炸药爆轰时的能量释放

炸药的一个重要特征就是在一定的外界作用下能发生爆轰化学反应,在极短的时间内放出巨大的能量,使爆轰产物达到极高的温度和压力而完成破坏或抛掷作用。单位质量炸药在爆轰时放出的能量叫爆轰能(E_d),这一能量如用热量的单位表示就叫作爆轰热(Q_d)。目前已经能够用实验的方法,测定炸药爆轰后产物在一定条件下冷却到室温时放出的热     

炸药爆轰时的能量释放

炸药的一个重要特征就是在一定的外界作用下能发生爆轰化学反应,在极短的时间内放出巨大的能量,使爆轰产物达到极高的温度和压力而完成破坏或抛掷作用。单位质量炸药在爆轰时放出的能量叫爆轰能(E_d),这一能量如用热量的单位表示就叫作爆轰热(Q_d)。目前已经能够用实验的方法,测定炸药爆轰后产物在一定条件下冷却到室温时放出的热量。为了和前面所讲的爆轰热相区别,习惯上把这一实验测定的热值称之为爆热(或爆炸热、爆破热)(Q_e)。     

含铝炸药爆炸光辐射能量输出特性研究

通过爆炸光辐射特性试验研究,获取了含铝炸药装药在不同反应阶段的可见光、红外光时程曲线,计算了不同波段光辐射的能量利用率;基于含铝炸药的爆炸能量输出结构,分析了含铝炸药爆炸光辐射能量输出特性和激发特性规律。结果表明,可见光、中波红外和长波红外3个频段的光辐射强度分别在含铝炸药爆炸爆轰反应阶段、无氧燃烧反应阶段和有氧燃烧反应阶段达到最大峰值,与不同阶段的反应机制和释能特性吻合;含铝炸药常规爆炸的光辐射在试验工况测量波段的能量利用率为5.91%,与核爆炸模式的光辐射转化率存在数量级上的差异,但通过优化炸药配方设计和复合装药结构等技术途径仍可能有较大的提升空间,可为光电对抗提供新型技术途径。     

EAK基熔铸分子间炸药的能量和撞击感度

通过水下爆炸试验研究了RDX和HMX对EAK基熔铸分子间炸药水下能量的影响。结果表明,RDX和HMX对EAK基混合炸药起到明显的增能作用,但对含铝和非含铝体系有不同的作用效果。爆速和撞击感度测定表明,EAK—RDX混合炸药爆轰的理想化程度和稳定性及撞击感度随RDX含量的增加而增加。从能量和撞击感度两个方面综合考虑,RDX的较佳加入量应为20％～30％。     

树脂微球对乳化炸药爆轰性能影响的实验研究

为了研究新型敏化剂树脂微球对乳化炸药爆轰性能影响,分别使用树脂微球、膨胀珍珠岩和化学气泡敏化的方式对制备的乳胶基质进行敏化,得到三种不同类型的乳化炸药。利用电测法和水下爆炸能量法对其爆轰性能进行了实验研究。结果表明,在相同条件下,树脂微球敏化的乳化炸药的爆速和水下爆炸能量值都最大,膨胀珍珠岩敏化的乳化炸药次之,化学敏化的最小。由此可以看出,树脂微球作为一种新型乳化炸药敏化剂,在一定的条件下,具有较好的应用前景。     

金属柱壳约束对非理想炸药驱动效率的影响

通过分析金属柱壳在内部炸药滑移爆轰作用下的动力学响应,建立了爆轰产物压力与壳体径向膨胀位移、材料动态屈服强度之间的关系式。基于Taylor假定确定了壳体完全破裂时爆轰产物压力的阈值。以两种具有相近格尼系数的RDX基含铝炸药为例,对该模型的适用性进行了验证。结果表明,相同壳体下,与无硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药相比,含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药的驱动能量利用率具有明显优势。当壳体材料动态屈服强度从0.2GPa增至0.8GPa时,其有效作功能的相对增量约从7.5%迅速增大至15.2%,符合战斗部实际应用中的趋势,表明该分析模型可用于非理想炸药驱动作功性能的综合评价。     

爆轰化学:非理想炸药中的扩散控制

炸药的性能既是爆轰波阵面附近所释放的峰值能量的函数,又是泰勒(Taylor)波期间释放的余能的函数。爆轰波阵面和膨胀之间能量的相对分配以及膨胀中能量释放的速率可能受化学动力学过程或扩散过程的支配。爆轰量热法已是研究这些过程所用的主要实验方法。对硝铵(AN)和梯恩梯(TNT)的一些配方,确定了总的能量释放;也确定了膨胀等熵线上一点或一个区域爆轰产物的定量分析。在这些配方中,组份和AN的颗粒大小都是变化的。为进一步洞察反应区中或其附近发生的反应,对选用的炸药也应用了同位素示踪法。在一种理想均质炸药中,做了类似的实验。     

爆轰化学:非理想炸药中的扩散控制

炸药的性能既是爆轰波阵面附近所释放的峰值能量的函数,又是泰勒(Taylor)波期间释放的余能的函数。爆轰波阵面和膨胀之间能量的相对分配以及膨胀中能量释放的速率可能受化学动力学过程或扩散过程的支配。爆轰量热法已是研究这些过程所用的主要实验方法。对硝铵(AN)和梯恩梯(TNT)的一些配方,确定了总的能量释放;也确定了膨胀等熵线上一点或一个区域爆轰产物的定量分析。在这些配方中,组份和AN的颗粒大小都是变化的。为进一步洞察反应区中或其附近发生的反应,对选用的炸药也应用了同位素示踪法。在一种理想均质炸药中,做了类似的实验。     

不同敏化材料对乳化炸药爆炸性能的研究

通过添加中空玻璃微球(CGM)和中空聚合物微球(CPM)两种不同敏化材料,制备两种不同乳化炸药,并对其爆速和密度、孔隙率的关系以及爆压进行了对比分析,研究表明,乳化炸药的爆速和密度呈现非线性关系,在同一密度下,CPM对乳化炸药的敏化效果比CGM好,且爆轰波在乳化炸药中传播时,被测炸药中CPM的爆压也略大于CGM的爆压。此外,综合对比爆速和爆压,表明乳化炸药孔隙率对爆轰性能具有重要影响,即一定条件下当孔隙率较大时可得到较大爆速和爆压,当孔隙率较小时,体系不具备雷管感度,不能起爆。此结果可为今后乳化炸药敏化发展提供指导作用。     

炸药的加速金属能力与分子结构关系的探讨

根据炸药分子结构的特点,应用量子力学原理和化学动力学的观点,探讨了炸药的分子结构与其在爆轰过程中能量释放速率之间的关系及炸药的分子结构与其加速金属能力之间的关系,发现共轭炸药具有能量释放快的特点,非共轭炸药具有持续加速金属的特性,高能量和能量释放快是炸药具有优越加速能力的必要条件,高能量、高密度共轭炸药是值得探索的一类炸药。     

Energy release of mixed explosives during propagation of a nonideal detonation under conditions similar to the operation conditions of a blasthole charge

Detonation experiments were performed in a specially developed explosive device simulating a blasthole using charges of fine-grained and coarse-grained (granular) 30/70 TNT/ammonium nitrate mixtures of identical density 0.89 g/cm³ in steel shells with an inner diameter of 28 mm and a wall thickness of 3 mm at detonation velocities of 4.13 and 2.13 km/sec, respectively. Despite significant differences in detonation velocity (pressure), identical expansion of the charge shells was observed. On the other hand, numerical simulations of detonation propagation in the explosive device with the corresponding velocities ignoring the possibility of energy release behind the shock front show that the expansion of the charge shell is always greater in the case of a high-velocity regime. It is concluded that under the conditions simulating detonation propagation and the work of explosion products in a blasthole, effective additional energy release occurs behind the low-velocity (nonideal) detonation front. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 111–120, July–August, 2007.     

基于BKW状态方程的爆轰产物及参数的改进算法

为了降低爆轰产物及爆轰参数的求解难度,通过对质量守恒方程的基本可行解进行线性组合,得到了爆轰产物的平衡组成,并在此基础上进一步获得了爆轰参数。其主要实现方法为:由最小自由能原理对基本可行解进行筛选,然后根据最大放热原则确定初始解,并在最小自由能原则的引导下,由初始解和基本可行解的线性组合获得爆轰产物的平衡组成,以上操作步骤均由自编程序完成。应用支持向量机(SVM)线性模型对BKW状态方程参数进行了调整,并详细介绍了其主要步骤。使用此方法预测了PETN、CL-20和含铝炸药的爆轰产物及爆轰参数,经参数调整后,发现预测结果与实验值吻合良好;通过与单质炸药爆轰实验数据对比,发现调整BKW状态方程参数时,应当尽可能使用爆轰产物中气体含量相近的含能材料对SVM模型进行训练;若预测含铝炸药,应当使用铝氧比接近待测炸药的样品来训练SVM模型。     

Numerical Modeling Evaluation of Underwater Energies

The underwater detonation of explosives has been modeled using the one-dimensional code SIN. Conditions for the modeling are carefully chosen so that equilibrium product isentropes calculated with BKW equation of state can be used with enough accuracy. The characteristics of the shock wave and gas bubble pulsation are used for the evaluation of underwater energies. Values of the shock wave and bubble parameters obtained, and of the shock and bubble energies, are compared with data available from literature for both ideal and non-ideal explosives. The modeling appears to be able to predict fairly accurately the underwater energies of explosives with quasi-ideal behavior, while it overestimates energies of non-ideal compositions, particularly the shock energy.     

金属-氟聚物机械活化含能材料的研究进展

从金属-氟聚物机械活化含能材料(MAECs)的最新发展出发,介绍了金属-氟聚物的能量特性,分析了该类材料的能量优势及释能机理;总结了微米级金属-氟聚物的典型缺点为组分间的扩散距离较大导致的能量释放速率低;对比了纳米铝粉的使用、反应材料微器件的设计、机械活化处理等能量释放速率调节方法,分析了机械活化工艺的优越性;综述了金属-氟聚物机械活化含能材料在机械活化工艺、反应机制、爆轰性能及其应用方面的研究状况;评述了金属-氟聚物机械活化含能材料的研究现状和不足,对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。附参考文献64篇。     

An empirical confinement model for ANFO explosive

Ammonium-nitrate-fuel-oil (ANFO) explosive, one of the most used mining explosives, exhibits highly non-ideal behaviour. The non-ideality of the detonation is manifested in the strong dependence of the detonation velocity on the charge radius and existence and the characteristics of confinement. This can lead to the detonation velocities as low as one-third of the ideal velocity. The literature reported experimental detonation velocities of cylindrical ANFO charges confined in different confiners (aluminium, copper, steel, polymethyl methacrylate, and polyvinyl chloride) are analysed in this paper. An empirical confinement model, which relates the detonation velocity to the charge radius and the mass of the confiner to the mass of explosive ratio per unit length, is proposed. The model predicts the detonation velocity of unconfined and confined ANFO charges with a mean average percentage error of 8.8 %.     

RDX基铝薄膜炸药与铝粉炸药水下爆炸性能比较

为了减少铝粉炸药在生产过程中因铝粉对环境污染,降低铝粉炸药的撞击感度,提高含铝炸药的成型性及力学性能,将RDX用铝薄膜分层包裹得到新型的铝薄膜混合炸药。将铝薄膜混合炸药与铝粉炸药进行水下爆炸实验与爆速实验,得到两种炸药的爆速与压力时程曲线,经过分析计算得到两种炸药的压力峰值、冲量、冲击波能、气泡脉动周期与气泡能。结果表明：铝薄膜炸药药柱的轴向为RDX与铝薄膜独立贯通的结构,有利于降低混合炸药中添加物对基体炸药爆轰波传播的影响,从而使铝薄膜混合炸药的爆速高于铝粉炸药,导致铝薄膜炸药的冲击波损失系数高于铝粉炸药,使铝薄膜混合炸药的总能量、比气泡能与铝粉炸药相当情况下,其比冲击波能却降低了10.16%～10.33%,计算过程说明铝薄膜混合炸药的C-J压力计算公式具有合理性。     

Effect of AP distribution on energy release characteristics and functional force of HMX/AP/Al explosives

In order to understand the reaction kinetics of HMX/AP/Al ternary system, the different distribution of AP in HMX/AP/Al explosives was realized by two different preparation techniques. Detonation test results show that the detonation velocity, explosion heat and detonation pressure of HAP samples are higher than those of HAl samples, but the extent of improvement is not high, not more than 5 %. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that AP in HAP samples was distributed on the surface of HMX crystal. AP were dispersed around HMX crystals in HAl samples. The experimental results of explosive fireball performance show that the fireball expansion speed of HAP samples is better than that of HAl samples, demonstrating a good fireball effect. Underwater test results show that the shock wave peak pressure and bubble pulsation period of HAP samples increase by 3.06 % and 7.95 % respectively, and shock wave energy and bubble energy increase by 9.8 % and 25.42 % compared with bubble energy. The experimental results show that HAP samples are superior to HAl samples in accelerating ability of Al flies. The dispersion of AP on the HMX crystal surface promotes the energy release of HMX/AP/Al explosives more.     

氮杂双环硝胺类含能材料的分子结构与性能的关系

使用Gaussian03软件,采用密度泛函理论(DFT)在B3LPY/6-31++G(d,p)计算精度下,计算并研究了9个具有不同官能团以及母环结构的氮杂双环硝胺类含能化合物的分子结构,分析了其结构与性能的关系,优化了几何构型,通过计算得到了分子体积、能量等;以此为基础计算了该系列材料的密度、爆轰性能以及感度等数据。通过比较分子结构,从密度、生成热、爆轰性能以及撞击感度等方面,研究了不同官能团以及环系结构对该类含能材料性能的影响;通过对比得到了对双环硝胺化合物有利的官能团及结构。结果表明,双环硝胺结构有利于稳定结构以及形成紧凑的空间排布,并提高化合物的撞击感度及密度;同时,羰基的引入以及接近零氧平衡是提高该类含能材料爆炸性能的技术途径。     

Numerical simulation of the influence of tube diameter on detonation regime and structure in mixtures with two-step energy release and double cellular structure

We present the results of a numerical study of the detonation structure in a reactive mixture whose chemical energy is released in two steps of very different characteristic times. Detonation in these mixtures exhibits a double detonation cellular structure. By decreasing the detonation tube diameter, several detonation structures are successively obtained: a multiheaded double cellular structure, a double cellular structure with a spinning mode of the transverse wave of the second exothermic step, a single cellular structure, and a spinning mode of the transverse wave of the first step. This is the first three-dimensional numerical investigation of such mixtures. Although a lack of resolution does not allow a resolution of the fine structure at the beginning of the large detonation cells, the results agree qualitatively with experiments. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 101–108, July–August, 2009.