Electric field behavior near a zero-angle contact point in the presence of surface conductivity

The paper describes the electric field behavior near a contact point in various arrangements with a zero contact angle when surface conductivity is present on a solid surface. Electric field distributions are calculated for arrangements with three contact conditions: point, line, and surface contact. We focus on the effect of surface conductivity on the electric field. It is found that the presence of surface conductivity results in electric field intensification. Similar to the effect of volume conductivity, when the surface conductivity is higher than a certain value, a change in the position of the peak electric field takes place. The effect of the surface conductivity is noticeable for values as low as 0.8 nS.     

Analysis of the electric field and force in an arrangement of a conducting sphere and a plane electrode with a dielectric barrier

This paper presents an analysis of the electric field and dielectrophoretic force in an arrangement consisting of an uncharged conducting sphere and a plane electrode with a dielectric barrier. The electric field is calculated by using the method of multipole images using an iterative algorithm proposed for calculating the images of the dielectric barrier of finite thickness. The calculation results show electric field intensification due to the presence of the dielectric barrier having higher permittivity, /spl epsiv//sub S/, than that of the surrounding medium, /spl epsiv//sub E/; however, if the barrier is separated from the conducting sphere by at least the sphere radius, its influence is negligible. Inside the dielectric barrier, the electric field on the axis of symmetry becomes more uniform and the average field significantly increases with decreasing its thickness. For a case where dielectric barrier is sufficiently thin, the electric field at the contact point and the force on the conducting sphere vary approximately as power functions of /spl epsiv//sub S///spl epsiv//sub E/.     

500 kV直流GIL支撑绝缘子的电场优化

随着电网建设的日益深入,直流气体绝缘金属封闭输电管道(GIL)由于可用在高电压、大容量的场合,用作经济的长距离输电线路而被提上研究日程。直流GIL支撑绝缘子的沿面闪络很大程度上是由表面电荷积聚引起的。直流下GIL的内部稳态电场分布主要受环氧树脂固体绝缘的电导率和形状控制。以500 kV直流GIL为计算模型,借助COMSOL软件,研究了GIL中支撑绝缘子的形状、体积电导率和表面电导率对电场分布的影响。研究认为,半圆锥式绝缘子的电场分布是最优化的,绝缘子的体积电导率对其电场分布影响不大,通过控制绝缘子表面电导率,可以控制和优化直流GIL中绝缘子沿面电场分布。     

憎水性表面水珠的电场计算及放电研究

用ANSYS有限元分析软件对不均匀电场(针-板电极)中憎水性表面分离水珠的电场进行了计算,比较了无水珠、单个水珠以及多个水珠存在时憎水性表面沿面电场分布的变化情况,计算出水珠存在引起固、液、气三重介质连接点处的畸变,且水珠的存在对强场区电场的畸变作用更显著。同时在实验室中进行了模拟试验,用10000帧/s的高速数字摄影仪对整个放电过程进行了全程捕捉。结果表明,人工布液方式下憎水性表面分离水珠的放电是存在明显熄灭重燃现象并由两端向中间发展并沿水珠顶部贯通的细小电弧连接所致。     

Numerical calculation of electric fields with a floating conductor

The paper gives the formulations in calculating electric fields by the charge simulation method, which involve a floating conductor in touch with two dielectric media. In such composite dielectric arrangements, the additional equation necessary for solving a floating potential is totally different from the one in single dielectric cases. The paper also describes the formulation for a solid dielectric with volume or surface conduction (leakage)     

35kV触头盒电场计算及优化设计

为解决35 kV开关柜触头盒存在局部电场过高、电场分布不均匀的问题,利用Ansoft软件包建立有限元模型,对触头盒的电场分布进行仿真计算,得到了电场分布图、场中的电场强度的最大值、典型位置的电场分布曲线;讨论了电场分布的一些特征,为触头盒结构优化设计的改进提供参考;通过比较其最大场强值,优化出最佳方案。根据仿真结果,采用在触头与内腔连接处涂刷半导体漆改进触头盒结构,从而使电场局部集中问题得到改善,使电场分布更加均匀。     

Electrical environment surrounding microbes exposed to pulsedelectric fields

Inactivation of microbes by the application of intense pulsed electric fields (≃10 to 40 kV/cm) could result in low-temperature pasteurization of liquid foods. Advantages over conventional heat pasteurization include longer shelf-life, better flavor, and less enzyme damage. Numerical modeling of electrical parameters near the microbe during exposure to these intense electric fields is described. The continuity equation describes movement of positive and negative ions while Gauss's law yields the electric field after movement of the ions. One negative ionic species and one positive ionic species are assumed to be in the suspension fluid and protoplasm of the microbe. The microbe membrane is modeled as a nonconducting dielectric. With application of unidirectional electric fields, free volume and free surface charge densities form along the membrane. Comparison is made with a uniform conductivity model and it is shown that significant differences exist in parameters such as ion concentration, free surface charge density, free volume charge density, heat sources due to conduction current, and ionic injection at membrane surfaces     

真空中典型沿面绝缘结构的电场分析

在高电压作用下,由复合绝缘介质构成的沿面绝缘结构的耐电强度远低于其绝缘材料自身的击穿场强,这一现象与其电场的分布特点密切相关。笔者针对真空中平行平板、平面和棒-板电极系统等多种典型沿面绝缘结构的电场分布进行了仿真计算,探讨了电极-介质结合处的间隙、圆台形绝缘子的圆锥角角度、平面电极的高度以及绝缘子介电常数等因素对电场分布的影响。仿真结果表明,接触间隙的存在导致局部电场的加强和电场方向的变化,间隙宽度越大、高度越小,间隙处电场畸变越大;圆锥角越大,绝缘子的介电常数越大,场强畸变也越大。该分析结果有利于真空中沿面绝缘结构的设计。     

A finite-element analysis of the electrostatic force on a uniformlycharged dielectric sphere resting on a dielectric-coated electrode in adetaching electric field

In the electrophotographic process, charged toner particles are transferred from one surface to another with an electric field. To enable electric field transfer of toner, the externally applied field strength must be greater than a threshold value, so that the Coulomb force can overcome the toner adhesion force at the supporting surface. In this paper, the threshold field strength to detach a charged dielectric particle is determined efficiently by using the Galerkin finite-element method to simultaneously solve the Laplace equation for the field distribution and an overall constraint equation for the force balance. This computational method also enables calculation of the electrostatic adhesion force and is applicable to various particle-electrode configurations. For illustrative purposes, however, we consider the axisymmetric problem of electric field detachment of a dielectric sphere with uniform surface charge resting on a planar dielectric-coated electrode. The analysis is particularly focused on the dependence of the electrostatic force upon the dielectric overcoating thickness and spacing between parallel plate electrodes. The electrostatic force on a uniformly charged particle in contact with a surface is found to be influenced significantly by the thickness of dielectric overcoating and the spacing between electrodes when either becomes less than five times the particle radius     

Triple‐junction effect and its electric field relaxation in three dielectrics

This paper analyzes the electric field distribution near a wedge‐like edge in arrangements consisting of three dielectrics using analytical and numerical methods. The electric potential behaves exponentially as rⁿ (r is the distance from the edge) near the edge, leading to an infinitely high field with decreasing r for all cases. The value of the analytically derived exponent n agreed well with that obtained from the numerical field calculations. It has also been demonstrated that rounded contact of the spacer with a zero contact angle can make the electric field constant without showing an exponential rise near the edge. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(1): 1– 8, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20670     

Charging characteristics and electric field distribution on alumina as affected by triple junctions in vacuum

This paper describes the dependence of the charging characteristics on the electric field distribution on the alumina (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/) surface as affected by the triple junction in vacuum. For HV electrical insulation design of vacuum interrupter, surface flashover in vacuum is very important problem to be solved. Attention should be paid to the fact that the insulation characteristics on the dielectric surface are strongly influenced by field emission of electrons from the triple junction and the accumulated charges on the dielectric surface. In order to clarify the charging mechanism, we measured the charging characteristics for various types of triple junctions. In particular, we focused on the influence of the electric field distribution along the solid dielectrics and near the cathode triple junction (CTJ) on the charging characteristics. The results confirmed that the electric field distribution strongly affected the 2-dimensional (2D) distribution of the surface charge on the dielectric sample. Consequently, it was found that positive charging was generated on alumina, when the incident angle of the electric line of force on the alumina surface became >60/spl deg/.     

表面电荷法在复杂地势下超高压输电线路的工频电场计算

为了更准确地研究超高压输电线路穿越较复杂地区时的工频电场,利用表面电荷法的思想,给出了该方法的实施步骤并进行了验证。综合考虑了输电线路的弧垂,建立了复杂地势三角坡和凸面的三维模型,并仿真分析了其周围工频电场的分布。研究结果表明:1三角坡和凸面对输电线路下的工频电场影响较明显;2随着三角坡坡角的增大场强值畸变越大,且使临近三角坡坡脚处场强值减少越大;3不同的输电线排列方式下,复杂地势周围的工频电场畸变不同,倒三角排列下其值畸变大于其他排列。该仿真结果可为复杂地势下输电线路的架设提供参考依据。     

环境湿度对输电线路下方空间电场测量结果的影响

为了研究高湿度地区工频电场强度测量值偏大的问题,本文从环境湿度对测量系统的绝缘木支架电气特性参数的影响入手,用复介电常数描述木支架的电气特性,建立了准静态场的求解模型,应用有限元法求解了输电线路下方的空间电场分布,以数值模拟的方法获得了环境湿度对空间电场测量结果的影响规律。研究表明,在实际工况中环境湿度通过改变木支架含水率影响了支架的导电特性,导致支架附近的空间电场发生畸变,是引起电场强度增大的主要因素。提出了为高湿度地区的紧急工频电场强度测试时利用金属支架测量并修正结果的方法。     

Simulation of streamer discharges as finitely conducting channels

This paper presents a two-dimensional simulation of positive streamers in air at atmospheric pressure in a quasi-uniform electric field. A streamer is assumed to consist of a hemispherical tip and a finitely conducting cylindrical channel with a constant axial potential gradient. The model predicts that E_g~450 kV/m and the radius is r~50 μm in air at standard atmospheric conditions. Moreover, the estimated number of positive ions in the streamer head of stably propagating streamers, agrees with estimations based on more advanced streamer models. The model is used to predict the behavior of streamers in electrical discharges in a semiuniform electric field and good agreement is found between experiment and theory. The computer simulation of such a simplistic model could be applied to predict the behavior of streamer discharges in complex electrode arrangements, including dielectric surfaces     

同轴电极下非线性绝缘介质阶跃响应仿真分析

为了验证非线性绝缘材料在非均匀电极结构下均化电场分布的内在机理,以典型非均匀电极结构(同轴电极)下填充电导率为非线性的绝缘介质所构成的绝缘结构为研究对象,采用有限元软件ElecNet仿真分析了不同幅值阶跃电压作用下非线性绝缘介质中瞬态响应的空间分布,得到的非线性绝缘介质内部空间电荷的分布揭露了非线性绝缘介质能自行均化电场的根本原因是空间电荷效应。稳态电场的计算结果表明:阶跃电压幅值越高,绝缘介质非线性程度越高,电场改善的程度越好。     

Motion of conducting particles causing inadvertent outages in GIS

Inadvertent failure of a HV gas-insulated system (GIS) is traced to a seemingly innocuous mechanism in particle-induced breakdown. Impending dangers from inconspicuous conducting particles in a large physical system are quite intriguing. The dynamic behavior of the particle due to electric field/particle/fluid medium interaction is a complex phenomenon. To understand this interaction a credible database has been generated for the field-induced motion of the particles on a physical prototype model. Induced surface charge acquired by the particle is calculated based on the proposed model (field calculations) and by considering it to be a prolate ellipsoid. Methods for deactivating potentially dynamic particles using dielectric coated active parts and grounded enclosures, and a novel technique called reverse polarity charging have been suggested. Performance of GIS in the presence of metallic particles has been studied with bare electrodes and with dielectric coatings of different conductivities with a view to obtain an optimal value of the conductivity     

混合编程法及其在绝缘子电场和电位分析中的应用

室温硫化硅橡胶防污闪涂料在电力系统外绝缘中有着广泛的应用,有必要分析它对电场和电位分布的影响。分析不同厚度情况下硅橡胶涂层的电阻率和相对介电常数对绝缘子附近最大强场、沿面电场和电位的影响。采用Matlab与ANSYS混合编程的方法实现了绝缘子的自动建模,采用C++Builder(BCB)与ANSYS混合编程的方法实现了自动导出lis文件,节省了工作量和后续处理时间,同时使用Matlab对lis文件处理获得沿面的场强和电位。研究结果表明:瓷支柱绝缘子喷涂硅橡胶后无论是最大场强还是局部细节场强均未见明显变化;随涂层厚度、相对介电常数增加最大场强略有减少,但变化程度非常小,沿面平均场强略有增加;随电阻率的变化最大场强和沿面平均场强基本不变。电阻率、介电常数和厚度正常的取值范围内时硅橡胶涂层对绝缘子及附近电场畸变造成的影响可以忽略。     

Wide-band modeling of photoinduced carriers at the end of anopen-ended microstrip line

This paper presents a wide-band model describing the behavior of an open-ended microstrip line illuminated at its termination. The photoinduced carriers create a plasma at the end of the line, which modifies the complex dielectric constant and, therefore, also the field configuration. The perturbation due to the illumination is modeled by an optically controllable termination load. Its analytical expression is obtained from the integration of the conductivity predicted by the plasma theory. Measurements made on devices fabricated on a silicon substrate validate the model from 0.01 to 20 GHz for an illumination power density of 4 mW/mm² at a wavelength of 685 nm. The validation includes the extraction of the characteristic impedance, which is a complex value because of the low resistivity wafers used (≈250Ω·cm)     

Optical, electrical and electromechanical measurement methodologiesof field, charge and polarization in dielectrics

A selective review is presented of the use of optical, electrical, and electromechanical measurement methodologies of the electric field, charge, conductivity, and permittivity in dielectrics. Kerr electro-optic measurements are presented to demonstrate how volume charge distributions can distort the electric field distribution significantly and how the field and charge distributions depend on dielectric and electrode materials and geometry, and on voltage magnitude, polarity, and time duration. A new class of interdigital dielectrometry sensors is reviewed which from one side can measure profiles in dielectric permittivity and conductivity and related physical properties such as moisture content. Electromechanical devices such as the absolute charge sensor, a flow loop, and the couette charger (cc) with a rotating cylindrical electrode are reviewed for their applications in liquid flow electrification measurements     

Abnormality of electric field at a wedgelike edge of a conductor or a dielectric interface and methods for its relaxation

Abnormal electric field appears at a wedgelike edge of a conductor (electrode) or a dielectric interface, which usually becomes infinitely high. This paper analyzes the electric field near such an edge by the analytical variable separation method and by the numerical one of the charge simulation method. The analysis focuses on the special conditions where the electric field becomes zero at an edge. These conditions are important for the insulation design to suppress the discharge inception at such edges of conductors and dielectric interfaces. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(1): 1–8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20280