卡波姆凝胶)环膜射流的破碎模式及破碎特征进行了试验.结果表明:牛顿流体与幂律流体都存在相同的3种射流破碎模式,且两种流体在射流破碎机理上没有本质性的差异.在3种射流破碎模式中,圣诞树状破碎模式下的射流破碎效果最佳,泡状破碎模式次之,波...     

Stability of an annular viscous liquid jet in compressible gases with different properties inside and outside of the jet

A spatial linear instability analysis is conducted on an annular viscous liquid jet injected into compressible gases and a three-dimensional model of the jet is developed. The model takes into account differences between the velocities, densities of the gases inside and outside of the liquid jet. Theoretical analysis reveals that there exist 9 dimensionless parameters controlling the instability of the liquid jet. Numerical computations reveal some basic characteristics in the breakup and atomization process of the liquid jet as well as influences of these relevant parameters. Major observations and findings of this study are as follows. The Mach number plays a destabilizing role and the inner Mach number has a greater effect on the jet instability than the outer Mach number. The Reynolds number always tends to promote the instabilities of the liquid jet, but its influence is very limited. The Weber number and the gas-to-liquid density ratio also have unstable effects and can improve the atomization of liquid jets. Furthermore, the effects of the Weber number and gas-to-liquid density ratio on the maximum growth rates of axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric disturbances and corresponding dominant wave numbers are manifested in a linear way, while that of the Mach number is non-linear. The effect of Reynolds on the maximum growth rates is non-linear, but the dominant wavenumber is almost not affected by the Reynolds number.     

Stability of an annular viscous liquid jet in compressible gases with different properties inside and outside of the jet

A spatial linear instability analysis is conducted on an annular viscous liquid jet injected into compressible gases and a three-dimensional model of the jet is developed. The model takes into account differences between the velocities, densities of the gases inside and outside of the liquid jet. Theoretical analysis reveals that there exist 9 dimensionless parameters controlling the instability of the liquid jet. Numerical computations reveal some basic characteristics in the breakup and atomization process of the liquid jet as well as influences of these relevant parameters. Major observations and findings of this study are as follows. The Mach number plays a destabilizing role and the inner Mach number has a greater effect on the jet instability than the outer Mach number. The Reynolds number always tends to promote the instabilities of the liquid jet, but its influence is very limited. The Weber number and the gas-to-liquid density ratio also have unstable effects and can improve the atomization of liquid jets. Furthermore, the effects of the Weber number and gas-to-liquid density ratio on the maximum growth rates of axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric disturbances and corresponding dominant wave numbers are manifested in a linear way, while that of the Mach number is non-linear. The effect of Reynolds on the maximum growth rates is non-linear, but the dominant wavenumber is almost not affected by the Reynolds number.     

Integral solutions for selected turbulent quantities of small-scale hydrogen leakage: A non-buoyant jet or momentum-dominated buoyant jet regime

In this paper, the integral method is used to derive a complete set of results and expressions for selected physical turbulent properties of a non-buoyant jet or momentum-dominated buoyant jet regime of small-scale hydrogen leakage. Several quantities of interest, including the cross-stream velocity, Reynolds stress, velocity-concentration correlation (radial flux), dominant turbulent kinetic energy production term, turbulent eddy viscosity and turbulent eddy diffusivity are obtained. In addition, the turbulent Schmidt number is estimated and the normalized jet-feed material density and the normalized momentum flux density are correlated. Throughout this paper, experimental results from Schefer et al. [Schefer RW, Houf WG, Williams TC. Investigation of small-scale unintended releases of hydrogen: momentum-dominated regime. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008;33(21):6373–84] and other works for the momentum-dominated jet resulting from small-scale hydrogen leakage are used in the integral method. For a non-buoyant jet or momentum-dominated regime of a buoyant jet, both the centerline velocity and centerline concentration are proportional with z⁻¹. The effects of buoyancy-generated momentum are assumed to be small, and the Reynolds number is sufficient for fully developed turbulent flow. The hydrogen–air momentum-dominated regime or non-buoyant jet is compared with the air–air jet as an example of non-buoyant jets. Good agreement was found between the current results and experimental results from the literature. In addition, the turbulent Schmidt number was shown to depend solely on the ratio of the momentum spread rate to the material spread rate.