C/SiC复合材料拉伸过程的声发射研究

利用声发射（AE）技术对C／SiC复合材料试样拉伸试验过程进行动态监测。通过声发射多参数分析法对拉伸过程中的声发射累计能量和平均持续时间随载荷或时间的变化进行了综合分析；同时对拉伸过程中典型AE信号的频率特征进行了分析，揭示了C／SiC复合材料拉伸损伤的演化过程及规律，给出了材料拉伸损伤发展的不同阶段以及各阶段损伤类型。通过声发射累计能量随载荷变化的斜率突变定义了材料临界损伤强度。     

2D-C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料拉伸试验的声发射特性

对2D-C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料试样在室温条件下单调拉伸试验和循环拉伸试验的损伤声发射信号进行研究,利用无监督层次聚类分析方法对单调和循环拉伸试验的声发射信号进行损伤模式识别,得出了两种拉伸试验下试样都有相同的损伤分类。对每次单调加/卸载试验分别进行应力和声发射信号分析,得到了在循环加载区间和卸载区间试样的损伤情况。对比分析两种拉伸试验的声发射信号,得到两次试验中首次加载相同应力时,两个试样有同一种类的声发射损伤信号,从而说明循环加载对试样的主要损伤影响较小。     

不同拉伸条件下碳／环氧复合材料损伤的声发射特性

为了研究复合材料在动载荷和恒载情况下的损伤机理,在不同加载速度和恒载情况下,对T700／环氧复合材料进行了拉伸损伤声发射试验研究。从其损伤过程和声发射特性发现,在较低速率下,该复合材料断裂强度对拉伸速率变化不够敏感;但随着拉伸速率的增大,基体及界面损伤的高峰出现时间逐渐提前,断裂时损伤越来越不完全;恒载声发射效应反映了复合材料抗蠕变损伤的能力,而其收敛能力的大小反映了复合材料构件历史损伤的严重程度。     

蜂窝夹层复合材料的压缩损伤声发射特征

应用声发射技术对蜂窝夹层复合材料压缩损伤过程进行了试验研究。分析载荷与声发射信号关联图,依据其损伤过程和声发射特征,发现随着加载条件下载荷的增加,复合材料的损伤逐步增大。在加载初始阶段,仅有少量声发射信号,各种表征信号量小幅度增加;在加载中期,声发射信号增多,各种表征信号量不断增大;在加载后期,声发射信号有明显突增,各种表征信号量急剧增加。复合材料压缩损伤破坏与声发射的幅值、能量、撞击、上升时间、持续时间和计数等参量特征相关。根据各阶段特征参量滤波后所得信号分布与实际断裂位置相吻合。     

复合材料拉伸过程的声发射特性研究

为了研究16MnR／0Cr18Ni9Ti复合材料断裂过程的声发射特性,可以利用声发射技术对16MnR／OCr18Ni9Ti复合材料试件的拉伸过程进行全程监测。研究表明,材料拉伸断裂过程中,声发射信号丰富明显,可测性良好,并且不同破坏阶段的声发射信号具有不同的特征。通过对不同拉伸阶段声发射信号的参数分析,可以了解材料不同变形阶段的声发射特性,并据此来分析材料损伤的发生、发展及演变过程。与传统的力学试验方法相比,声发射技术在研究复合材料断裂过程方面具有明显的优势。     

SiCf/Ti6242复合材料热机械疲劳损伤原位研究

采用声发射技术和高分辨X射线成像技术对SiC_f/Ti6242复合材料在热机械疲劳过程中的损伤进行了原位监测。实验中采用同相位梯形波加载来模拟钛基复合材料整体叶环服役时的实际载荷工况,应力变化范围130～1300 MPa,温度变化范围100～500℃,500℃时保持最大载荷2min。结果表明,声发射信号主要出现在加载阶段和保载阶段,声发射系统检测到纤维断裂、基体裂纹信号,而在卸载阶段声发射信号非常稀少。利用高分辨X射线成像技术对声发射确认已损伤的样品进行检查,发现试样内部存在连接多个纤维的基体裂纹;在样品裂纹区域,部分断裂纤维的钨芯出现缩颈。声发射技术和高分辨X射线成像技术均表明SiC_f/Ti6242复合材料热机械疲劳损伤机制由纤维断裂和基体裂纹共同控制。     

拉伸载荷下陶瓷基高温复合材料损伤状态特征分析

基于声发射(AE)信号和计算机断层扫描(CT)成像技术,开展了高温复合材料的内部损伤状态分析。通过声发射技术获得复合材料损伤时的宏观应力波信号,分析得到声发射信号的频率等波形特征参数;通过计算机断层扫描得到复合材料结构内部微细观三维损伤图像,判断存在的损伤类型。结果表明,不同工艺陶瓷基高温复合材料在拉伸载荷下,内部会产生不同类型的损伤,纤维束与基体之间的脱黏开裂所对应的声发射信号特征频率为44 kHz,基体失效的特征频率为150 kHz,纤维束断裂损伤的特征频率为250 kHz。     

复合材料损伤过程的声发射研究方法

对声发射（ＡＥ）研究的基本方法作了简介,采用参数分析和波形分析方法对金属基和陶瓷基复合材料在变形损伤过程中的ＡＥ特征进行了研究,结果表明,通过记录声发射特征参数可以有效地判断复合材料各阶段的变形损伤机制。因此,利用这一手段可以更全面、更深入地了解复合材料伤破坏过程。     

不同拉伸速度下的碳布/环氧树脂复合材料声发射评价

采用电子万能实验机控制,分别以1、2、5 mm/min的加载速度对碳布/环氧树脂复合材料进行拉伸,在拉伸过程中用声发射检测设备采集拉伸过程中产生的声发射信号,建立采集的声发射信号特征与时间、载荷的相关图,通过对相关图的分析,判断碳布/环氧树脂材料在拉伸过程中的损伤情况,并结合相关图分析不同拉伸速度对碳布/环氧树脂复合材料的影响,判定碳布/环氧树脂复合材料的临界失效载荷。结果表明:声发射检测可用于评价复合材料加载过程中的损伤情况,可将最大承载载荷的70%～80%作为碳布/环氧复合材料的失效参考载荷。     

飞机复合材料拉伸过程损伤的声发射特性分析

利用声发射技术开展对拉伸载荷下飞机复合材料T型结构件的损伤发生过程研究,对复合材料试件拉伸载荷下损伤产生过程的机理进行了初步探讨。采用参数分析方法对拉伸试验采集到的声发射信号进行分析,得到该T型结构件拉伸过程中基体开裂、分层、纤维断裂至完全丧失承载能力时的声发射信号特征及其对应的载荷。结果表明,声发射技术能够准确预测复合材料T型结构件拉伸载荷下的损伤发生过程,可为该类结构件的检测提供参考。     

Identification of coating damage processes in corroded galvanized steel by acoustic emission wavelet analysis

Scratch tests using Acoustic Emission (AE) were performed on corroded hot dip galvanized samples. Coatings and scratches were studied by scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and the coatings additionally by X-ray diffraction. Damage mechanisms could be identified applying Wavelet Transform analysis to AE signals. The evolution of specific AE wavelet parameters like the wavelet power was suited to identify damage mechanisms. In general, the AE power was distributed in certain scale (frequency) bands in the time-scale plane, and different coating damage mechanisms could be assigned to different bands. In particular, signals due to corrosion and non-corrosion mechanisms could be neatly separated.     

基于小冲杆试验的固体氧化物燃料电池钎焊密封接头蠕变损伤演化规律

如何获得钎焊接头三明治微结构的蠕变力学性能一直以来是一个难题. 文中基于Wen-Tu蠕变延性耗竭模型开发了钎焊接头蠕变损伤子程序,利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了与SOFC密封接头相类似的钎焊接头小冲杆模型;采用试验与有限元相结合的方法研究了以304不锈钢为母材的SOFC钎焊接头蠕变损伤特性,得到了不同载荷下钎焊接头试样中心蠕变挠度变化率和蠕变应变变化率之间关系,阐明了钎焊接头在小冲杆蠕变试验条件下的蠕变损伤及裂纹扩展规律. 结果表明,适当的增加钎料的厚度有利于提高钎焊接头的抗蠕变变形能力,延长高温蠕变断裂寿命,且钎焊接头在多轴应力作用下主要断裂方式为脆性断裂. 初始裂纹最早在母材下表面萌生,距试样中心0.85 mm处,随后向上扩展至钎料层下表面,然后在钎料层上表面出现裂纹逐渐向母材上表面与钎料层下表面扩展,直至断裂.     

Application of acoustic emission to study creep behaviour of composite bonded lap shear joints

The objective of this work is to define criteria to distinguish different types of rupture of composite bonded lap shear joints by using non-destructive acoustic emission method. Bonded joints of carbon-epoxy, glass-epoxy and mixed, were considered. The method is efficient to carry out the progressive damage induced by creep. The influence of some aspects related with crack initiation and growth, included in the damage propagation mechanism, are also discussed. A damage acoustic coefficient, C_d, allowing to characterize the bonded joint rupture from acoustic emission signal, is defined at the secondary stage of creep. The effects of temperature and moisture on the creep behaviour and on the corresponding AE signal were studied by comparison of cumulative counts. The obtained results showed that the acoustic signal increases in function of each of these effects.     

胶合板拉伸过程中的声发射特征

针对传统的力学试验方法对胶合板破坏过程的表征不足,提出了用声发射检测技术全程监测胶合板拉伸破坏过程。试验表明,材料的损伤破坏具有阶段性,不同阶段的声发射信号特征有明显的区别。研究发现声发射特征参数能够表征材料受载过程中的损伤演化规律和损伤类型,能直观地反映材料的损伤特征。因此,声发射检测技术可作为材料测试、质量评定的有效手段,也是传统力学方法的有益补充。     

Application of Acoustic Emission Technology for Quantitative Characterization of Plasma-Sprayed Coatings Subjected to Bending Fatigue Tests

Plasma-sprayed coatings are widely used in industry, e.g., in applications subject to high wear and corrosion damage, or requiring thermal insulation. However, the failure behavior of such coatings has a great influence on the service safety of mechanical parts. Acoustic emission (AE) has attracted much attention due to its proven usefulness for real-time monitoring of damage evolution and high sensitivity to fracture sources. In this study, the damage evolution behavior of a plasma-sprayed coating subjected to three-point bending fatigue tests was monitored using the AE method. A method combining parameterized, Fourier, and wavelet analysis was used to distinguish the damage modes in the coating. The analysis results revealed two crack modes (surface vertical crack and interface crack) with two different peak frequencies. A finite element method was used to quantify the fracture stress and propagation behavior of cracks, revealing that the thickness of the coating had a strong influence on its spalling.     

AE42合金的抗压入蠕变性能

采用自制实验装置对Mg-Al-2RE(AE42)合金进行压入蠕变实验,利用带能谱(EDS)的扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析合金蠕变前后的组织和成分的演化.结果表明:随温度或应力的增加,AE42合金的压入蠕变速率和第一阶段的蠕变量逐渐增加;合金在压入状态下的蠕变应力指数和蠕变激活能的均值分别为3.06和72.4 kJ/mol;压入条件下AE42合金的稳态蠕变速率由晶界扩散主导的位错粘滞性滑移控制;铸态AE42合金由α-Mg基体、针状Al11La3和少量颗粒状Al2La组成;固溶处理8 h后,合金中的β-Mg17Al12相溶入α-Mg基体,合金的硬度上升;固溶24 h后,晶粒得到粗化,合金的硬度和抗蠕变性能均下降;固溶处理后再人工时效24 h,晶粒略有细化,但大量β-Mg17Al12相沿晶界不连续析出,合金的硬度和抗蠕变性能进一步下降.     

P92钢焊接接头蠕变损伤与裂纹扩展数值模拟

高温焊接接头由于蠕变损伤而提前失效的案例频频发生,准确预测焊接接头的蠕变损伤和裂纹扩展行为对于保证高温装备的结构完整性具有重要意义.文中基于延性耗竭模型并结合有限元方法,考察了结构因素对厚壁圆管焊接接头蠕变失效行为的影响.结果表明,蠕变裂纹萌生/扩展行为受热影响区宽度影响,细晶热影响区宽度对蠕变裂纹的萌生时间影响不大,但会改变裂纹萌生位置;相比之下,粗晶热影响区的宽度变化对裂纹萌生时间影响略大.不同坡口形式展现出不同的裂纹萌生/扩展行为,而X形坡口是四种坡口形式中的较优选择.     

Acoustic emission activities and damage evaluation of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP sheets

In this study, the applicability of acoustic emission (AE) techniques to monitor damage evolution in reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened in flexure with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets is investigated. The objective is to initiate the creation of a user-friendly health monitoring system for RC structures strengthened with CFRP sheets using AE techniques. Five beams, 200 mm×300 mm in cross-section, were tested under three-point bending over a span of 1700 mm. One of the beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference; the remaining four beams were tested after being strengthened with CFRP sheets bonded on the tension face. The parameters investigated in this study include both the amount of CFRP sheets and construction imperfections (the CFRP sheets were intentionally bonded without adhesive in the centermost 10% and 20% bonding area). The AE signals were collected and analyzed for all specimens. The AE parameters were analyzed for four levels of damage based on initial crack, propagation, yielding of main bars, and fracture or rip-off of the CFRP sheets. The frequency-peak magnitude distribution of the AE parameters was used to determine the b-value, defined by the Gutenberg–Richter relationship, for evaluating the damage evolution and fracture process of RC beams strengthened in flexure with CFRP sheets. From the results of this study, the signal characteristics – event, amplitude versus frequency, and amplitude versus duration – show clear differences in the different loading stages, depending upon the active damage mechanism. The b-value is correlated to the fracture process of the RC beams bonded with CFRP sheets and the degree of localization of damage. The AE technique is a useful nondestructive technique for monitoring the behavior of RC beams that are externally reinforced in flexure with CFRP sheets.