Response ofAedes triseriatus larvae to fatty acids ofCladophora

The activity of a methanol extract residue fromCladophora glomerata against larvae ofAedes triseriatus is confirmed. Fractionation of this residue by solubility in solvents of varying polarity is monitored by bioassay withA. triseriatus larvae. The presence of fatty acids in the active hexane soluble fraction and saponified material obtained therefrom is indicated by¹H NMR and IR. The identification of the individual fatty acids is achieved by co-injection and mass GLC of their methyl esters. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are screened against larvae and the LD₅₀ values of the most active acids are determined. The LD₅₀ of capric [100], lauric [120], myristic [140] and palmitoleic [161 (9c)] are 14,7, 4 and 3ppm respectively. The most active acids 120, 140 and 161 (9c) are present in all the fractions examined and are released to water by the powdered alga at pH 8.5.     

Crystal structure and size distribution of Pt-Cu-Fe alloy clusters supported on carbon black

Carbon supported alloy electrocatalysts based on Pt, Cu and Fe (atomic ratios PtCuFe=211 and 611) are prepared at various alloying temperatures and are characterized by XRD and TEM techniques. Powder XRD analyses show that Pt₆CuFe clusters form a face-centered cubic structure (AuCu₃ type), while Pt₂CuFe clusters form an ordered alloy with a facecentered tetragonal structure (AuCu type) at higher temperature than 700C. Transmission electron micrographs reveal that the size of metal clusters increases gradually and size distribution becomes broader, as alloying temperature increases from 500 to 1100C.     

Oxidation of limonene catalyzed by MnIII(Salen)Cl-H2O

The cationic Mn^III(Salen) complex was proved to be an effective catalyst for the oxidation of limonene with iodosobenzene as terminal oxidant. For reactions conducted in CH₂Cl₂ at rt, with molar ratio of 1 0.05 1 (limonene: catalyst: iodosobenzene) limonene oxidation does occur with an optimal conversion of 60%. The major products according to HRGC-MS and HRGC-IR analyses were cis- and trans-l,2-epoxylimonene (30% and 16.7%, selectivity, respectively), the two diastereoisomers of 1p-menthen-9-al (20% selectivity), and carvone (10% selectivity). A turnover of 60 was observed at 1 0.01 1 ratio. The higher selectivity toward epoxide formation supports the rebound oxygen mechanism.     

Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas

Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas has been carried out over a number of transition metal catalysts under a range of conditions. It is found that the metals Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt, either supported on alumina or present in mixed metal oxide precursors, will bring the system to equilibrium. The yield of CO and H2 improves with increasing temperature in the range 650–1050 K, and decreases with increasing pressure between 1 and 20 atm. An excellent yield (92%) is obtained with a 421 N₂CH₄O₂ ratio at 1050 K and atmospheric pressure, with a space velocity of 4×10⁴ hour^–1.     

Identification and field testing of female-produced sex pheromone components of the spring cankerworm,Paleacrita vernata Peck (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Two sex pheromone components, 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-19 H), and 3(Z),6(Z),9(Z)-eicosatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-20 H), have been positively identified, and a third component, 6(Z),9(Z)-nonadecadiene (6(Z),9(Z)-19 H) has been tentatively identified from abdominal tip extracts of female spring cankerworm moths,Paleacrita vernata Peck (Lepidoptera Geometridae). The pheromone components were identified by a combination of gas chromatography, electroantennography, mass spectrometry, chemical tests, comparison with standards, and field testing. Only 3Z,6Z,9Z-20 H exhibited significant attractant activity when tested alone, and it was potentiated by the other two components. The attractive blend was an 821 ratio of 3Z,6Z,9Z-20H/3Z,6Z,9Z-19H/6Z,9Z-19H. However, the two-component blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-20 H and 6Z,9Z-19 H (81 ratio) was as attractive as the three-component blend in further field tests. A series of related compounds, the diene monoepoxides available from epoxidation of C₁₉ and C₂₀ 3Z,6Z,9Z-trienes, some of which have been found in the pheromone blends of other moth species, were tested as behavioral antagonists. The attraction of male moths to synthetic lures was suppressed by the addition of 6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-nonadecadiene to the lures. Additional experiments were performed to determine the effects of lure dosage, trap height, and trap design on the numbers of male moths captured.Issued as NRCC 30711.     

31P and119Sn high resolution solid state CP/MAS NMR study of Al2O3-SnO2 systems

A series of Al₂O₃-SnO₂ catalysts with the mole ratio of Al₂O₃ to SnO₂ equal to 1:1, 1 0.5, 1 0.1, 1 0.05 and 1 0.01 were characterized by³¹P NMR of adsorbed trimethyl phosphine (TMP) and¹¹⁹Sn MAS NMR spectroscopy. It was found from³¹P NMR that no Brønsted acid sites exist in these samples. Pure SnO₂ shows two different types of Lewis acid sites; in the mixed oxide samples a Lewis peak characteristic of pure Al₂O₃ is always seen, together with either one or two other Lewis peaks, depending on the Sn concentration.¹¹⁹Sn CP/MAS NMR spectra of the highest Sn-content sample show one narrow line at –603 ppm superimposed on a very broad line, indicating a strong interaction between Al and Sn oxides.     

Selective vapor phase hydroformylation of ethylene over cluster-derived cobalt catalyst

Vapor phase hydroformylation of ethylene was studied with silica-supported metal catalysts. A cobalt metal catalyst derived from Co₂(CO)₈ gave propanal and its derivatives in as high selectivity of about 36% as Rh/SiO₂ catalyst under the reaction conditions of 1.1 MPa of a gas-mixture of ArCOC₂H₄H₂ = 1333 at 423–503 K. On the other hand, conventional cobalt catalysts derived from cobalt nitrate, chloride, or acetate, and other noble metal catalysts (Pd/SiO₂ and Ir/SiO₂) produced mainly ethane.     

Structural studies of Pt-Sn catalysts on high and low surface area alumina supports

For a series of catalysts containing 1 wt. % Pt and SnPt ratios ranging from ca. 1 to 8, the only crystalline alloy phase detected by XRD was SnPt (11). The XRD intensity of lines for the SnPt (11) alloy phase increase with increasing SnPt ratios, indicating the presence of unalloyed Pt in the samples containing low tin loadings.     

Behavioral responses of maleArgyrotaenia velutinana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to components of its sex pheromone

Males of the redbanded leafroller,Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), were studied for their behavioral responses in laboratory olfactometers and in the field to the 3 components of the female-produced sex pheromone:cis-11-tetradecenyl acetate (c11–14Ac),trans-11-tetradecenyl acetate (t11–14Ac), and dodecyl acetate (12Ac). Dodecyl acetate, when evaporated with c11–14Ac (8%trans) in the field, modified the behavior of feral males nearby the chemical source, causing an increase in the frequency of landing and close approach to the pheromone dispenser. Apparently, an inflight behavioral modification concerning landing or not landing occurs within 60 cm of the source and is mediated by 12Ac. In laboratory olfactometers, c11–14Ac (8%trans) demonstrated a lower threshold for male activation than pure c11- and t11–14Ac and blends of the two isomers. Additionally, over a wide range of dosages, males responded with optimum wing-fanning response to c11–14Ac (8%trans) compared to pure c11–14Ac, c11–14:Ac (30%trans), and pure t11–14Ac, suggesting that thecistrans ratio rather than absolute amounts of either isomer, is a crucial factor in eliciting male response. When presented with c11–14Ac (8%trans) (11), dodecyl acetate caused a significant prolongation of wing-fanning over c11–14Ac (8%trans) alone and resulted in a greater percentage of males moving upwind to the source. Since the increase in wing-fanning and orientation occurred at higher concentrations of the 3-component mixture, the effect of 12Ac in the laboratory may reflect the close-range role of 12Ac in the field.     

Response of male potato stem borer moths,Hydraecia micacea (Esper) to conspecific females and synthetic pheromone blends in the laboratory and field

Behavior of males ofHydraecia micacea (Esper) responding to virgin females and to synthetic pheromone blends were investigated in a laboratory wind tunnel. The synthetic blend consisted of saturated 14Ac (68.9%),Z9–14Ac (3.4%),E11–14Ac (14.6%), andZ11–14Ac (13.1%). Virgin females were significantly better lures than the four-component synthetic blend for most behaviors. By deleting components individually from the four-component blend,Z9–14Ac,Z11–14Ac, and saturated 14Ac were found to be necessary for communication butE11–14Ac was found to have no effect on typical pheromone-mediated reproductive behaviors. Close-range studies suggested that chemicals of low volatility, released from moths, were important in eliciting copulation attempts. Field studies reinforced laboratory findings regarding the effectiveness of different lures and indicated thatHeliothis traps were the most effective for monitoring.     

Zirconium tetra-n-butylate modified with different organic acids: Hydrolysis and polymerization of the products

In this work; (a) complexation reaction of zirconium tetra-n-butylate, Zr(OBu ⁿ )₄, with MAc and different organic acids. (b) the hydrolysis reaction of modified Zr species, and (c) the polymerization reaction of complex products are studied. Zr(OBu ⁿ )₄ was reacted with different mole ratios of methacrylic acid (MAc) at room temperature and the maximum combination ratio was found to be 12 [Zr(OBu ⁿ )₄MAc] by FT IR. The modification of zirconium tetra-n-butylate with the acid mixtures [methacrylic acid-acetic acid (MeCOOH), methacrylic acid-propionic acid (EtCOOH), methacrylic acidbutyric acid (PrCOOH)] was made for a combination ratio of 111 [MAcRCOOHZr(OBu ⁿ )₄RMe. Et, Pr] and the products were characterized by¹H-NMR, FT-IR, and UV-spectroscopies. Following their synthesis, hydrolysis of the complexes with various amounts of water and polymerization with benzoyl peroxide were realized. The hydrolysis and polymerization products of the complexes were studied by Karl-Fischer Coulometric titration and thermal analysis respectively. Methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK) and chloroform were chosen as solvents.     

Attraction ofCacoecimorpha pronubana male moths to synthetic sex pheromone blends in the wind tunnel

Attraction ofCacoecimorpha pronubana male moths to blends of four sex pheromone components was studied in the wind tunnel.Z11–14Ac alone did not elicit upwind flight, admixture of 10%Z11–14OH or more led to successful attraction of males to the source. Attractivity of these binary blends was further enhanced by addition ofE11–14Ac orZ9–14Ac; the optimum was a blend ofZ11–14Ac,Z11–14OH,E11–14Ac, andZ9–14Ac at the proportion of 1003033. In ternary and quaternary blends, the effect ofZ11–14OH andE11–14Ac was strongest at 30% and 3%, respectively. By contrast,Z9–14Ac increased behavioral responses over a wide range.     

A four-component pheromone blend for optimum attraction of redbacked cutworm males,Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée)

Four acetates,Z-5-decenyl acetate,Z-5-,Z-7-, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetates, in microgram ratios of 120021 or 120062 were excellent, specific sex pheromone blends for capturing male redbacked cutworm moths in cone traps. Blends in ratios of 120021 and 220021 at 1000 g/ rubber septum dispenser remained highly effective for 6 weeks under field conditions. The essential minor components,Z-5-decenyl,Z-7-, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetates, became inhibitory at concentrations of about 10% in the blends, and this may be an important general phenomenon in lepidopteran pheromones. Blends involving a parapheromone,Z-5-undecenyl acetate, withZ-5-,Z-7-, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetate, in microgram ratios of 820021 or 2020062 were also excellent specific attractants for this species. TheZ-8-dodecenyl acetate had no obvious effect on the attraction of the redbacked cutworm males.     

Sex pheromone chemistry of the western spruce budwormChoristoneura occidentalis Free

SCOT capillary Chromatographic and SCOT capillary chromatographic-mass spectrometic analyses of gland washes and effluvia of virgin femaleChoristoneura occidentalis Free, have been conducted with both a diapausing and nondiapausing strain of this insect. The following compounds were identified in gland washes and effluvia in both strains:E andZ11–14Ald,E andZ11–14Ac,E andZ11–14OH and 14Ald, 14Ac, and 14OH. The average aldehyde: acetate: alcohol ratio found by analysis of single glands by virgin females (nondiapausing strain) was 170.73. Analysis of virgin female effluvia gave this ratio as 1038 (diapausing strain: %Z=8, 11, 15, respectively) and 1036 (nondiapausing strain: %Z=8, 11, 12, respectively). The saturated components were generally 1–2% of theE isomer in each case. Comparisons of EAG responses of bothC. occidentalis andC. fumiferana toE11–14Ald,E11–14Ac andE11–14OH were made. Correlations with both laboratory and field data previously published were also made betweenC. fumiferana andC. occidentalis.Lepidoptera: Tortricidae.     

Sex pheromone of aPlanotortrix excessana sibling species and reinvestigation of related species

The sex pheromone of aPlanotortrix excessana sibling species was investigated. Females were found to produce eight potential pheromone components: dodecyl acetate, tetradecyl acetate (14OAc). (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (Z5-14OAc), (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate. When these compounds were bioassayed using field-trapping and wind-tunnel techniques, only 14OAc,Z5-14OAc, andZ7-14OAc were found to be behaviorally active. The sex pheromone glands of females of other species including,Planotortrix MBS,Planotortrix M,P. notophaea, Ctenopseustis servana, and aC. obliquana sibling species, were also found to containZ5-14OAc orZ7-14OAc, singly or in combination. In the case ofPlanotortrix M, the addition ofZ7-14OAc to the previously identified sex pheromone blend ofZ5-14OAc and 14OAc was found to increase trap captures of male moths of this species. Thus in these New Zealand species (and in some Australian species),Z5-14OAc andZ7-14OAc appear to be utilized in combination in pheromonal communication just as (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate are used by many species of Holarctic Tortricidae in the tribe Archipini.Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae.     

Shape-Selective Alkylation of Biphenyl over H-[Al]-SSZ-31 with Propylene

Isopropylation of biphenyl (BP) over [Al]-SSZ-31, a large-pore, one-dimensional zeolite has been studied. Effects of temperature, pressure and SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio were examined. SSZ-31 was found to be an active catalyst in the isopropylation of biphenyl with propylene. The selectivity for 4-isopropylbiphenyl (4-IPBP) and 4,4-diisopropylbiphenyl (4,4-DIPB) was high among isopropylbiphenyl (IPBP) and diisopropylbiphenyl (DIPB) isomers, respectively, indicating SSZ-31 shows shape-selective catalysis. The selectivity for 4,4-DIPB decreased with temperature increase; correspondingly the selectivity for thermodynamically more stable isomers (3,3- and 3,4 DIPB) increased with temperature. The yield of IPBP isomers decreased while that of DIPB isomers increased with temperature increase. Pressure showed less effect on conversion; however, increase in pressure suppresses the isomerization of 4,4-DIPB to 3,3- and 3,4-DIPB. Conversion decreased with increase in SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio. At low SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of 136, relatively high triisopropylbiphenyl (TriIPB) isomers were formed in bulk products and their amount decreased with increase in SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio.     

Aggregation pheromone characterization and comparison inDrosophila ananassae andDrosophila bipectinata

(Z)-11-Octadecenyl acetate (Z11–18Ac) and (Z)-11-eicosenyl acetate (Z11–20Ac) were identified as the aggregation pheromones ofDrosophila ananassae, andZ11–20Ac was identified as the aggregation pheromone ofDrosophila bipectinata. Z11–18Ac andZ11–20Ac were not attractive alone; however, in combination with fermenting food odors, the acetates attracted flies of both sexes in a wind-tunnel olfactometer. The pheromones were present in the ejaculatory bulb of sexually mature male flies and transferred to the female during mating. MaleD. bipectinata released little if anyZ11–20Ac to the food; however, recently mated females releasedZ11–20Ac to the surrounding surfaces in just a few hours after mating.D. ananassae males, on the other hand, appeared to release moreZ11–18Ac andZ11–20Ac to the surroundings than mated females. AlthoughD. bipectinata males had noZ11–18Ac, flies were as attracted toZ11–18Ac as to an equal quantity ofZ11–20Ac.D. ananassae were attracted toZ11–18Ac but not toZ11–16Ac orZ11–20Ac. However,Z11–20Ac in combination withZ11–18Ac was significantly more attractive thanZ11–18Ac alone.     

Sex pheromone of the armyworm,Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

(Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z11–16Ac) free of theE isomer (<1%), hexadecan-1-ol acetate (16 Ac), and a hexadecen-1-ol [the (Z)-11 isomer based on the retention time on a Carbowax capillary column] were identified in extracts of the sex pheromone glands of adult virgin female armyworms,Pseudaletia unipuncta. Also, gas Chromatographic retention times on polar and nonpolar columns indicated the possible presence of (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z9–16Ac). The ratioZ11–16Ac/16Ac/Z11–16OH/Z9–16Ac was 10.150.130.02. Infield testsZ11–16 Ac was attractive alone, and the addition ofZ9–16Ac,Zll–16 OH, or 16 Ac singly or in combination in ratios found in the gland did not increase trap capture.Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement of this product by the USDA.     

Apple ermine moth,Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller Two components of female sex pheromone gland highly effective in field trapping tests

When electroantennographic responses of maleYponomeuta malinellus Zeller to model compounds were determined at dosages of 0.3–30 ng, the strongest responses were obtained from (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate (Z9–12Ac). Also, strong responses were obtained from (Z)-11-tetradecenal (Z11–14A1) and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (Zl1–14OH). At a dosage of 0.3 ng,Z11–14A1 produced a stronger response thanZ11–14OH, while at a dosage of 30 ng,Z11–14OH andZ11–14A1 produced equal responses. Gas chromatographic and mass spectral analysis of extracts of female sex pheromone glands showed the presence ofZ9–12Ac, tetradecan-1-ol (14OH), (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11–14OH),Z11–14OH, hexadecan-1-ol, and hexadecan-1-ol acetate in a ratio of 0.62003710014035. In field tests,Z9–12Ac andZ11–14OH together were required for trap catch, and addition ofZ11–14A1,E11–14OH, 14OH, or (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate did not increase catch. Ratios in rubber septa of 0.599.5 to 1.598.5 (Z9–12 Ac/Z11–14OH) captured the most males and captures were statistically equivalent for dosages of 10–1000 g/rubber septum. Traps baited with the synthetic lure produced better catches than those baited with females.Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae.     

Field response ofDendroctonus brevicomis toexo-brevicomin,frontalin, and myrcene released at two proportions and three levels

Racemicezo-brevicomin, racemic frontalin, and myrcene were released at two proportions (51400 and 111), each at three levels (1 ×, 10 ×, and 100 ×) in a ponderosa pine forest in central California. The 51400 mix was based on an estimate of the relative amounts released from a ponderosa pine under attack by the western pine beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis. MoreD. brevicomis were trapped at a source of the three compounds released at 51400 than were trapped at a source released at 111, at all three levels, but this difference was statistically significant only at the 1 × and 10 × levels. Sex ratio of trapped beetles and distribution of catch at the source of attractant and 5 m away apparently did not differ between relative release rates.Coleoptera: Scolytidae.Trade names are mentioned solely for information. No endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture is implied.