MAG-TIG双电弧共熔池热源打底焊接自由成形研究

打底焊接是中厚板多层多道焊接中的关键环节,对接头性能有着至关重要的影响。基于船舶制造、海洋工程、重型机械等行业中厚板结构件打底焊接时存在的自动化程度低,生产效率低等问题,本试验采用熔化极活性气体保护焊-钨极氩弧焊(Metal active gas-tungsten inert gas,MAG-TIG)双电弧共熔池热源焊接技术对厚度为20 mm的Q235-B板材进行打底焊接自由成形工艺研究及机制分析,采用高速摄像系统对TIG电弧作用前后电弧等离子体行为和熔池流动形态进行观察。试验结果表明:MAG-TIG双电弧共熔池热源打底焊接时,TIG电弧对MAG电弧有电磁排斥作用的同时还对熔池流动及热量传递有调控作用;结合焊接电弧等离子体行为与熔池流动形态分析发现,打底成形稳定性最佳时,TIG电弧加速焊接熔池中液态金属向后上方流动,促进热量向后传递,使得熔池前端底部及板材钝边处液态金属减少,受力易于平衡及稳定,可获得熔透均匀、连续、稳定的打底背面成形。     

TIG焊接熔透熔池形状和表面变形的数值模拟

利用建立的三维TIG焊接熔池瞬时行为数值分析模型,对移动热源作用下不锈钢薄板全熔透时熔池动态行为进行了数值分析。结果表明,同时采用电弧热流和电弧压力的双椭圆分布模式,相对于高斯分布模式,计算出的熔池形状和表面变形与试验结果吻合得更好。给出运动电弧作用下熔池表面变形的动态演变,分析了与固定电弧焊接时的异同,为运动电弧作用下TIG焊接的数值模拟与智能控制提供了理论依据和试验数据。     

基于TIG焊电弧-熔池统一模型分析焊接电弧

以TIG焊电弧为研究对象,建立了电弧—熔池的统一模型,并在此模型的基础上对焊接电弧进行了分析。建立此模型就避免了对阳极表面温度的假定,使得对焊接电弧的分析与实际情况更近了一步,从而也为将焊接电弧和熔池作为一个整体来进行分析奠定了基础。采用ANSYS软件分析并得到了阳极表面温度的变化情况,阳极表面电流密度的分布状况,得出热流密度与电流密度分布规律的一致性。并从电磁力和流体流动的角度揭示了电弧压力产生的原因,并通过试验验证了电流密度和电弧压力的分布情况。     

氮氩保护的TIG焊电弧等离子体的数值分析

以TIG焊接电弧为对象，依据磁流体动力学理论构建电弧的数学模型，运用ANSYS有限元分析软件对二维稳态下轴对称的、氩氮混合气体保护的TIG焊接电弧进行了数值分析，得到了30％N2＋70％Ar（体积分数）混合气体保护下焊接电弧的温度场、速度场的形态分布特征。通过与纯氩气保护的TIG焊接电弧温度、压力以及等离子体速度等分布的比较，得出了加入氮气作为保护气体时的TIG焊接电弧能量及形态的分布变化。对比结果表明，加入氮气作为保护气体，提高了TIG焊接电弧的电弧温度、等离子体速度和电弧压力，能得到更高能量密度的焊接电弧。     

钨极氩弧焊技术问答 一

一、什么是钨极氩弧焊? 答:钨极氩弧焊是用氩气作为保护气体,用纯钨或钨合金棒作为电极。钨电极在焊接过程中不熔化,因此又称为“非熔化极氩弧焊”,也简称为TIG焊。钨电极与工件各为一极,电弧在钨极与工件之间产生,在电弧的热作用下,使母材金属与填充焊丝金属熔化形成熔池,并随着熔池的凝固形成牢固的焊接接头。     

TIG焊接温度场的有限元分析

建立了运动电弧作用下三维焊接温度场的计算机数值分析模型,分析中引入了热焓的概念和表面双椭圆分布热源模型,研制了相应的程序,具有较高的计算精度。用该模型对TIG焊接温度场进行了分析计算,得出了TIG焊接熔池的形状,尺寸和热影响区的温度分布。计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

活性剂焊接技术的研究

活性剂焊接是近十年来发展起来的增大焊接熔深，改善焊缝成形和焊接质量，提高焊接生产效率的新技术。早期主要集中在A—TIG焊，已在碳钢、不锈钢、高温合金、钛合金的焊接中有了成功的应用，对于铝镁合金的活性剂焊接技术也在研究中。目前研究认为活性剂提高熔深的机理一是活性剂可影响电弧特性，提高电弧的能量密度和作用于熔池的电弧力，二是活性剂影响了熔池的表面张力而提高了焊接熔深，或是2种原因兼而有之。随着A—TIG焊应用的成熟，活性剂焊接拓展到MIG焊、等离子弧焊和激光焊中的应用成为活性剂焊接发展的一个方向，在提高熔深，改善焊缝成形方面有了初步的效果。     

低电流TIG电弧辅助MIG高速焊咬边缺陷抑制机理及措施的研究

基于温度场、流场、熔滴过渡以及电弧形态检测,开展低电流钨极氩弧焊(Tungsten inert gas welding,TIG)辅助熔化极惰性气体保护(Metal inert gas welding,MIG)高速焊工艺试验。从传热、传质以及受力等角度分析低电流TIG辅助电弧对高速MIG咬边缺陷的抑制机理,并分析各工艺参数对最终焊缝成形的影响。相比常规MIG高速焊,低电流TIG辅助电弧能有效降低MIG高速焊前部熔池边缘的温度梯度,延长熔池存在时间,促进液态金属向焊缝边缘填充。电弧力和熔滴冲击力是影响高速焊咬边缺陷的主要作用力,低电流TIG辅助电弧对MIG熔滴冲击力改变较小,但两电弧耦合后,电弧静、动压力明显降低,可有效地抑制MIG高速焊中咬边缺陷的产生。此外,正交工艺试验显示,丝-极间距和焊枪倾角是影响复合焊工艺的重要参数,而钨极距工件距离和TIG焊接电流则对咬边缺陷的影响较小,通过对丝-极间距和焊枪倾角的调节能快速实现该复合焊工艺参数的优化,抑制咬边缺陷。     

外加纵向磁场GTAW焊接熔池流动机理

以外加纵向磁场GTAW (钨极氩弧焊 )焊接LD10CS铝合金过程为研究对象 ,建立外加纵向磁场GTAW焊接熔池流体流动和传热数学模型 ,对固定电弧的外加纵向磁场GTAW焊接熔池流体流动过程进行数值分析 ,研究外加纵向磁场GTAW焊接熔池流体流动和传热行为。     

TIG焊熔池表面流动行为的研究

针对钨极惰性气体保护(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)焊熔池表面流动行为,在确定TIG焊熔池表面可采用粒子示踪的方法来进行其表面流动行为示踪的基础上,在以激光为试验背光光源,通过激光在TIG焊熔池表面镜面反射后,使得熔池及示踪粒子清晰成像于成像屏上。在此基础上,开展对304不锈钢和Q235普通碳钢的熔池表面流动行为的试验研究,对所获得这两种材料的TIG焊熔池试验数据进行处理与对比分析,探究熔池表面流动规律。研究结果表明:在TIG焊过程中,其焊接熔池存在两种运动模式,在304不锈钢焊接过程中熔池表面的液态金属由边缘向熔池中心流动;在Q235碳钢焊接过程中熔池表面的液态金属不定向、不规则地由熔池中心向熔池边缘流动,并测量304不锈钢TIG焊过程中熔池表面的液态金属流动速率为12 mm/s左右,Q235碳钢的熔池表面的流动速率为15 mm/s左右。     

TIG电弧预热辅助铝-铜超声波缝焊工艺研究

对1 mm厚铝-铜TIG电弧预热辅助超声波缝焊试验进行了研究,通过金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析等技术分析了不同TIG电流对焊缝成形、界面温升、界面形貌以及力学性能的影响。结果表明,TIG电弧预热可以软化板材,有助于高频振动能量的传递,为得到良好的缝焊接头提供条件。在TIG电弧预热和纯铝夹层的共同作用下,界面处温度最高可达446℃。当TIG电流较小时,电弧预热不充分,焊接界面处起伏比较平缓,局部区域出现未连接现象,拉剪试件在铝铜界面处断裂;当TIG电流增大到30 A时,在电弧热和高利用率的高频振动能的作用下,界面塑性流动程度提高,界面处出现"嵌合"、"连续凸起"等典型形貌,EDS分析显示界面未出现金属间化合物,拉剪试件断裂在紫铜母材上,最大拉剪力为2.58 kN。     

TIG-MIG双面对称焊焊缝成形机理研究

就纯铝中薄板,通过单面TIG、MIG和TIG-MIG双面对称焊工艺试验对比,利用ANSYS有限元计算软件进行了TIG-MIG双面对称焊熔池的数值模拟,研究了TIG-MIG双面对称焊的熔池特征及焊缝成形规律。研究表明,TIG-MIG双面对称焊的热源静态累积效应和动态热阻效应使得此焊接方法熔深大大增加,TIG、MIG熔池在焊接过程中发生交汇并在电弧力、熔池表面张力和重力等作用下达到平衡,并由此形成焊缝反面成形。TIG-MIG交汇熔池的稳定性决定焊缝的反面成形特征。     

Numerical modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow in hybrid laser–TIG welding of aluminum alloy AA6082

This paper describes a three-dimensional numerical model based on finite volume method to simulate heat transfer and fluid flow in laser–tungsten inert gas (TIG) hybrid welding process. To simplify the model and reduce the calculation time, keyhole dynamics are not considered; instead, a new modified volumetric heat source model is presented for the laser source to take into account the effect of the keyhole on the heat transfer into the workpiece. Due to the presence of arc current, an appropriate electromagnetic model based on the Maxwell equations are also solved to calculate electromagnetic forces in the weld pool. The results of computer simulation, including temperature, current density, electromagnetic, and melted material velocity field, are presented here. Furthermore, several dimensionless numbers are employed to recognize the importance of fluid flow driving forces in the weld pool. It is deduced that the fluid flow has an important effect on the weld pool shape. It is also founded that among the driving forces, Marangoni force is dominant fluid force in the weld pool. Besides, calculated results of hybrid welding process are compared with those of TIG and laser welding processes. The weld pool depth is relatively the same, but the width of the weld pool is highly larger in hybrid welding than lone laser welding. Eventually, the presented model is validated by comparison between calculated and experimental weld pool shape. It is founded that there is a good agreement as the capability of this model can be proved.     

考虑金属蒸汽的定点活性钨极惰性气体保护焊电弧与熔池交互作用三维数值分析

建立包括钨极、电弧和阳极的定点活性钨极惰性气体保护(Activating tungsten inert gas,A-TIG)焊电弧熔池交互作用统一数学模型。通过麦克斯韦方程组、连续性方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程和组分输运方程的耦合求解,得到了电弧和熔池的温度、等离子体运动速度、熔池流动速度、电弧压力、电势、电流密度和金属蒸汽分布等结果。因为在A-TIG焊中,熔池的内向流动造成了大量的热被传入到熔池底部,热量的利用率更高,导致焊接熔池的表面温度比TIG焊的表面温度要高,从而引起了金属蒸汽浓度的增加,所以考虑金属蒸汽的A-TIG焊的电弧等温线较考虑金属蒸汽的TIG焊的电弧等温线有一定程度收缩。结果表明,考虑金属蒸汽对A-TIG焊熔深的模拟结果具有一定的影响,熔深减小约6%,该结果与有关试验研究结果吻合良好。     

活性剂增加铝合金交流A-TIG焊熔深机理研究

采用多组元活性剂AF305进行铝合金交流A-TIG焊时,熔深达到传统TIG焊的3倍以上。进行了交流、直流正接和直流反接A-TIG焊,发现极性不同时活性剂对熔深的影响也不同。研究了强制电弧收缩对交流焊熔深的影响,发现弧根整体收缩并不是AF305增加交流A-TIG焊熔深的主要机理,熔深显著增加主要与焊渣成片分布有关。对焊渣进行了SEM形貌观察和EDS成分分析,并采用氦弧焊证实了焊接过程中焊渣在熔池表面成片分布,电弧斑点极大收缩。向AF305活性剂中添加铝粉改变焊渣分布,研究焊渣分布与熔深的关系,证实了焊渣成片分布能增加焊接熔深。认为焊渣成片分布使得电弧斑点极大收缩,斑点压力以及电弧和熔池内的Lorentz力增强,最终焊接熔深显著增加。     

Numerical analysis of weld pool for galvanized steel with lap joint in GTAW

Galvanized steel is widely used and its demand is growing in automotive industry due to high quality requirement for corrosion resistance. Although there are a lot of demands on using galvanized steel as automotive parts especially for outer body, it has a grave flaw in its welding process. The difficulty is low weldability due to various defects such as porosities and blow holes in weldment, which occurred during welding. A solution to prevent these defects is using hybrid welding process, with two more welding processes. One of the hybrid solutions is using Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) as leading position in order to remove the zinc (Zn) coating on the surface before the followed practical fusion welding process. In this research, a numerical analysis model which can predict the eliminated Zn coated layers and the area of Fusion zone (FZ). Developed numerical analysis model was validated through comparing experiment to simulation. Basically, arc heat flux, arc pressure, electromagnetic force and Marangoni flow were employed as the boundary conditions and body force terms. Governing equations such as the continuity, momentum, Volume of fluid (VOF) and energy equations were adopted as usual. In addition to previous model, concentrated arc heat flux and contact thermal conductance models are newly suggested and showed successful result. They are adopted to realize edge concentrated arc and interfacial thermal conductance in lap joint fillet arc welding. Developed numerical analysis model successfully simulated the weld pool and temperature profile therefore the predicted Zn removed area considerably coincided with experimental result.

     

Gas Pool Coupled Activating TIG Welding Method with Coupling Arc Electrode

Gas pool coupled activating TIG(GPCA?TIG) welding put forward in?house can dramatically enhance weld penetration of TIG welding through introducing active element oxygen to reverse the Marangoni convection flow in the molten pool. In order to further improve the welding productivity, the normal solid tungsten electrode is replaced by a kind of coupling arc electrode. The changes of arc pressure distribution along anode surface and the weld appearance were evaluated. On this basis, the dependences of weld shape characterized with weld depth, width and undercut on the main welding parameters were discussed. The results indicate, the substitution of coupling arc electrode can lead to an obvious decrease of arc pressure. Compared to hollow tungsten electrode and twin tungsten electrodes, the coupling arc electrode is much easier to manufacture and has more compacter structure. Combined with the symmetric distribution of arc pressure in di erent directions, this electrode has extensive adaptability. In the GPCA?TIG welding with coupling arc electrode, both the substitution of coupling arc electrode and the introduction of outer active gas oxygen can reduce the possibilities of producing humping bead and undercut. Their joint action makes this welding method have the capability of realizing high travel speed and deep penetration welding.