超滤膜处理乳化油废水的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外超滤膜分离技术应用于乳化油废水处理的研究进展,着重介绍了超滤处理工业乳化油废水的分离性能,以及超滤过程存在的问题和解决途径.针对实际运行过程中产生的膜污染现象,在新膜材料、膜组件改进和耦合工艺3方面进行了阐述.最后对今后的研究方向提出了建议.     

浸没式超滤海水预处理工艺

目前渤海湾反渗透海水淡化工程多采用新型的超滤膜法预处理工艺,为提高预处理效果,主要进行超滤膜材料和性能改进以及膜组件运行参数的优化,而对超滤膜前预处理的研究相对较少。本实验研究了超滤与混凝/超滤作为反渗透海水淡化预处理工艺的处理效果。考察了两种预处理工艺条件下浸没式超滤膜比通量(SF)、进水水质、产水水质,膜孔孔径变化、反洗效果及膜表面污染情况。结果表明,超滤与混凝/超滤两种预处理工艺都能达到产水SDI₁₅<2.0;混凝处理可以大幅度降低海水中颗粒数目,降低颗粒物在膜表面沉积和吸附的概率,减轻超滤膜的污染。当采用混凝/超滤工艺时超滤膜表面滤饼层疏松多孔,膜孔孔径变化较小,超滤膜比通量的衰减速度减缓,反洗时超滤膜比通量恢复率较高。     

应用膜分离技术处理压榨碱液中半纤维素的试验研究

研究了超滤膜对碱浸渍压榨液中半纤维素的截贸率及影响截留率的因素、影响超认识 半纤维素含变化的因素、超滤膜的生产能力、超滤过程的工艺条件、ＰＳ超滤膜耐碱性能。试验结果：聚砜中空纤维超滤膜能有效地截贸碱浸渍液中的半纤维素;超滤液中半纤维素浓度为１１～１２％,超滤膜对碱没有截留作用;可明显节约黄化过程ＣＳ２用量,并提高了粘胶过滤性能;超滤膜耐碱性能可满足试验条件要求。     

平板式超滤膜在头孢菌素C生产中的应用

研究采用平板式超滤膜技术直接处理头孢菌素C的发酵液。实验结果表明,所用的超滤系统能够一步截留未经处理的头孢菌素C发酵液中的菌体蛋白、固体颗粒等杂质,去除蛋白能力是原工艺的10倍,过滤收率提高了6%。膜通量的衰减幅度较小,产品质量好。     

油田采出水的超滤处理技术

针对油田采出水的水质特点,介绍了超滤膜技术及其应用特点以及超滤对采出水中悬浮物、油、细菌和有机物等污染物的去除特点和效果.讨论了一直制约着超滤膜技术处理油田采出水应用中的膜污染问题,提出了其改进措施和相关切实可行的超滤膜污染清洗方法,并指出了今后超滤技术在油田采出水处理中的发展研究方向.     

超滤分离技术在污水处理中的研究与应用

综述了2000年来超滤膜分离技术在污水处理中的最新研究动态与应用情况,重点阐述了适于污水处理的超滤膜的制备和改性、超滤分离动力学过程模拟、膜组合工艺、分离操作条件的最优化设计、超滤膜污染机理以及防治技术等方面的研究近况,并对超滤技术在水污染防治中的研究与应用前景进行了展望。     

我国超滤发展概况

自从Loeb和Souriraian于1960年制备了第一张可成功地用于海水脱盐的醋酸纤维素反渗透膜后,反渗透技术发展极为迅速,1966年起我国开始研究反渗透膜,1975年之后,许多实验室转向超滤膜的研究和应用,取得许多科研和应用成果,现在国内许多研究单位计划投入更多的力量开发超滤技术。一、超滤的基本研究(一)膜的制备为了改善超滤膜的性能及扩展其应用范围,已对多种超滤膜的制备方法,膜结构和性能开展了深入研究,现在我国已研制的超滤膜有二醋酸纤维素膜(CA),三醋酸纤维素膜(CTA),     

错流超滤膜污堵原因分析及处理

通过对错流超滤装置内部、运行操作及预处理系统全面检查,分析了错流超滤膜发生污堵的原因,根据样品分析结果实施了针对性化学清洗,恢复了错流超滤膜的性能,并对现场工艺进行改进有效地避免了错流超滤装置因设置单一"次氯酸钠加强反洗"而引起的膜污堵情况。     

投加粉末活性炭对超滤膜去除海水中有机物的影响

超滤膜的有机污染问题是膜法海水预处理技术在海水淡化工程应用面临的重要挑战,粉末活性炭吸附是目前常用的膜前预处理手段之一。本文对比分析了直接超滤和投加粉末活性炭后对海水中有机物的截留能力,利用三维荧光光谱分析了投加粉末活性炭对超滤膜截留有机物的影响机制,并考察了海水超滤过程中通量变化及膜污染情况。研究结果表明,投加粉末活性炭能够强化超滤膜对海水浊度和有机物的去除,当粉末活性炭投量为200mg/L时,整个系统对海水中DOC去除率从直接超滤时的55.1%提高到77.6%。利用粉末活性炭的吸附作用及其在超滤膜表面形成的疏松滤饼层能够显著提高超滤系统对海水中腐植酸类有机物的去除能力。与直接超滤相比,粉末活性炭-超滤系统对改善膜通量的作用有限,但粉末活性炭形成的滤饼层能够避免超滤膜与有机物直接接触,可显著减缓超滤膜的不可逆污染。     

超滤膜孔结构与其“污染”的关系

超滤膜技术在1960年后,有两项重大突破。第一项是1960年Loeb和Sourirajan发明了制备醋酸纤维素反渗透膜(CA膜)的新工艺,获得性能良好的超滤膜。第二项是,认识到超滤膜“污染”是浓差极化造成的,最后在膜的表面上积累了一个胶层,使膜的透水速度大大下降,改进膜设备的设计可以减少膜“污染”。这种认识使超滤技术从60年代末得以工业规模的应用。Sherwood的“胶层理论”,成功地解决了超滤处理胶体溶液     

超滤膜技术概述

当今社会,超滤作为一种新型膜分离技术,应用的领域十分广泛,而且也获得了良好的效果。本文首先介绍了超滤技术的原理、四大有机高分子膜材料和相转化制膜中常用的浸没沉淀法和溶剂蒸发法,然后简述了超滤膜的优点、四大领域的应用、三大污染物质及防治措施,并把超滤膜技术多年后的研究方向和未来前景总结出来。指出超滤膜具有在水处理净化、食品提纯和中药分离等方面的诸多优势,接下来在广泛总结颗粒物、有机物和微生物污染的基础上,通过针对性的污染类别,遴选出高效的处理措施,并且能够显著提升超滤膜的抗菌抗污染性能,从而为超滤膜发展和实践运用提供可能。文中提出：今后研究的重点将是制备高性能、低成本、绿色化的超滤膜,并与其他膜分离技术协同作用于生产生活。     

超滤膜改性技术及其抗污染性能的研究

超滤作为膜分离技术的一个重要分支,因其能量消耗低,设备体积不大,结构比较简单,工艺流程容易掌握,容易操作等特点。可是至今为止还没有得到充分的应用,其根本原因就是现存的商用超滤膜通量低,易污染,所以需要对它进行改性。本文介绍了国内外常用的几种超滤膜改性方法,以及改性后膜的抗污染性能的变化。     

Preparation of membrane-immobilised enzymes for phenol decomposition

A method for the preparation of membranes with immobilised enzymes for the biological degradation of phenols is described. In the first stage, an enzymatic fraction from bacterial strains has been isolated. The enzyme membranes were obtained by ultrafiltration of protein solution through a membrane support made of non-cellulose polymers. All enzymes were adsorbed onto the membrane surface. The enzyme membranes were found to degrade 70–80% of the phenol during single dead-end ultrafiltration at a pressure of 1 × 10⁵?3 × 10⁵ Pa. The retention coeffcient of the ultrafiltration process also amounted to 70–80%.     

Clarification of succinic acid fermentation broth by ultrafiltration in succinic acid bio–refinery

BACKGROUND: Succinic acid is an important precursor chemical for the synthesis of high value‐added products. In this work, ultrafiltration was first investigated to clarify succinic acid fermentation broth by integrating fermentation and separation and removal processes of the product in situ. Four different ultrafiltration membranes (PES 100 kDa, PES 30 kDa, PES 10 kDa and RC 10 kDa) were used in this work. RESULTS: Results indicate that ultrafiltration is feasible for clarifying succinic acid fermentation broth. Almost all the microorganism cells (99.6%) were removed from the fermentation broth. Proteins were also removed effectively by all the membranes studied. The removal rate was 79.86% for PES 100 kDa, 86.43% for PES 30 kDa, 86.83% for PES 10 kDa, and 80.06% for the RC 10 kDa. After ultrafiltration, a clearer permeate was obtained compared with that from centrifugation. CONCLUSION: Membranes operating at high flux are always susceptible to rapid fouling. Compared with molecular weight cut‐offs (MWCO), membrane material has a significant influence on the flux. Membrane flux measured in this study shows industrial potential of this technology in treatment of succinic acid fermentation broth. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

电渗析-超滤耦合技术研究进展

电渗析-超滤耦合技术（EDUF）是一项用于分离带电有机物的新型技术，用超滤膜替换一部分离子交换膜，或将超滤膜嵌入到传统电渗析器中，从而形成一种超滤与电渗析内部结合的新型分离技术。该技术一方面利用超滤膜的孔径差异性分离不同分子量的带电有机物，另一方面利用电驱动原理克服压力驱动式超滤膜的膜污染问题，在营养食品、生物制药等领域用于分离提纯活性有机物组分，展示出了良好的应用优势。本文聚焦于电渗析-超滤耦合技术的产生和发展，详细介绍了该技术的技术原理及应用优势，重点阐述了影响其分离效率的主要因素，包括pH、超滤膜切割分子量（MWCO）、电场强度、膜对结构等。最后，从提高分离效率、降低系统能耗、超滤膜材质、水解液预处理、系统泄漏等角度提出了未来的研究方向，为该技术的研究和应用提供指导。     

Membrane technology and biotechnology

The rapidly growing field of biotechnology, which now encompasses sophisticated fermentation processes utilizing normal and genetically altered microorganisms, biochemical conversions employing immobilized enzymes and cells, and the production of biological products from mammalian cell cultures, is demanding increasingly more efficient and economic means of culturing microorganisms, of recovering and isolating costly labile products, and of disposing of objectionable toxic wastes. Membrane and membrane-separation technology is finding increasing attention today as a means for solving these problems. Continuous crossflow filtration with microporous or ultrafiltration membranes is now being used to separate cells from supernatant in whole fermentation broths with high product recovery, and elimination of a major waste-disposal problem. Reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration are receiving increased attention as a means for concentrating fermentation liquors to facilitate final product recovery, or for demineralizing or removing colloidal impurities from product-containing solutions to improve product yield and purity. Hollow-fiber membrane devices have been found to serve as excellent “artificial capillary beds” for the maintenance of mammalian cell cultures; such devices are now being used as artificial organs, and for the production of hormones, viruses, vaccines, and antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Recently, hollow-membrane fibers have been shown to be attractive media for the growth and support of microbial (bacteria, yeast, etc.) populations at very high cell densities (10¹²/cm³), and may provide the basis for a new family of high-capacity, continuous-production bioreactors. Immobilized enzyme reactors, which employ membranes as matrices for enzyme containment, are now gaining increasing popularity for the conduct of continuous biochemical transformations. In addition, enzyme-containing membranes are showing considerable promise in the development of novel electrochemical and thermo-chemical sensors for detection and measurement of complex biochemical substances; such sensors are expected to play an important role in the design of control instrumentation for biochemical manufacturing processes.     

High-performance protein separation by ion exchange membrane partitioned free-flow isoelectric focusing system

The objective of this study is to investigate a combination of ion exchange membranes and free-flow isoelectric focusing (FFIEF) technology for high-selectivity and high-flux protein separation, in which ion exchange membranes are used as the separation media. An FFIEF device has been designed and extensive experiments have been conducted to prove its effectiveness in enhancing the protein separation performance. Three types of membranes were employed in this work and they were commercial microfiltration (MF) ion exchange membranes, commercial neutral UF cellulose membranes, and home-made ultrafiltration sulfonated polysulfone (UF SPSf) ion exchange membranes. The protein separation results show that the home-made UF SPSf membranes have the superior selectivity and flux to other membranes. This is due to the fact that a stable pH gradient across the membranes as well as the interaction between the protein molecules and membrane surface plays an important role in the high-performance protein separation. By applying a semi-batch separation process and optimizing various experimental conditions, a high-purity (>90%) and concentrated target protein is obtained at the permeation side of the home-made UF SPSf membranes with a high flux.     

超滤和纳滤膜分离提取纳他霉素

为提高纳他霉素(natamycin)生产提取得率,减少溶剂使用,本文采用超滤、纳滤操作对工业生产的纳他霉索发酵液进行处理。实验结果表明:操作压力、操作时间及料液流速对超滤过程有很大影响。通过超滤可将蛋白质等大分子杂质去除,然后再用纳滤膜对超滤渗透液进行浓缩纯化,对纳滤工艺的操作条件如进料压力、料液pH、浓缩倍数等进行了研究。采用超滤、纳滤技术提取纳他霉素,其收率可达62.74%。     

Dia- und Ultrafiltration – Stofftrennverfahren in der chemischen Industrie

Dia- and ultrafiltration – separation processes in the chemical industry . The use of ultrafiltration membranes for purification and concentration of chemical or biotechnological products has a wide scope of application in industrial practice. Continuing development and improvement of membranes, and especially the increasing availability of favourably priced membranes for these applications, is increasing the use of these separation processes in chemical production. The present contribution deals with theoretical principles, potential applications, and aspects of industrial practice of these separation methods. Above all, the topic is surveyed from an industrial viewpoint.