白家河水库溢洪道侧槽水力设计

以白家河水库侧槽溢洪道为例,介绍其设计方案比选、总体布置、水力计算等,给出了其泄流能力、堰面曲线、泄槽临界水深、侧槽末端水深、侧槽末端底高程和侧槽水面线等水力计算方法和成果,为白家河水库侧槽溢洪道的设计提供了依据。     

L形溢流堰侧槽溢洪道水力设计与试验研究

为给工程提供优化的设计方案,对L形溢流堰侧槽溢洪道进行水力设计及水工模型试验。该文结合某水库除险加固设计中L形堰侧槽溢洪道水工模型试验成果,对L形堰侧槽溢洪道的泄流能力、水面线推求方法进行了计算,并进行对比分析。结果表明,L形溢流堰泄流能力,低水位时计算值较水工模型试验值偏小5%~10%,高水位时与试验结果基本一致;槽首淹没度计算值较模型试验值高18%左右,槽首淹没度为0.7左右时泄流能力与自由出流时的泄流能力相差不大,下游淹没度计算值与试验结果基本一致。水工模型试验与水力设计的对比分析,可为工程提供最佳的设计方案。     

侧槽溢洪道缓直缓弯调整段水力特性研究

通常情况下,为了改善侧槽溢洪道泄槽的水力特性,将侧槽后调整段的底板设计为缓坡或平坡,并在末端设置升坎或台堰,使调整段的水流处于缓流状态下。分析了影响泄槽流态的因素：① 侧槽复杂的来流条件;② 受弯道本身体型的影响。结合侧槽溢洪道水工模型试验,在侧槽底板上加设间隔式消能墩,并改善侧槽与调整段泄槽边墙和底板的衔接方式,从而使缓直、缓弯调整段的水流处于临界流状态下,这样不仅改善了调整段和整个泄槽的水流流态,使其水流相对平稳平顺,而且还大大降低了水深,减少了泄槽的开挖工程量,节省了工程投资。     

水库消险工程侧槽溢洪道控制水深计算方法

侧槽控制水深是侧槽式溢洪道侧槽水面线计算的基本数据。当侧槽末端不设水平调整段,侧槽与陡坡泄水道相接时,现有控制水深计算结果与实际出入较大,对于这种溢洪道工程布置该文推导出了侧槽段的总水头损失公式,从而求得侧槽末端的断面能量和水深,并以此水深做为侧槽的控制水深。     

台阶式消能工在新疆米兰河水库的应用

台阶式溢洪道是近几年发展起来的新型消能型式。米兰河水库工程溢洪道经过水力计算与水工模型试验,采用台阶消能,大大减小了陡槽末端的消力池尺寸,减少了工程量,节省了投资。     

实用堰后接梯形断面泄槽水面线计算方法探讨

梯形断面是泄槽最常用的断面形式之一，泄槽水面线计算对溢洪道设计具有重要意义。实用堰后接梯形断面泄槽起始水深及水面线计算须求解非常复杂的非线性方程，传统试算法计算过程繁琐，需要多次计算才能得到满足精度要求的结果。为解决实用堰后接梯形断面泄槽水面线计算的难题，构造坡降差方程，介绍了弦截法计算泄槽水面线的具体步骤，并对起始水深方程进行恒等变形，得出了起始水深的直接计算公式。实例表明，采用的计算方法可行，计算结果可靠，可为类似工程设计提供参考。     

博斯坦水库溢洪道除险加固方案比选及优化设计

本文对新疆博斯坦水库溢洪道除险加固工程进行优化设计,确定了原进口宽度和坝顶高程满足标准要求,因此不用大规模改造;泄槽段采用衬砌措施来提高通流能力。对进口段、泄槽段、陡坡段、消力池等部分进行了计算和优化设计,保证了溢洪道的通流能力符合标准值。     

侧槽溢洪道首端水深计算新公式

在狭窄河谷上兴建水利枢纽,为适应地形、地质条件,多采用侧槽溢洪道。侧槽中之水流呈复杂的沿程增量流运动规律。其首端断面水深,为确定溢流堰泄流能力之关键,国内外对此问题研究甚多。本文在总结前人研究成果及整理实验数据基础上,提出了计算侧槽首端水深新公式,设计人员可藉以进行具有足够精度的简捷计算,从而避免繁琐地推求水面线的计算工作。     

刘家水库侧堰式溢洪道除险加固设计

通过对刘家水库溢洪道的现状及工程地址进行分析,指出溢洪道存在的问题,并对原溢洪道侧槽泄洪能力进行复核,提出除险加固方案,分别对侧堰、侧槽、泄槽段及消能设施进行重新布置和设计,经计算复核,加固设计后的溢洪道达到设计标准.     

溢洪道泄槽底坡i的定义及其对水面线推算的影响

溢洪道泄槽水面线的推算是工程设计的重要内容,其关系到溢洪道边墙的顶高程,对溢洪道安全运行及投资有重大影响。而泄槽底坡i直接关系到泄槽水力计算及水面线的推算,故底坡i的定义对水库溢洪道工程关系重大。根据多种参考资料,对底坡i不同的定义,计算出泄槽水面线,将各种结果进行对比,从而验证明确了泄槽底坡的精确定义。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.