Li4Ti5O12/Fe3O4复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

以醋酸锂和钛酸四正丁酯为原料,制备了纯相Li_4Ti_5O_(12),再用简单的水热法合成Li_4Ti_5O_(12)/Fe_3O_4复合材料作为锂离子电池的负极材料,通过XRD、SEM以及电池测试系统对纯相Li_4Ti_5O_(12)和Li_4Ti_5O_(12)/Fe_3O_4复合材料进行了结构、形貌及电化学性能测试。结果表明,制得的复合物具有较好的球形结构且粒径较小(200～300 nm),综合电化学性能较好。由于复合的Fe_3O_4有较高的理论容量,该Li_4Ti_5O_(12)/Fe_3O_4复合材料表现出比纯相Li_4Ti_5O_(12)大的容量,在1.0 C下循环100圈后,Li_4Ti_5O_(12)/Fe_3O_4的放电比容量仍能达到470.2 m A·h/g,同时也表现出比纯相Li_4Ti_5O_(12)更优的倍率性能。     

Li_4Ti_(4.95)Nb_(0.05)O_(12)负极材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

采用二步固相法制备了Li_4Ti_(4.95)Nb_(0.05)O_(12)负极材料,扫描电镜、激光粒度分布仪、充放电测试和循环伏安等测试结果表明:合成的样品粒径分布均匀,Nb掺杂改性的Li_4Ti_5O_(12)具有优良的电化学性能,0.1 C、0.5 C、1 C和10 C首次放电比容量分别为174.1 m Ah/g、159.7 m Ah/g、147 m Ah/g和123.3 m Ah/g。10 C下,循环20次后容量保持为118.1 m Ah/g。     

Li_4Ti_5O_(12)-C复合材料的制备及性能

以葡萄糖为碳源,以Li_2CO_3、TiO_2为原料,采用原位复合法制得不同碳质量分数的锂离子电池复合负极材料Li_4Ti_5O_(12)-C。通过X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对复合材料的结构及表面形貌进行了表征,采用恒流充放电和电化学阻抗等技术对复合材料进行电化学性能测试。结果表明:Li_4Ti_5O_(12)-C没有杂相,颗粒均匀。其中,碳质量分数为3%的复合材料在0.5 C下的首次放电比容量最高,为185.9 mA·h/g,循环50次后,其放电比容量仍为161.5 mA·h/g,容量保持率为86.9%;在4.0 C下,其首次放电比容量为106.9mA·h/g。与其他样品相比,碳质量分数为3%的复合材料循环伏安氧化还原峰电位相差为278.6 mV,溶液阻抗为6.198?,电荷转移电阻为187.2?,电化学性能最好。     

高温固相法合成Li_4Ti_5O_(12)及其电化学性能研究

以锐钛矿TiO_2和Li_2CO_3为原料,无水乙醇作为分散剂,采用高温固相法合成锂离子电池负极材料钛酸锂(Li_4Ti_5O_(12))。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、恒流充放电和电化学阻抗等方法对不同条件合成的材料结构、形貌及电化学性能进行表征。结果表明:最佳条件为煅烧温度750℃,煅烧时间16 h,可以制备出性能良好的纯相Li_4Ti_5O_(12)材料。在电压区间1~2.5 V范围内进行充放电,在0.5 C下,首次放电比容量为153.44 mAh/g,循环50次后,容量保持率为95.43%。在5 C大倍率下,放电比容量仍保持在108.64 mAh/g,材料表现出良好的循环性能和倍率性能。     

不同Ti~(4+)含量掺杂Li[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)]O_2的制备和电化学性能

采用钛酸四丁酯[Ti(OC_4H_9)_4]水解和900℃高温烧结工艺制得不同Ti~(4+)含量掺杂下的Li[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)]_(1-x)Ti_xO_2正极材料。采用XRD、SEM等表征方法对Ti~(4+)掺杂前后的Li[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)]O_2颗粒的微观结构、表面形貌进行分析研究,发现掺杂前后材料的结构并未明显变化。电化学测试结果表明,虽然Ti~(4+)表现为非电化学活性,使得掺杂有Ti~(4+)的正极材料其首次充放电比容量有所降低,但是在高倍率性能及循环性能测试中,Ti~(4+)掺杂改性效果表现明显。其中当Ti~(4+)掺杂量为x=0.02时,其倍率性能及循环性能最佳。在5C高倍率下放电,Li[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)]_(0.98)Ti_(0.02)O_2样品的放电比容量要比未掺杂样品高出约20 m A·h/g。而且经过100次循环后,Li[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)]_(0.98)Ti_(0.02)O_2样品的放电比容量仍有187.9 m A·h/g,容量保持率高达96.8%。而未掺杂样品的100次循环后容量保持率仅有91.2%。     

Li_4Ti_5O_(12)/Li_(1.3)Al_(0.3)Ti_(1.7)(PO_4)_3复合负极材料的制备及性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了Li_4Ti_5O_(12)/Li_(1.3)Al_(0.3)Ti_(1.7)(PO_4)_3复合负极材料,通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、恒电流充放电、循环伏安和电化学阻抗研究复合材料的结构、形貌及电化学性能。结果表明:溶胶-凝胶法能合成纯相Li_4Ti_5O_(12)/Li_(1.3)Al_(0.3)Ti_(1.7)(PO_4)_3复合负极材料颗粒均匀。与纯相Li_4Ti_5O_(12)相比,引入Li_(1.3)Al_(0.3)Ti_(1.7)(PO_4)_3的Li_4Ti_5O_(12)复合负极材料具有更低的锂离子嵌入/脱出阻抗,Li_(1.3)Al_(0.3)Ti_(1.7)(PO_4)_3质量分数为1%、2%、3%、4%、5%的Li4Ti5O12复合负极材料首次放电容量比纯相Li_4Ti_5O_(12)分别提高了6.2%、11.8%、15.5%、8.0%和2.0%。充放电循环20次后,Li_(1.3)Al_(0.3)Ti_(1.7)(PO_4)_3质量分数为3%的Li_4Ti_5O_(12)复合负极材料循环性能最好,平均每次循环容量衰减率为0.022%。     

Li_2ZrO_3包覆LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2的复合材料及其电化学性能

以Zr(NO_3)_4·5H_2O和CH_3COOLi·2H2_O为原料,采用湿化学法,将Li_2ZrO_3包覆在LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2锂离子电池正极材料的表面,研究Li_2ZrO_3不同包覆比例对LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2电化学性能的影响。SEM、TEM、EDS谱图分析表明,Li_2ZrO_3层均匀地包覆在LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2表面,其厚度约为8 nm。与纯相相比,1%(质量分数)Li_2ZrO_3包覆的LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2复合材料在1.0 C下首次放电比容量为184.7 mA·h·g~(-1)、100次循环之后放电比容量为169.5 mA·h·g~(-1),其容量保持率达到91.77%,表现出良好的循环稳定性。循环伏安(CV)和电化学阻抗(EIS)测试结果表明,Li_2ZrO_3包覆层抑制了正极材料与电解液之间的副反应,减小了材料在循环过程中的电荷转移阻抗,从而提高了材料的电化学性能。     

B掺杂制备Li_(1+2x)Mn_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)P_(1-x)B_xO_4锂电池正极材料

采用水热法制备富锂相正极材料Li_(1+2x)Mn_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)P_(1-x)B_xO_4(x≤0.10),通过X射线衍射、激光粒度仪、扫描电子显微镜对所得样品进行表征。将所得正极材料组装成电池,采用恒流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗测试其电化学性能。结果表明:B原子进入晶格,取代P原子位置,形成固溶体。当B的取代量x=0.02时,富锂相正极材料Li_(1.04)Mn_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)P_(0.98)B_(0.02)O_4的电化学性能最好,0.1C时放电比容量为157.9 mA·h/g、5C时为102.7 mA·h/g,分别优于未经B掺杂的LiMn_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)PO_4的149.7和85.3 mA·h/g。     

不同粒径的纳米二氧化钛合成钛酸锂负极材料

以锐钛矿TiO_2为钛源,LiAc为锂源,采用高温固相法制备Li_4Ti_5O_(12)负极材料,考察了不同纳米粒径的TiO_2对Li_4Ti_5O_(12)电化学性能的影响。X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明,合成的样品为结晶度高的纳米级尖晶石结构的Li_4Ti_5O_(12)。0.2C倍率的充放电结果表明,LTO_(60)性能最好,首次放电容量为178.82mAh·g~(-1),100次循环后容量保持率高达97.39%。     

Cr掺杂对富锂锰基正极材料Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_2结构和电化学性能的影响

采用共沉淀-高温固相合成法制备锂离子电池正极材料Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2-x/2)Mn_(0.6-x/2)Cr_xO_2(x=0,0.04,0.08,0.12)。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、恒电流充放电测试和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)对掺杂不同Cr含量的正极材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行分析测试。结果表明:制备出的Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2-x/2)Mn_(0.6-x/2)Cr_xO_2正极材料均具备层状固溶体结构。Cr掺杂不会改变材料的结构,而且能够有效抑制循环过程中材料由层状向尖晶石结构转变的过程。当Cr的掺杂量为8%(即x=0.08)时,得到的正极材料Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.16)Mn_(0.56)Cr_(0.08)O_2具有最好的电化学性能。0.1C的首次放电比容量由未掺杂的230.4 mA·h·g~(-1)增加到246.6 mA·h·g~(-1),在0.2C电流下50次循环后的容量保持率由93.5%提高至95.36%,5C的放电比容量由91.5 mA·h·g~(-1)增加到104.2 mA·h·g~(-1)。而且x=0.08时制备的样品具有最小的电荷转移阻抗。     

Victrex® poly(ethersulfone) (PES) and Victrex® poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK)

Properties of two high performance engineering thermoplastics, amorphous polyethersulfone (PES) and semicrystalline polyetheretherketone (PEEK), are discussed. Both resins can be processed by conventional techniques, compounded with high performance fibers, and have high service temperature (up to 300°C). Due to the amorphous character PES can be dissolved and spray coated into metals.     

(Ba_(1-α)Sr_α)_(4.8)(Sm_(0.7)La_(0.3))_(8.8)Ti_(18)O_(54)陶瓷的微波介电性能

采用固相合成法制备了(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54(α=0.1～0.5)系陶瓷,表征了该陶瓷的相组成和显微结构,测试了微波介电性能.结果表明:α=0.3时,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷为单相的新钨青铜结构固溶体.α>0.3时,相继出现了第二相BaLa2Ti4O12和La0.66TiO2.993.随α的增加,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷的相对介电常数(εr)先增大后有所波动,品质因数(Qf)先增大后减小,谐振频率温度系数(τf)单调减小.α=0.3时,在1 350℃烧结的陶瓷的微波介电性能最佳:εr=98.77,Qf=5184GHz,τf=10.9×10-6/℃,优于不掺杂的BaO-Sm2O3-TiO2陶瓷的.     

Calcium silicate hydrate (II) (“C-S-H(II)”)

This semicrystalline phase, originally named ‘calcium silicate hydrate(II)’ by Taylor (1950), has been studied with X-rays, electron optics, chemical investigation of silicate anion type, infrared spectra, and thermal methods. It is structurally related to jennite (C₉S₆H₁₁) and probably also to the fibrous CSH of cement pastes, the three phases forming a sequence of decreasing crystallinity. The specimen studied had approximate composition C₂SH_3.2 after standing over saturated CaCλ₂ at about 15°C. CSH(II) contains metasilicate chains and pyrosilicate groups and has a disordered layer structure. Much of the water can be lost reversibly without significant change in lattice parameters.     

Photopyroelectric Spectroscopic Studies of ZnO-MnO(2)-Co(3)O(4)-V(2)O(5) Ceramics

Photopyroelectric (PPE) spectroscopy is a nondestructive tool that is used to study the optical properties of the ceramics (ZnO + 0.4MnO(2) + 0.4Co(3)O(4) + xV(2)O(5)), x = 0-1 mol%. Wavelength of incident light, modulated at 10 Hz, was in the range of 300-800 nm. PPE spectrum with reference to the doping level and sintering temperature is discussed. Optical energy band-gap (E(g)) was 2.11 eV for 0.3 mol% V(2)O(5) at a sintering temperature of 1025 °C as determined from the plot (ρhυ)(2)versushυ. With a further increase in V(2)O(5), the value of E(g) was found to be 2.59 eV. Steepness factor 'σ(A)' and 'σ(B)', which characterize the slope of exponential optical absorption, is discussed with reference to the variation of E(g). XRD, SEM and EDAX are also used for characterization of the ceramic. For this ceramic, the maximum relative density and grain size was observed to be 91.8% and 9.5 μm, respectively.     

Poly(butadiene-acrylic acid(g)acrylonitrile(g)acrylic acid)

Summary In the present work we describe, the synthesis and characterization of a new gel obtained by crosslinking a cooligomer of butadiene-acrylic acid (BuAA), by reaction with acrylonitrile and acrylic acid. The purified product was characterized by FTIR, elemental analyses and scanning electronic microscopy. The thermal properties were studied and swelling indexes were determined in different solvents and at different pH values. The capacity of poly(butadiene-acrylic acid(g)acrylonitrile(g)acrylic acid) [gel A] to separate different organic substances, such as amino acids and colorants, was determined.     

Thermal studies of blends of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) with poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) (PPSS) and with poly(phenylene sulfide ether) (PPSE)

The miscibilities of poly(phenylene) sulfide/poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) (PPS/PPSS) and poly(phenylene) sulfide/poly(phenylene sulfide ether) (PPS/PPSE) blends were invesigated in terms of shifts of glass transition temperatures T_g of pure PPS, PPSS, a dn PPSE. The crystallization kinetics of PPS/PPSS blends was also studied as a function of molar composition. The PPS/PPSS and PPS/PPSE blends are respectively partially and fully miscible. PPSE shows a plasticizing effect on PPS as does PPS on PPSS, which necessarily improves te processibility in the respective systems. We can control T_g and melting temperature T_m of PPS by varying amounts of PPSE in blends. The melt crystallization temperature T_mc of PPS/PPSE blends was higher than that of the PPSE homopolymer. Therefore, these blends require shorter cycle times in processing than pure PPSE. The overall rate of crystallization for PPS/PPSS blends follows the Avrami equation with an exponent ?2. The maximal rate of crystallization for PPS/PPSS blends occurs at a temperatre higher by 10°C than that for PPS, while the crystallization half time t_1/2 is 4 times shorter. In the cold crystallization range, crystal growth rates increase and Avrami exponents decrease significantly as the temperature increases.     

Chemical cross-linking of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)

Hybrid films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) were prepared with different molecular weights of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The cross-linking reaction between PEO and PEDOT:PSS was performed at high temperature and confirmed by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), contact angle measurement, and solid-state ¹H NMR. The effect of chemical reaction on the conductivity and morphology of these hybrid films was studied by using 4-point probe and atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively. As-spun PEO/PEDOT:PSS films have lower electric conductivity due to the addition of nonconductive PEO, and exhibits no molecular weight dependence on conductivity. After chemical cross-linking reaction at high temperature, only PEDOT:PSS films with lowest molecular weight PEO additives show enhanced conductivity with increasing reaction time. AFM result indicates that the heat-treated PEO/PEDOT:PSS hybrid films show grain-like morphology compared to ethylene glycol treated PEDOT:PSS films which shows continuous PEDOT domain. In the present work we demonstrate that the cross-linking reaction can be used to improve the wet stability of PEDOT:PSS nanofiber, showing good water resistance and excellent dimensional stability.     

Photooxidative stability of substituted poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and poly(phenylene acetylene) (PPA)

The addition of side groups to improve the photooxidative stability of polymers used in polymer-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is explored. Infrared spectroscopy and computational chemistry techniques are used to study the effects of chemical substitution of the reactive vinylene moiety in poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV). The bond order of the vinylene group in small oligomers is calculated using semiempirical techniques to assess the improvement in stability toward oxidants such as singlet oxygen. We find that PPV dimers allow relative comparisons across a range of possible substitutions. Experimental results correlate well with these calculations. The addition of electron-withdrawing substituents, such as nitrile groups, to the vinylene moiety is found to be particularly effective in reducing the reactivity of alkoxy-substituted PPV toward singlet oxygen. The photooxidative stability of a poly(phenylene acetylene) (PPA) derivative is also studied. It appears that this family of polymers is more stable toward photooxidation than are its PPV analogs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2451–2458, 1998