太阳电池光电性能参数校准方法研究

针对地面用太阳电池的光电性能(I-V特性)参数,建立了基于太阳模拟器法的校准装置,提出了准确的I-V特性参数校准方法。分析了光源辐照度、光源光谱失配、标准与被测太阳电池光谱响应度失配、温度等因素对关键性能参数校准结果的影响,并对其不确定度进行了评定。结果表明:建立的校准装置可实现短路电流(I_sc)、开路电压(V_oc)、最大输出功率(P_m)的相对扩展不确定度分别为1.2%(k=2),0.9%(k=2),1.5%(k=2)。     

分光光度测色仪中双光路d/0结构的改进

在分光光度测色仪的双光路d/0结构设计中,通常采用积分球内壁作为参考点来消除光源波动对仪器重复性产生的影响.但是在这种情况下,参考信号在一定程度上会受到测试样品的漫反射光的干扰,仪器的重复性和准确性也随之降低.本文设计了一种改进的d/0测量结构,采用LED复合光源作为测试光源,在参考光路设置单独的参考白壁,而不再将积分球内壁作为参考点,并建立实验进行验证.实验结果表明,改进的光路结构可以有效的消除被测试样品的漫反射光对参考光路信号的影响.     

彩色亮度计光源色度的不确定度分析

JJG 211-2005亮度计检定规程已颁布实施,它同时囊括了亮度计和彩色亮度计的检定,增加了光源色度参数的校准.在实施实践中,校准彩色亮度计所用的标准反射色板采用了色差计校准用的一套标准反射色板,校准时的标准值取标准反射色板溯源证书中的A/2,0/45的数据.从彩色亮度计中光源色度参数的实验数据,以及对其测量结果的不确定度分析,均证明新规程校准方法正确,而共用标准反射色板亦可行,校准效果良好.     

采用脉冲光源法校准光电转速表

光电转速表测量范围大,准确度高,在企事业单位应用广泛,但自行校准比较困难。本文简要介绍了光电转速表中转速传感器及二次仪表的工作原理,对采用脉冲光源法校准光电转速表的测量方法进行了探讨,阐述了使用频闪式转速表作为脉冲光源校准光电转速表的校准方法和有关注意事项。     

一种浮空器气囊体积测量装置的现场校准方法探讨

介绍一种浮空器气囊体积测量装置的现场校准方法,通过设定现场校准区域,构建地面控制点的局部三维坐标;在被测对象侧边的6个地面控制点设立测站,用激光全站仪和棱镜组件按照极坐标法观察得到被测对象侧边精密标定杆上所有准校点的局部三维坐标,建立校准参考坐标系,构建完整的现场校准场。测量装置对在校准参考坐标系中的精密标定杆上校准点进行拍摄获得图片,解算得到测量装置的每个相机的外方位元素,得到其位置和姿态,完成校准工作。本文提出的现场校准方法解决了测量装置在任意场景下浮空器囊体体积测量的应用问题和测量装置使用中需要搬动情况下的校准问题。     

射线图像分辨力测试计的校准方法

近年来,射线图像分辨力测试计在工业无损检测和医学诊断仪器校准中的应用日趋广泛。射线图像分辨力测试计作为测量图像分辨力的专用标准器具,目前国内尚无可依据的计量检定规程/校准规范对其计量性能进行控制。文章详细介绍了射线图像分辨力测试计的校准环境、校准设备、技术指标要求、校准项目和校准方法等,并通过校准实例分析和测量不确定度评定对校准方法进行了验证。提出的校准方法为射线图像分辨力测试计的校准工作提供了参考。     

太阳能电池背膜发展现状

太阳能作为一种绿色能源,得到了各国科学家的重视,并在太阳能电池领域得到了商业化和产业化。太阳能电池背膜是太阳能电池的重要组件,本文从目前中国的太阳能电池背膜技术现状出发,探索了中国的太阳能电池背膜发展之路。     

带引压管腔的压力测量系统动态校准技术研究

在动态压力测量领域中,带引压管腔的压力测量系统常被用于空间狭小、工况恶劣等情况下的压力测量,压力信号经过引压管腔传递往往发生畸变,引压管腔是降低压力测量系统频响的首要因素。本文首先介绍了带引压管腔的压力测量系统物理结构模型,阐述管腔动态特性影响动态测量机理。其次,介绍了现有引压管腔主要校准方法和装置,开展新型校准装置和方法研究,研制了一种静态压力及温度可调的校准装置。最后,利用该校准装置对带引压管腔的压力测量系统进行实验,对带引压管腔的压力测量系统的动态计量与补偿技术发展具有借鉴作用。     

两种太阳光模拟器辐照度不均匀度校准装置的溯源及分析

本文首先简要介绍了太阳模拟器校准装置,分别以单块封装太阳电池、均匀度校准模组装置作为校准太阳模拟器的标准装置,并对两套太阳模拟器校准装置的溯源情况进行了分析。     

基于液压驱动的振弦式应变计校准装置的研制

传统振弦式应变计校准装置一般采用人力或小功率电机驱动作为驱动力,难以满足需施加大测力的振弦式应变计校准要求。基于此,设计并研制了一种基于液压驱动的振弦式应变计校准装置,以解决大测力振弦式应变计难校准的问题。校准装置可以在50～200 mm范围内调整,设计了通用夹具来实现不同尺寸、不同型号和不同形状振弦式应变计的装夹紧固。该装置结构紧凑,操作便利省力,经验证液压驱动在极大减轻校准所需施加力的同时,校准结果与传统应变计测量数据相一致,验证实验的测量不确定度U=0.6%(k=2),小于0.7%,满足校准规范要求。     

Reflectance-based calibration of SeaWiFS. II. Conversion to radiance

For instruments that carry onboard solar diffusers to orbit, such as the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS), it is possible to convert the instrument's reflectance measurements to radiance measurements by knowledge of the solar irradiance. This process, which generally requires the application of a solar irradiance model, is described. The application of the irradiance model is separate from the measurements by the instrument and from the instrument's reflectance calibration. In addition, SeaWiFS was calibrated twice before launch for radiance response by use of radiance sources with calibrations traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology. With the inclusion of the at-launch diffuser-based radiance calibration, SeaWiFS has three possible radiance calibrations forthe start of on-orbit operations. The combination of these three into a single calibration requires changes of 4% or less for the current at-launch radiance calibration of the instrument. Finally, this process requires changes of 4% or less for the reflectance calibration coefficients to provide consistency among the radiance calibration, the reflectance calibration, and the solar irradiance.     

标准太阳电池标定值计量方法研究

基于差分光谱响应度法搭建了标准太阳电池标定值校准装置,分析了标准太阳电池绝对光谱响应度随电池温度和偏置光辐照度的变化关系,通过数值拟合得到太阳电池短路电流与偏置电流的关系,实现太阳电池标定值测量不确定度1.2%(k=2)。搭建了标准太阳电池标定值户外计量装置,实现测量不确定度2.38%(k=2)。差分光谱响应度法与户外总辐射法测量结果比对的比率值为0.95,表明2种方法测量结果在不确定范围内量值等效。     

Irradiance of Horizontal Quartz-Halogen Standard Lamps

Spectral irradiance calibrations often require that irradiance standard lamps be oriented differently than the normal calibration orientation used at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and at other standards laboratories. For example, in solar measurements the instruments are generally upward viewing, requiring horizontal working standards for minimization of irradiance calibration uncertainties. To develop a working standard for use in a solar ultraviolet intercomparison, NIST determined the irradiance of quartz-halogen lamps operating in the horizontal position, rather than in the customary vertical position. An experimental technique was developed which relied upon equivalent lamps with independent mounts for each orientation and a spectroradiometer with an integrating sphere whose entrance port could be rotated 90° to view either lamp position. The results presented here are limited to 1000 W quartz-halogen type lamps at ultraviolet wavelengths from 280 nm to 400 nm. Sources of uncertainty arose from the lamps, the spectroradiometer, and the lamp alignment, and increased the uncertainty in the irradiance of horizontal lamps by less than a factor of two from that of vertical NIST standard lamps. The irradiance of horizontal lamps was less than that of vertical lamps by approximately 6 % at long wavelengths (400 nm) to as much as 12 % at the shortest wavelengths (280 nm). Using the Wien radiation law, this corresponds to color temperature differences of 15.7 K and 21.3 K for lamps with clear and frosted envelopes, respectively.     

光谱失配对标定太阳电池产生的影响分析

标准太阳电池的短路电流可用来确定太阳模拟器的总辐照度强度。选取单晶硅、多晶硅、非晶硅薄膜和染料敏化4种常见类型的太阳电池,分别进行光谱响应度测量。对光谱匹配分别为A、B、C级的太阳模拟器进行光谱辐照度分布测量。利用光谱失配计算公式,并结合标准AM1.5G太阳光谱辐照度分布数据,理论计算出由于光源间光谱不匹配以及电池间光谱响应度不匹配所产生的光谱失配因子,并对标定太阳电池产生的影响进行了分析。     

光谱失配对太阳电池短路电流测量准确性影响分析

讨论了基于太阳模拟器和标准太阳电池校准被测太阳电池的方法中,光谱失配对其结果准确性的影响。分析了2块标准太阳电池在2台不同太阳模拟器下的短路电流测试结果,根据待测电池、标准电池的相对光谱响应度以及太阳模拟器光谱和标准光谱辐照度,计算其光谱失配因子,并对比了光谱失配修正前后所得测试结果的偏差。计算方法和实验数据,为太阳电池的校准和测试提供了相关依据。     

Direct solar spectral irradiance and transmittance measurements from 350 to 2500 nm

A radiometrically stable, commercially available spectroradiometer was used in conjunction with a simple, custom-designed telescope to make spectrally continuous measurements of solar spectral transmittance and directly transmitted solar spectral irradiance. The wavelength range of the instrument is 350-2500 nm and the resolution is 3-11.7 nm. Laboratory radiometric calibrations show the instrument to be stable to better than 1.0% over a nine-month period. The instrument and telescope are highly portable, can be set up in a matter of minutes, and can be operated by one person. A method of absolute radiometric calibration that can be tied to published top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) solar spectra in valid Langley channels as well as regions of strong molecular absorption is also presented. High-altitude Langley plot calibration experiments indicate that this technique is limited ultimately by the current uncertainties in the TOA solar spectra, approximately 2-3%. Example comparisons of measured and modtran-modeled direct solar irradiance show that the model can be parameterized to agree with measurements over the large majority of the wavelength range to the 3% level for the two example cases shown. Side-by-side comparisons with a filter-based solar radiometer are in excellent agreement, with a mean absolute difference of tau = 0.0036 for eight overlapping wavelengths over three experiment days.     

The 1995 North American Interagency Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectroradiometers

Concern over stratospheric ozone depletion has prompted several government agencies in North America to establish networks of spectroradiometers for monitoring solar ultraviolet irradiance at the surface of the Earth. To assess the ability of spectroradiometers to accurately measure solar ultraviolet irradiance, and to compare the results between instruments of different monitoring networks, the second North American Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectroradiometers was held June 12 to 23, 1995 at Table Mountain outside Boulder, Colorado, USA. This Intercomparison was coordinated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Participating agencies were the Environmental Protection Agency; the National Science Foundation; the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; the Department of Agriculture; and the Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada. Instruments were characterized for wavelength uncertainty, bandwidth, stray-light rejection, and spectral irradiance responsivity, the latter with a NIST standard lamp operating in a specially designed field calibration unit. The spectral irradiance responsivity, determined once indoors and twice outdoors, demonstrated that while the responsivities changed upon moving the instruments, they were relatively stable when the instruments remained outdoors. Synchronized spectral scans of the solar irradiance were performed over several days. Using the spectral irradiance responsivities determined with the NIST standard lamp and three different convolution functions to account for the different bandwidths of the instruments, the measured solar irradiances generally agreed to within 3 %.     

The 1996 North American Interagency Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectroradiometers

Concern over stratospheric ozone depletion has prompted several government agencies in North America to establish networks of spectroradiometers for monitoring solar ultraviolet irradiance at the surface of the Earth. To assess the ability of spectroradiometers to accurately measure solar ultraviolet irradiance, and to compare the results between instruments of different monitoring networks, the third North American Interagency Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectroradiometers was held June 17–25, 1996 at Table Mountain outside Boulder, Colorado, USA. This Intercomparison was coordinated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Participating agencies were the Environmental Protection Agency; the National Science Foundation; the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; the Department of Agriculture; and the Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada. The spectral irradiances of participants’ calibrated standard lamps were measured at NIST prior to the Intercomparison. The spectral irradiance scales used by the participants agreed with the NIST scale within the combined uncertainties, and for all lamps the spectral irradiance in the horizontal position was lower than that in the vertical position. Instruments were characterized for wavelength uncertainty, bandwidth, stray-light rejection, and spectral irradiance responsivity, the latter with NIST standard lamps operating in specially designed field calibration units. The spectral irradiance responsivity demonstrated instabilities for some instruments. Synchronized spectral scans of the solar irradiance were performed over several days. Using the spectral irradiance responsivities determined with the NIST standard lamps, the measured solar irradiances had some unexplained systematic differences between instruments.     

In situ calibration technique for UV spectral radiometers

A technique for calibrating spectral radiometers measuring global (2π sr) irradiance using solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere as the absolute irradiance reference is reported. In addition to providing a calibration at all measured wavelengths, the technique provides a direct measure of the angular response of the radiometer. For instruments that can be used to measure the ultraviolet-B region, the calibration also provides an estimate of the ozone column amount.