内嵌弹性区和结合力模型在薄膜/基底界面断裂中的应用

薄膜/基底结构是微电子学和材料科学中广泛应用的典型结构。由于加工工艺中材料力学、热学性能失配等原因导致的薄膜中出现的残余应力,是界面裂纹的萌生和扩展的重要原因。采用三参数(Γ₀, /σ_y,t)的修正的断裂过程区结合力模型,讨论了在塑性氛围下裂尖解理断裂的过程,裂尖应力分布,裂尖形貌和表征裂纹尖端断裂过程区特征参数对断裂过程的影响,并应用到均质金属薄膜/陶瓷基底结构中残余应力导致界面裂纹起裂和扩展的全过程分析中。     

混凝土断裂及亚临界扩展的细观机制

通过模型和三点弯曲断裂SEM试验,详细研究了混凝土断裂全过程及亚临界扩展的细观机理。结果表明:混凝土断裂是一个复杂的不规则过程,存在明显的亚临界扩展现象。混凝土亚临界扩展路径是曲折的,并非经典断裂力学假定的平直路径,混凝土亚临界扩展和临界失稳扩展呈现分形特征。用起裂断裂韧性iICK和分形等效断裂韧性feICK,来描述混凝土抵抗初裂和临界失稳扩展的能力。给出了考虑亚临界扩展弯折效应的混凝土亚临界扩展长度、混凝土起裂断裂韧性iICK和分形等效断裂韧性feICK,的计算表达式。计算表明:混凝土失稳断裂时的分形等效断裂韧性feICK ,与混凝土亚临界扩展的分维数D成正比。     

铁素体管线钢的分层裂纹及其对断裂的影响

通过对针状铁素体管线钢缺口根部三维应力状态的有限元分析和不同形式的断裂实验,研究了管线钢分层裂纹产生的条件及其对断裂性能的影响.结果表明裂纹或缺口根部的三维应力状态是产生分层裂纹的必要条件,材料的强度分布影响分层裂纹的形式和方向.分层裂纹均为主裂纹扩展前材料中的弱界面在垂直该弱界面的拉应力作用下产生的,其数量和方向受裂纹端部三维应力场和材料的强度分布状态控制.分层裂纹面上的应力为零,分层裂纹有一定的间距.在断裂过程中产生的分层裂纹使裂纹或缺口根部的构形发生改变,从而对裂尖的应力状态和材料的断裂性能产生巨大的影响.穿透裂纹体的分层裂纹使其有效厚度减小,表面裂纹体的分层裂纹与裂纹扩展方向垂直.在断裂过程中产生分层裂纹需要消耗更多的能量、降低裂端三维应力约束、有效厚度降低或裂尖钝化.这些因素均使断裂扩展更加困难,而使材料韧性得到提高.     

单晶γ-TiAl合金中裂纹沿[111]晶向扩展的分子动力学研究

为了从微观角度探索γ-TiAl合金中特定晶向的裂纹扩展机理,研究了γ-TiAl合金中[111]晶向微裂纹扩展的过程及其断裂机理。首先在单晶γ-TiAl合金中预置[111]晶向的微裂纹,然后通过分子动力学方法模拟该裂纹的扩展过程,最终分析了裂尖原子组态变化、微裂纹扩展路径以及应力-应变情况。研究表明,该晶向的微裂纹不是沿直线扩展,而是启裂时裂尖发生偏转,表现出明显的取向效应;微裂纹以裂尖发射滑移位错以及裂尖上形成孪晶的方式进行扩展;受边界的影响,微裂纹扩展到一定阶段会在边界位错堆积处萌生子裂纹,且扩展机制与主裂纹类似;在两个裂纹尖端发射滑移位错的相互作用下,在主裂尖前端再次萌生子裂纹,最终主、子裂纹相连导致断裂;微裂纹扩展过程中的应力分布主要集中于裂尖和扩展过程中形成的孪晶面上,并且随着微裂纹的扩展,裂尖应力值随时间的增大而减小。     

环氧沥青混凝土裂纹起裂与失稳扩展的临界特征

为了获取环氧沥青混凝土的裂纹起裂与失稳扩展临界点,重构了环氧沥青混凝土非均质(集料、砂浆和空隙)多层次(矿料级配)结构三维虚拟试件,采用离散元方法实施了单边切口小梁虚拟三点弯曲试验,借助数字摄像法捕捉了室内小梁试件表面裂纹发展情况,分析了裂缝发展过程中裂缝尖端张开位移(CTOD)和裂缝口张开位移(CMOD)之间的变化关系。研究结果表明:裂尖张开位移δ₂₅参数的使用为理解实际流入断裂带用于裂缝扩展的那部分能量开辟了一条新思路;裂缝尖端张开位移和裂缝口张开位移关系曲线的两个转折点描述了裂缝起裂和临界失稳扩展状态,环氧沥青混凝土断裂过程中裂缝的扩展经历了起裂、稳定扩展和失稳扩展3个阶段;δ₂₅-CMOD曲线分析法可以作为研究沥青混凝土材料断裂行为的辅助手段。     

316LN不锈钢断裂过程的声发射特性

用声发射技术监测316LN母材和焊缝的断裂过程得到了材料断裂破坏的声发射特征,并对声发射信号进行分类,研究了316LN不锈钢材料的断裂韧性。结果表明:316LN母材和焊缝的断裂是韧性断裂,母材的塑性优于焊缝;断裂过程在时域上可划分为5个阶段:裂尖张开阶段、弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段、裂纹萌生阶段以及裂纹稳定扩展阶段;使用上升时间-持续时间关联分析法可将母材和焊缝断裂过程的声发射信号进行分类,可区分出噪声信号和有效断裂信号。     

NiTi合金动态断裂过程的实验和数值方法研究

为获得Ni Ti合金的动态起裂韧度和动态扩展速度与动态加载率之间的定量变化规律。利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)测试系统对单边三点弯曲试样(SENB)进行冲击加载试验,采用实验-有限元相结合的方法,获得动态断裂参数随时间的变化规律。SENB试样裂纹起裂时刻和裂纹扩展速度由粘贴在裂纹尖端的裂纹扩展计(CPG)测定。采用上述方法和数据获得Ni Ti合金的I型动态起裂韧度和动态扩展速度。实验结果表明:裂纹扩展计测得的起裂时刻与粘贴在同一试样上的监裂应变片测得的结果基本相符,因此可以利用裂纹扩展计代替传统的监裂应变片来监测裂纹起裂时刻,并获得Ni Ti合金的起裂韧度。同时,可以利用裂纹扩展计(CPG)获得裂纹动态扩展过程,绘制出裂纹扩展速度与时间的关系曲线,从而探讨Ni Ti合金的动态断裂韧度和裂纹扩展速度与动态加载率之间的定量变化规律。     

防辐射含钆有机玻璃的断裂韧性研究

利用紧凑拉伸实验方法,测定含钆有机玻璃的平面应变断裂韧性KIC,并对紧凑拉伸试样的断面形貌进行分析。利用环境扫描电子显微镜原位拉伸测试技术,分析含钆有机玻璃在拉伸应力下的断裂过程,认为用裂尖银纹-裂纹模型和次级破裂模型分别解释含钆有机玻璃的慢速裂纹扩展和快速裂纹扩展过程是合适的。     

温度对单晶γ-TiAl合金裂纹扩展的影响的分子动力学模拟

用分子动力学方法从原子尺度对单晶γ-TiAl合金中心裂纹的扩展机理进行了研究,模拟了不同温度下预制中心裂纹的扩展过程。结果表明:随着温度升高,裂纹的启裂时间变长,启裂应力值分别为5.64GPa、4.58GPa和4.27GPa;裂尖和边界发射的位错数目随温度的升高而增多;温度为300K时,裂纹先脆性扩展,出现分枝后,裂纹通过裂尖发射位错向前扩展,扩展过程为塑性扩展;温度达750K时裂纹出现分枝,扩展过程为塑性扩展,此时的裂纹扩展速率慢于300K时的裂纹扩展速率;950K时裂纹没有出现分枝,扩展过程为塑性扩展且扩展速率最快;三种温度下裂纹扩展过程均出现裂尖钝化与偏折现象。     

纯Ⅰ型加载条件下有机玻璃中心切口圆盘断裂的尺寸相关性

采用直槽式和尖槽式中心切口圆盘试件,对有机玻璃在纯Ⅰ型准静态加载条件下的断裂行为进行了实验研究.结果表明,中心切口圆盘试件的切口形状对断裂行为和断裂韧度的测试结果有显著的影响.直槽切口偏离理想裂纹,裂纹起裂始于切口端部的角点,实测的断裂韧度值偏高且具有尺寸相关性;尖槽切口接近理想裂纹,裂纹起裂始于尖角的顶点,实测的断裂韧度不存在尺寸相关性,即是材料常数.     

SUS304不锈钢拉伸过程中的声-热像特征

测量了含有Ⅰ型裂纹的SUS304不锈钢试样的单轴拉伸过程中的塑性变形和断裂。分析了裂纹尖端区域的塑性变形和断裂过程。结果表明:SUS304的各向异性在断裂阶段对声发射信号影响较大;红外热图像中的温度分布与塑性应变率有关;通过声发射参数和红外热图像可以从微观和宏观两方面分析裂纹尖端区域的塑性变形和断裂。     

A model of brittle fracture propagation part I—continuum aspects

The micromechanism of crack propagation in steel is described and analyzed in continuum terms and related to the macroscopic fracture behavior. It is proposed that propagation of cleavage microcracks through favorably oriented grains ahead of the main crack tip is the principal weakening mode in brittle fracture. This easy cleavage process proceeds in the Griffith manner and follows a continuous, multiply connected, nearly planar path with a very irregular front which spreads both forward and laterally and leaves behind disconnected links which span the prospective fracture surface. A discrete crack zone which extends over many grains thus exists at the tip of a running brittle crack. Final separation of the links is preceeded by plastic straining within the crack zone and occurs gradually with the increasing crack opening displacement. It is suggested that in low stress fracture, straining of the links is the only deformation mode. However, it is recognized that under certain conditions plastic enclaves may adjoin the crack zone. This deformation mode is associated with high stress fracture, energy transition and eventually with crack arrest.

Energy dissipation resulting from the two deformation mechanisms is related to crack velocity, applied load and temperature and the crack velocity in a given material is expressed as a function of the external conditions. Fracture initiation and crack arrest are then discussed in terms of the conditions which are necessary to maintain the propagation process. Finally, the dimensions of a small scale crack tip zone for a steady state, plane strain crack are evaluated as functions of material properties and the elastic stress intensity factor.

The microstructural aspects of brittle fracture will be discussed in a separate Part 2 [1].     

外应力场下NiAl合金微裂纹动态扩展的分子动力学模拟

目的 对NiAl合金中不同晶体取向的裂纹扩展动力学行为进行原子尺度研究,明晰在塑性变形过程     

Investigation of process zone structure in Fe–3Si alloy

Abstract

An in situ fracture experiment was carried out in a scanning electron microscope to investigate plastic deformation and strain distribution in the process zone (PZ) located in the immediate vicinity of the crack tip in an Fe–3Si alloy (wt-%) under mixed mode loading conditions. It was observed that plastic deformation occurred by successive activation of a number of slip systems. The strain distribution and shape of the PZ were strongly dependent on the crystallographic orientation of the grain containing the crack tip. The distribution differed from that predicted using near tip blunting calculations and was best expressed by an exponential equation. Additional strain concentrations created by surface defects caused slight perturbations in the overall distribution. Crack propagation started along a coarse slip band which possessed the highest strain. It was found that the maximum strains in the PZ exceeded the uniaxial tensile fracture strain.

MST/1404     

The elastic stress fields of elliptic and tapered cracks with predefined shapes

The shape of a tapered crack is more alike cracks in brittle materials than an elliptical crack. The deformation and stress fields for a tapered crack are therefore estimated for hydrostatic pressure and tensional stress by applying the method of complex potentials. The stress fields for the tapered and elliptical cracks are quite similar, which suggests that the elliptical crack can be used as a model for the stress fields for cracks in general. However, the tapered crack has a larger tensional stress at the crack tip, which show that fracture propagation occur at lower applied stresses than for the elliptical crack. A tapered shape of fluid filled fractures can account for their discontinuous propagation. The discontinuous fracture propagation is observed in a large scale by volcanic eruptions where the fracture propagation generates seismic activity.     

Modeling of hydrogen-assisted ductile crack propagation in metals and alloys

This paper presents a finite element study of the hydrogen effect on ductile crack propagation in metals and alloys by linking effects at the microstructural level (i.e., void growth and coalescence) to effects at the macro-level (i.e., bulk material deformation around a macroscopic crack). The purpose is to devise a mechanics methodology to simulate the conditions under which hydrogen enhanced plasticity induces fracture that macroscopically appears to be brittle. The hydrogen effect on enhanced dislocation mobility is described by a phenomenological constitutive relation in which the local flow stress is taken as a decreasing function of the hydrogen concentration which is determined in equilibrium with local stress and plastic strain. Crack propagation is modeled by cohesive elements whose traction separation law is determined through void cell calculations that address the hydrogen effect on void growth and coalescence. Numerical results for the A533B pressure vessel steel indicate that hydrogen, by accelerating void growth and coalescence, promotes crack propagation by linking simultaneously a finite number of voids with the crack tip. This “multiple-void” fracture mechanism knocks down the initiation fracture toughness of the material and diminishes the tearing resistance to crack propagation.     

Embrittlement Mechanisms of Nylon 66/Organoclay Nanocomposites Prepared by Melt-Compounding Process

Nylon 66 nanocomposites with different smectite clay loadings were prepared by conventional melt compounding process. The fracture toughness decreases with increasing clay content, which is a direct result of reduced plastic zone size at the crack tip region. The fracture mechanisms were studied using double-notched four-point-bending (DN-4PB) technique. A constraining effect from nanoclay fillers on plastic deformation of matrix is revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Micron-sized and submicron voids could be observed around the clay platelets. The voids coalesce and form premature cracks that promote crack propagation, thus reducing toughness.     

混凝土非线性断裂韧度G_(Ic)及其尺寸效应

就混凝土而言，在裂缝失稳扩展前，由于裂缝尖端的微裂区而产生非线性变形并伴有裂缝的亚临界扩展。这种非线性变形与亚临界扩展，使混凝土材料在断裂前吸收更多的能量。本文从试验得出的荷载－位移的非线性曲线出发，求得了材料抵抗裂缝扩展的非线性断裂韧度，并探讨了试件缝高比及高度对的影响。     

铸造、锻造和粉末冶金TC4钛合金损伤容限行为对比研究

目的 研究影响铸造、锻造和粉末冶金TC4钛合金的损伤容限行为差异的主要因素。方法 分别从裂纹尖端塑性变形行为、二次裂纹及断口表面粗糙度3个方面对比,分析造成3种成形方法制备的TC4钛合金的断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展速率差异的原因。结果 铸造TC4钛合金断裂韧性优于锻造和粉末冶金TC4钛合金,主要是因为新产生的裂纹面积大,消耗更多断裂能量。铸造TC4钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率低于锻造、粉末冶金TC4钛合金,其主要原因为曲折的裂纹路径和断面粗糙度诱发裂纹闭合效应以及长而深的二次裂纹。结论 3种成形方法制备TC4钛合金损伤容限行为差异的主要原因是断裂形成了不同裂纹路径形貌。     

Microscale characterization of granular deformation near a crack tip

This paper presents a study of microscale plastic deformation at the crack tip and the effect of microstructure feature on the local deformation of aluminum specimen during fracture test. Three-point bending test of aluminum specimen was conducted inside a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging system. The crack tip deformation was measured in situ utilizing SEM imaging capabilities and the digital image correlation (DIC) full-field deformation measurement technique. The microstructure feature at the crack tip was examined to understand its effect on the local deformation fields. Microscale pattern that was suitable for the DIC technique was generated on the specimen surface using sputter coating through a copper mesh before the fracture test. A series of SEM images of the specimen surface were acquired using in situ backscattered electronic imaging (BEI) mode during the test. The DIC technique was then applied to these SEM images to calculate the full-field deformation around the crack tip. The grain orientation map at the same location was obtained from electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), which was superimposed on a DIC strain map to study the relationship between the microstructure feature and the evolution of plastic deformation at the crack tip. This approach enables to track the initiation and evolution of plastic deformation in grains adjacent to the crack tip. Furthermore, bifurcation of the crack due to intragranular and intergranular crack growth was observed. There was also localization of strain along a grain boundary ahead of and parallel to the crack after the maximum load was reached, which was a characteristic of Dugdale–Barenblatt strip-yield zone. Thus, it appears that there is a mixture of effects in the fracture process zone at the crack tip where the weaker aspects of the grain boundary controls the growth of the crack and the more ductile aspects of the grains themselves dissipate the energy and the corresponding strain level available for these processes through plastic work.