20MnCrNi2MoRE钢贝氏体回火过程

针对20MnCrNi2MoRE低合金耐磨铸钢,采用洛氏硬度计、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察分析其在200~650℃范围内的回火转变过程。结果表明,20MnCrNi2MoRE钢铸态组织为粒状贝氏体,200℃回火时,贝氏体铁素体条首先发生变化,500℃回火时,在贝氏体铁素体条内、晶界及位错处观察到有碳化物析出。300℃回火时观察到(M/A)岛发生分解,650℃回火时(M/A)岛已经完全分解。低于500℃回火时,硬度变化不大,500℃以上回火时,由于位错密度降低和碳化物聚集长大,使硬度显著降低。     

20MnCrNi2Mo钢贝氏体回火转变

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和洛氏硬度计研究了20MnCrNi2Mo钢贝氏体的回火转变过程。结果表明,20MnCrNi2Mo钢粒状贝氏体在200 ℃回火时,M/A岛基本没有发生分解;随回火温度的升高,M/A岛逐渐发生分解,在500 ℃回火时M/A岛大量分解,位错密度降低,且有碳化物析出。200～500 ℃回火时硬度变化不大,当回火温度高于500 ℃时,M/A岛完全分解,析出碳化物聚集长大,硬度值急剧降低。     

回火工艺对铌钛低碳贝氏体钢组织与性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、透射电镜和力学性能检验,研究了回火温度对TMCP型铌钛微合金化低碳贝氏体钢微观组织结构、第二相析出及力学性能的影响。结果表明,回火后力学性能非单调变化,归因于铌钛微合金化钢在回火过程中,贝氏体内位错亚结构回复软化与第二相析出强化及碳的脱溶机制综合作用。400～500℃回火,Nb、Ti第二相持续析出强化,随回火温度的升高,板条贝氏体回复作用逐渐加强并逐渐达到回复稳定状态。回火温度≥500℃时,M/A岛组织发生分解,贝氏体板条合并、组织粗化,析出相聚集长大,固溶元素脱溶,组织演变为贝氏体和铁素体,强度持续降低,但韧塑性得到改善。550℃回火后钢板具有最佳综合力学性能:抗拉强度为790 MPa,屈服强度为740 MPa,伸长率为16.5%,-20℃冲击吸收能量为250 J。     

贝氏体组织的回火转变

研究贝氏体组织的回火转变具有重要理论意义和工程应用价值。贝氏体回火时将发生一系列的转变,贝氏体铁素体中形成碳原子偏聚区,析出碳化物,发生回复,内应力将消除。回火温度升高时,碳化物在位错线处形核-长大,发生聚集球化。在400℃以上回火时,残留奥氏体发生分解。M/A岛也发生转变。回火产物为回火托氏体。     

回火温度对45CrMoVE钢组织与性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜等方法研究了回火温度对低合金耐热钢45CrMoVE的微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢在正火下获得下贝氏体+粒状贝氏体组织,随回火温度的升高,下贝氏体组织中铁素体合并长大最终等轴化、碳化物由细针状变为条状最终粗化为椭球状,M/A 岛由块状分解为粒状,最终分解为铁素体和渗碳体的混合物;随回火温度的升高,材料的屈强比逐渐增加;回火温度超过650 ℃时,冲击吸收能量大幅度上升。     

改进型无限冷硬铸铁轧辊回火组织转变研究

通过对改进型无限冷硬铸铁轧辊不同回火温度和时间的系列回火试验,用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等分析手段,研究回火对铸态组织中亚稳残余奥氏体转变的影响,分析铸态下贝氏体在组织回火中的分解及碳化物析出行为。试验结果表明：改进型无限冷硬铸铁350℃以下温度回火后奥氏体仍然稳定存在;425～450℃温度问回火在下贝氏体针内部析出合金渗碳体,大部分奥氏体转变为上贝氏体组织;500℃回火后得到回火索氏体组织。     

回火处理对Q420建筑用钢显微组织与力学性能的影响

对控轧控冷态Q420钢板进行了不同回火温度和时间的热处理试验,研究了回火对试验钢拉伸性能和显微组织的影响。结果表明,回火温度为450～600℃时,随着回火保温时间从0～120 min,试验钢的抗拉强度先减小后上升,屈服强度和屈强比均呈现逐渐上升的趋势;在回火温度为550℃时,试验钢具有较高的抗拉强度和屈服强度及较低的屈强比。控轧控冷态试验钢的显微组织为针状铁素体+M/A岛+退化珠光体。550℃回火保温不同时间后,试验钢的组织类型未发生改变,但当回火时间≥60 min,基体组织中铁素体晶粒粗化,且退化珠光体中渗碳体形态有向短片状转变的特征,基体组织中的M/A岛含量和平均尺寸随着保温时间延长而都逐渐减小。550℃/60 min回火处理后,试验钢基体组织中的M/A岛已发生明显分解,位错密度减小,且基体中析出了较多的尺寸约在10～25 nm的(Nb,Ti)C强化相。     

回火温度对高性能耐火钢组织和性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、透射电镜、力学性能测试等方法,研究了回火温度对某高性能耐火钢组织和性能的影响。研究表明,回火后试验钢均表现出良好的高温性能和强韧性匹配,650 ℃回火时试验钢的耐火性能和低温冲击性能达到最优。回火前后试验钢的组织以多边形F+板条/粒状B为主,含有少量M/A岛,且有较多近似球形或椭圆形碳化物或复合碳氮化物析出。随着回火温度的升高,组织稍有粗化,部分板条B合并变成胞状结构,M/A岛数量及形态变化不大,但有效尺寸略有减小,600 ℃回火后析出相增加,650 ℃和680 ℃回火后有大量尺寸在50 nm以下的第二相质点析出,进一步确保了试验钢的耐火性能和低温冲击性能。     

基于正交试验的10CrNiCu低合金铸钢热处理工艺优化

通过正交试验及方差分析研究了正火次数、回火温度、回火时间对10CrNiCu低合金铸钢力学性能和组织的影响。结果表明：多次正火能够细化晶粒，从而提升铸钢屈服强度并提升其低温冲击性能。提高回火温度及增加回火时间可使铸钢铁素体及偏析带内的贝氏体中的M/A岛发生回复，从而导致屈服强度大幅降低，并在一定程度上提升低温冲击性能。但回火时间过长，碳化物和纳米Cu颗粒析出量增加，尺寸增大，导致低温冲击性能的提升并不显著。采用900℃正火2次+630℃回火4 h的热处理方案时，铸钢的屈服强度保持在440 MPa,-40℃和-80℃KV₂分别达到246 J和137 J的较高水平。     

回火温度对2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢粒状贝氏体显微组织和力学性能的影响

利用纳米压痕仪,OM,SEM,TEM,XRD,EPMA等设备研究了加氢反应器用2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢正火态粒状贝氏体组织及力学性能随回火温度的变化.结果表明,2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢正火后得到由贝氏体铁素体、马氏体和残余奥氏体岛(M-A岛)组成的粒状贝氏体组织.纳米压痕测量结果表明,由于M-A岛中富集C,其硬度显著高于贝氏体铁素体.在回火过程中,M-A岛分解和贝氏体铁素体软化的综合作用导致了2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢在-18℃的冲击功随着回火温度的升高先增加后减少.除了铁素体基体回复再结晶软化效应外,粒状贝氏体组织中硬相M-A岛回火转变程度以及析出碳化物形貌、尺寸和分布是影响2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢冲击韧性的关键因素.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.