粗颗粒钨粉对90W-Ni-Fe钨合金烧结变形与组织性能的影响

在原材料粉末中添加20μm的粗颗粒钨粉,用粉末冶金法制备了圆柱状90W-Ni-Fe钨合金。通过测量钨合金烧结坯椭圆状横截面长短轴的尺寸,对烧结变形进行了定量分析;采用准静态拉伸试验对合金的力学性能进行了测试;通过光学金相、扫描电镜对合金组织形貌进行表征。结果表明:添加粗颗粒W粉能明显降低合金烧结变形,粗颗粒钨粉添加量占钨粉总量80%时,圆柱状钨合金投料可降低约20%,明显提高材料利用率;当粗颗粒W粉含量在70%~90%之间时,合金抗拉强度约950 MPa,延伸率约20%,与未添加粗颗粒钨粉的传统90W-Ni-Fe钨合金相比,其强度提高约30MPa,延伸率降低了28.5%,这与添加粗颗粒W粉的钨合金的穿晶断裂方式,以及合金界面结合强度低、黏结相分布不均匀等有关;添加粗颗粒钨粉的钨合金微观组织中的钨晶粒形状不太规则,存在粒径超大的钨晶粒。     

钴对凝胶注模成形医用植入钛合金材料的影响

本文采用凝胶注模成形工艺,用钴包覆钛粉制备多孔钛合金植入材料。研究了钴对成形工艺中浆料的粘度、孔隙率以及烧结体的抗压强度的影响,预混液中有机单体的浓度、单体(AM)/交联剂(MBAM)的比例对坯体的强度的影响。通过改变烧结温度和固相含量,可以实现多孔钛钴合金的孔隙率和抗压强度分别在29%~58%、68~378 MPa范围内调节,采用含钴8%的钴包覆钛粉以33%的固相含量制备坯体,在1 130℃保温2 h制备的多孔钛合金材料,孔隙率为45.6%、抗压强度为227 MPa、抗弯强度为213 MPa、弹性模量为15.8 GPa,力学性能与自然骨接近,适宜做自然骨替代材料。     

W质量分数对Mo-W合金组织结构与力学性能的影响

采用粉末冶金法制备含不同质量分数W(20%~80%)的Mo-W合金, 研究W含量对Mo-W合金组织结构与力学性能的影响。结果表明: 烧结过程中Mo与W相互扩散形成单相固溶体。W质量分数的增加能显著降低Mo-W合金的晶粒尺寸, 经1990℃烧结的Mo-80W合金晶粒尺寸比Mo-20W合金下降了46.5%。随W质量分数的增加, Mo-W合金的维氏硬度呈“双驼峰”形变化趋势, 在W质量分数为40%与60%处出现峰值。Mo-W合金的相对密度和抗拉强度随W质量分数的增加而下降, 抗拉强度最大值出现在烧结温度为1990℃的Mo-20W合金, 达到514.83 MPa; 随烧结温度的升高, 低W含量的Mo-W合金(W质量分数20%~40%)抗拉强度呈先上升后下降趋势, 而高W含量的Mo-W合金(W质量分数60%~80%)抗拉强度逐渐升高。Mo-W合金断裂方式为沿晶断裂与穿晶断裂相结合的混合模式。     

元素Cr含量对粉末冶金TC4合金组织与性能的影响

采用冷等静压+真空烧结+热等静压(CHIP)法制备不同Cr含量的TC4钛合金,通过金相显微镜分析、力学性能测试、扫描电镜分析及透射电镜分析等方法研究Cr元素对TC4微观组织与性能的影响。结果表明:随Cr元素含量增加,TC4合金的抗拉强度、抗压强度升高,伸长率逐渐下降。Cr含量为2%时,TC4合金的抗拉强度为982 MPa,伸长率为14%,抗压强度为1 632 MPa,综合力学性能较好。     

多次烧结对钨铜合金组织与性能的影响

对熔渗法制备的钨铜合金(CuW80)分别进行了3、6、9次烧结。采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、压汞仪等表征手段,研究了烧结次数对CuW80合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明:随着烧结次数的增加,CuW80合金中钨颗粒直径逐渐增大并连接,铜相分布更加均匀,多次烧结未见新相生成;经过3次烧结后,试样孔隙率由最初的0.5185%变为2.0516%,孔径增加主要集中在0.5~3μm范围内,但9次烧结后试样的孔隙率大大降低;合金硬度由烧结前的HB 204变化至烧结后的HB 188;试样电导率由25.06 mS/m降低至21.92 mS/m;合金密度较烧结前降低了1.2%。     

95W-5(Ni/Fe)合金的延、脆性断裂行为及热处理影响

采用粉末冶金法制备95W-5(Ni/Fe)合金,研究合金的力学性能,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察其延性断裂和脆性断裂的断口形貌。结果表明,合金有2种断裂形式,当粘结相与W颗粒界面结合良好时,发生粘结相的延性断裂和W颗粒的穿晶解理断裂,合金的强度和韧性都很高,冲击韧性、抗拉强度和伸长率分别达到29 J/cm2、883 MPa和10%;而粘结相与W颗粒界面结合较差,粘结相不能完全填充于W颗粒之间时,合金表现为脆性,其冲击韧性和抗拉强度分别为4.69 J/cm2和596 MPa,断裂前不出现塑性变形。对烧结后的95W-5(Ni/Fe)脆性合金在马弗炉内进行热处理(热处理温度为1 150～1 280℃,用氩气作保护气氛,保温时间0.5～2 h)后,由于改变了W颗粒与粘结相之间的界面结合状态,合金断裂行为转变为延性断裂,力学性能大幅度提高。     

W-Ni-Fe高比重合金断口形貌研究

通过对W-Ni-Fe高比重合金力学性能差别很大的两组断口形貌进行分析,在一些高比重合金钨颗粒内发现有W-Ni-Fe的沉淀相,该沉淀相对合金力学性能的提高有益。沉淀相形成主要与成分配比以及烧结后期的真空处理有关。断口形貌可以反应高比重钨合金的烧结状况,而材料的力学性能与合金断口形貌又有很明显的对应关系,因此,要获得很高的力学性能,烧结及热处理工艺是十分重要的工序。     

退火温度对钨铼合金组织和性能的影响

采用粉末冶金工艺制备了钨铼合金,通过拉伸性能测试、硬度测试、光学显微观察等手段,研究了退火温度对钨铼合金组织和性能的影响。研究表明：锻造后的钨铼合金室温抗拉强度为1620 MPa,断后伸长率为20%,维氏硬度为HV₃₀ 540。钨铼合金在1500℃时开始发生局部再结晶,1700℃时发生晶粒长大。钨铼合金的室温抗拉强度、维氏硬度随着退火温度的提高而降低,断后伸长率随着退火温度的升高先增大后减小。     

高密度钨合金静液挤压形变及其形变时效强化的研究

采用新近发展的静液挤压加工技术,对传统的W-Ni-Fe合金进行加工形变,并研究了形变时效强化作用。静液挤压加工具有良好的润滑条件和变形均匀等特点,可以提高高密度钨合金的工艺塑性,明显改善合金的力学性能。在对变形合金进行退火时发现,W-Ni-Fe合金在加热到500~600℃时有一形变时效强化区,经过时效处理的合金,其抗拉强度为1530MPa。系统研究了变形量和形变时效温度对合金力学性能的影响,讨论了合金强化的主要原因。作者认为,静液挤压加工技术是高密度钨合金形变加工的最佳工艺;随后的形变时效处理有利于进一步提高合金强度,其强化主要是钨颗粒和界面强化所致。     

烧结工艺对TA15粉末冶金钛合金组织与性能的影响

采用氢化脱氢TA15钛合金粉末为原料,通过模压成形与真空烧结及进一步热等静压(hot isostatic pressing,HIP)处理,制备TA15钛合金,对烧结合金及其热等静压后的组织形貌与拉伸性能进行分析与测试,研究成形压力及烧结温度对该合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明,随压制压力增大或烧结温度升高,烧结体的抗拉强度和伸长率都提高。热等静压后晶粒趋于球化,抗拉强度提升不明显,伸长率提升较显著。压制压力为700 MPa,烧结温度为1 300℃时,烧结合金的抗拉强度和伸长率都达到最大值,分别为1 050 MPa和2.81%。经HIP处理后合金的抗拉强度最高达到1 170 MPa,最大伸长率为5.6%。     

Co/Ni比对93W-Co-Ni钨合金烧结温度及力学性能的影响

以Co、Ni作黏结剂,选择不同Co/Ni比,用粉末冶金法制备出HRC硬度在30⁴3之间的93W-Co-Ni钨合金。采用光学金相、扫描电镜对合金组织形貌进行表征,采用准静态拉伸试验对合金的抗拉强度及延伸率进行测试,采用洛氏硬度计对合金硬度进行测定。结果表明:随着Co/Ni比增加,合金的烧结温度逐渐增加,其抗拉强度与延伸率急剧降低,而硬度先增加之后趋于稳定;当Co/Ni≥1.0时,合金抗拉强度很低,延伸率≤1%;当Co/Ni≥4时,其HRC硬度值稳定在4143之间的93W-Co-Ni钨合金。采用光学金相、扫描电镜对合金组织形貌进行表征,采用准静态拉伸试验对合金的抗拉强度及延伸率进行测试,采用洛氏硬度计对合金硬度进行测定。结果表明:随着Co/Ni比增加,合金的烧结温度逐渐增加,其抗拉强度与延伸率急剧降低,而硬度先增加之后趋于稳定;当Co/Ni≥1.0时,合金抗拉强度很低,延伸率≤1%;当Co/Ni≥4时,其HRC硬度值稳定在41⁴3之间,明显高于一般的W-Ni-Fe合金,这主要与Co对W基体的润湿性较差及两者之间易形成脆性化合物Co7W6有关。     

高钨含量先进屏蔽材料的力学性能研究

采用粉末冶金法制备了具有吸收中子和屏蔽γ射线的优异屏蔽性能的钨硼铝材料，研究了高钨含量对钨硼铝材料显微组织结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明，在选定的钨含量范围内，钨硼铝材料中大部分Al和W以单相存在，其中出现了WAl12相，这对钨硼铝材料起到了有效的增强作用。而随着钨含量增加，抗拉强度呈现降低的趋势。铝含量的减小不利于钨硼铝材料的结合强度，当含钨量为80%时，即80W1.46B₄C/Al，具有最优的综合力学性能，抗拉强度R_m为252 MPa，屈服强度R_p0.2为209 MPa，伸长率A_50mm为2.1%，冲击韧性为3.0 J/cm²，硬度HV₅为95.7。     

Sintering atmosphere effects on tensile properties of heavy alloys

The sintering atmosphere has a direct bearing on the residual porosity which in turn has a strong negative influence on the tensile properties of W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys. The present investigation uses various sintering atmospheres to understand pore formation, densification, microstructure, and tensile properties of heavy alloys with tungsten contents ranging from 88 to 97 wt Pct. Pore formation when sintering in a dry hydrogen atmosphere is linked to water vapor generation and its entrapment in pores. A hydrogen dew point effect is associated with solution-reprecipitation of tungsten during liquid phase sintering. The beneficial effect of vacuum sintering has been analyzed in terms of removal of the gases before pore closure. Property degradation during long time vacuum sintering is attributed to preferential matrix vaporization. The negative effect of long sintering times in dry hydrogen is attributed to pore coarsening, which is removed by a three-stage sintering atmosphere treatment.     

烧结温度对Fe-Cu-Mo-C合金组织和性能的影响

采用机械球磨混粉和真空烧结相结合的方法制备了Fe-Cu-Mo-C合金,研究了不同烧结温度对粉末冶金Fe-Cu-Mo-C合金材料的显微组织、密度、抗拉强度和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:随着烧结温度由1 000℃升高到1 100℃,Fe-Cu-Mo-C合金烧结体组织孔隙数量减少、孔隙尺寸明显降低;当烧结温度提高到1 150℃时,烧结体组织中孔隙尺寸增大。随着烧结温度升高,烧结体的密度、硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率先增大后减小,磨损量先降低后升高。最佳烧结温度为1 100℃,此时烧结体的密度为6.90 g/cm3,抗拉强度为319 MPa,洛氏硬度为34.7 HRC,磨损量为0.087 g。     

添加钴对W-Ni-Fe高密度合金性能的影响

在原料粉末中加入微量的Co元素,用粉末冶金液相烧结法制备了W-Ni-Fe高密度合金;采用金相显微镜、SEM等仪器对合金组织和杂质分布进行了分析。研究结果表明:添加钴元素后,增强了基体相对钨颗粒的润湿性,使钨颗粒表面更加圆滑,更加有利于塑性变形;提高了合金的钨颗粒与基体相之间的界面结合强度,从而提高了合金的强度和延伸率。     

Sintering of nano- and ultradispersed mechanically activated W-Ni-Fe powders and the manufacture of ultrahigh-strength heavy tungsten alloys

The structure and mechanical properties of nano- and ultradispersed mechanically activated heavy W-Ni-Fe and W-Ni-Fe-Co tungsten alloys (VNZh and VNZhK alloys, respectively) are studied. Mechanically activated nano- and ultradispersed charge powders are sintered by free sintering (thermally activated) and spark plasma sintering. The dependence of the density of the alloys made of the mechanically activated powders on the sintering temperature is found to have a nonmonotonic character with a maximum corresponding to the optimum sintering temperature. It is shown that an increase in the mechanical activation time and the acceleration of the milling bodies during mechanical activation lead to a decrease in the alloy particle size and the formation of nonequilibrium solid solutions and are accompanied by a decrease in the optimum sintering temperature of heavy tungsten alloys. Ultrahigh-strength tungsten alloys the mechanical properties of which are substantially higher than those of standard coarse-grained analogs are fabricated due to the optimization of the conditions of ball milling and high-rate spark plasma sintering of W-Ni-Fe powders.     

Sintering High Tungsten Content W-Ni-Fe Heavy Alloys by Microwave Radiation

This paper presents a detailed study of microwave (MW) sintering of W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys (WHAs) with tungsten (W) content 90 to 98 mass pct (Ni and Fe mass ratio of 7 to 3) in comparison with conventional (CV) hydrogen sintering. Experimental results show that WHAs were MW sintered to fully dense (≥99 pct of theoretical) when heated to sintering temperatures at a heating rate of 50 K/min to 80 K/min (50 °C/min to 80 °C/min) and isothermally held for 2 to 10 minutes, with sintering cycle times of only 25 to 35 minutes (excluding the cooling time). The desired microstructures of finer W grains, more matrix phases, and lower W contiguity (in 95W and 98W) were produced compared to the counterparts by CV sintering. Such microstructural features offered the alloys excellent tensile properties: ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) 1080 to 1110 MPa and tensile elongation 22.1 to 26.8 pct in 90 to 95W, and UTS 920 MPa and elongation 11.2 pct in 98W. MW sintering appeared to be more effective in fabricating WHAs with W content ≥95 pct. It was observed that the superior UTS with MW-sintered alloys was mainly due to the fast heating and shortened isothermal holding times. Prolonged sintering led to substantial grain coarsening as a result of faster tungsten grain growth in MW sintering, and consequently deteriorated the tensile properties. The grain growth rate constant K achieved was calculated to be 5.1 μm³/s for MW sintering compared to 2.9 μm³/s for CV sintering. Fast heating and short isothermal holding times are thus suggested for the fabrication of WHAs by MW sintering.     

Sintering time and atmosphere influences on the microstructure and mechanical properties of tungsten heavy alloys

The mechanical properties of tungsten heavy alloys are sensitive to the processing cycle and are adversely affected by residual porosity. Sintering times greater than 2 hours usually result in pore growth with degraded properties. The development of an optimized sintering atmosphere has allowed exploration of long sintering times without significant property degradation due to pore growth. The optimal cycle was used to sinter two heavy alloy compositions (88 and 95 wt pct W) for times up to 600 minutes at 1480 °C. The 88 pct W samples slumped, but the 95 pct W samples were fully densified and suitable for tensile testing. At long sintering times, the tungsten grains flattened and the tungsten contiguity decreased, indicating a transition to low-energy configurations for the solid-liquid interfaces. The cube of the mean grain size varied linearly with the isothermal sintering time. This allowed determination of grain size effects on mechanical properties, showing a decreasing yield strength with increasing time in agreement with the Hall-Petch behavior. The tensile strength and elongation were highest for sintering times from 30 to 90 minutes, reflecting a minimum in the residual porosity.