Cathode spot movement on a continuous carbon fiber reinforced Cu matrix composite in vacuum

The cathode spot movements on a carbon fiber reinforced copper matrix composite (C_f/Cu) were investigated by a scanning electron microscope and a digital high-speed video camera. The composite was prepared by infiltrating a Cu alloy doped with Ti and Cr into a porous carbon/carbon composite in vacuum. It is found that the carbon fibers have a higher ability to withstand the vacuum arc erosion than the Cu matrix. The cathode spot walks randomly on the matrix, rather than on the carbon fibers. The cathode spots are restricted on the Cu matrix in C_f/Cu. The directional movement in the high-speed images is caused by the restricted random walk of the cathode spots. A gradient distribution in the size and density of the cathode spot is present on the Cu matrix. The average arc spreading velocity is estimated to be about 0.36 m/s and the transient arc spreading velocity is in the range of 0.12–0.7 m/s.     

不同TiB2颗粒粒径的TiB2/Cu复合材料耐电弧侵蚀行为

采用放电等离子烧结法（SPS）制备了不同TiB₂颗粒粒径的3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料,研究了3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料致密度、导电率、硬度和耐电弧侵蚀性能随TiB₂颗粒粒径的变化规律,重点分析了不同TiB₂颗粒粒径的3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料耐电弧侵蚀行为。结果表明:3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料致密度和硬度随TiB₂颗粒粒径的增大而略有降低;TiB₂颗粒粒径越小,TiB₂/Cu复合材料的综合性能越好。随着TiB₂颗粒粒径的增大,3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料耐蚀稳定性降低,3wt% TiB₂/Cu阴极材料的损耗量明显增加;当TiB₂颗粒粒径为10 μm时,3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料的耐电弧侵蚀性能最佳。电弧蚀形貌观察表明:不同TiB₂颗粒粒径的3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料经电弧侵蚀后,3wt% TiB₂/Cu复合材料均由阴极向阳极发生转移;随着TiB₂颗粒粒径的增大,阴极质量损耗逐渐增加,触头表面电弧侵蚀面积增加;而在Cu基体中引入较小的TiB₂颗粒,有利于减弱电接触实验过程中TiB₂/Cu复合材料的喷溅现象。      

多粒径TiB2/Cu复合材料耐电弧侵蚀行为

采用粉末冶金工艺制备了不同配比的多粒径(2 μm+10 μm+50 μm) TiB₂/Cu复合材料。通过JF04C触点材料测试系统对多粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料进行耐电弧侵蚀性能试验,研究(2 μm+10 μm+50 μm) TiB₂颗粒质量比分别为1∶1∶1、1∶1∶3、1∶3∶1、3∶1∶1时,TiB₂/Cu复合材料的耐电弧侵蚀性能及电弧侵蚀形貌变化规律,探究多粒径配比对TiB₂/Cu复合材料表层耐电弧侵蚀行为的影响。结果表明:当(2 μm+10 μm+50 μm) TiB₂颗粒质量比为1∶1∶1时,TiB₂/Cu复合材料相对密度和导电率最高,分别为99.1%和87.1%IACS。当(2 μm+10 μm+50 μm) TiB₂颗粒质量比为1∶1∶1和1∶3∶1时,TiB₂/Cu复合材料的组织均匀性较好,电弧侵蚀后材料损失相同,材料转移量最少。其中,质量比为1∶3∶1时,TiB₂/Cu复合材料平均燃弧能量最低,且燃弧时间和燃弧能量最稳定。研究表明,这与复合材料的综合物理性能密切相关。在颗粒增强Cu基复合材料设计过程中,引入合适配比的多粒径TiB₂颗粒有助于提高TiB₂/Cu复合材料的密度、导电率等综合物理性能。电弧侵蚀过程中,不同粒径的TiB₂颗粒相互协同作用,有助于提高TiB₂/Cu复合材料的耐电弧侵蚀性能和服役稳定性。      

Homogeneous arc ablation behaviors of CuCr cathodes improved by chromic oxide

Cathode ablation is one of the dominant limitations for extending the maximum operating time of arc heaters.In this work,the arc ablation behaviors and mechanisms of commercial CuCr10,CuCr25,and CuCr50 cathodes were investigated for pure copper and pure chromium cathodes.The discharging homo-geneity was improved with the increase of chromium content in the cathodes,which was attributed to the formed chromic oxide layer.The CuCr50 cathodes exhibited the lowest ablation rate with a reduction of 27.0％ compared to the copper cathodes.The chromic oxide formed in the pit protected the bottom matrix,leading to a homogeneous ablation process.The mechanism for the improved homogeneous ablation behaviors of the CuCr50 cathodes was proposed and featured by the suppression of deep pits and the dispersion of arc foot.Future attention will be focused on designing composite cathodes with an anti-ablation surface layer and a good conductive matrix.     

钛合金表面加弧辉光离子渗镍铬及其性能研究

采用加弧辉光离子渗金属新技术处理钛合金Ti5Al2.5Sn表面,研究了渗层的相组成特点,成分分布情况,评价了改性层的磨擦摩损性能,及与钛合金基体间的接触腐蚀相容性等。结果表明加弧辉光离子渗技术可以快速地在钛合金表面获得NiCr镀渗复合层。渗层由Ni3Ti等金属间化合物组成,其硬度、耐磨性能均高于离子注氮层,具有较高的抗含Cl^-1水溶液腐蚀性能,在含Cl^-1腐蚀环境中与钛合金基体接触相容。     

Surface-Engineered Li4Ti5O12 Nanostructures for High-Power Li-Ion Batteries

Materials with high-power charge–discharge capabilities are of interest to overcome the power limitations of conventional Li-ion batteries.In this study,a unique solvothermal synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles is proposed by using an off-stoichiometric precursor ratio.A Li-deficient off-stoichiometry leads to the coexistence of phaseseparated crystalline nanoparticles of Li4Ti5O12 and TiO2 exhibiting reasonable high-rate performances.However,after the solvothermal process,an extended aging of the hydrolyzed solution leads to the formation of a Li4Ti5O12 nanoplate-like structure with a self-assembled disordered surface layer without crystalline TiO2.The Li4Ti5O12 nanoplates with the disordered surface layer deliver ultrahighrate performances for both charging and discharging in the range of 50–300C and reversible capacities of 156 and 113 mAh g−1 at these two rates,respectively.Furthermore,the electrode exhibits an ultrahigh-charging-rate capability up to 1200C(60 mAh g−1;discharge limited to 100C).Unlike previously reported high-rate half cells,we demonstrate a high-power Li-ion battery by coupling Li4Ti5O12 with a high-rate LiMn2O4 cathode.The full cell exhibits ultrafast charging/discharging for 140 and 12 s while retaining 97 and 66% of the anode theoretical capacity,respectively.Room-(25℃),low-(−10℃),and high-(55℃)temperature cycling data show the wide temperature operation range of the cell at a high rate of 100C.     

Influence of Ti/TiN bilayered and multilayered films on the axial fatigue performance of Ti46Al8Nb alloy

The effects of Ti/TiN bi- and multilayered films on the fatigue performance of the Ti46Al8Nb alloy were investigated. Ti/TiN films with a total thickness of 1 μm were deposited on the Ti46Al8Nb alloy substrate by the hollow cathode deposition method. The samples were examined with various analytical techniques including nanoindentation, scratch test, stripping layer substrate curvature test and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that multilayered Ti/TiN films can enhance the fatigue strength of the Ti46Al8Nb alloy, whereas bilayered films have no obvious effect. Compared with the bilayer, the multilayer exhibits higher hardness, higher residual compressive stress and higher adhesion strength to the substrate. It is also demonstrated that the multilayer is responsible for retarding fatigue crack growth. All the superior properties make the hard Ti/TiN multilayer to be an effective protection coating for the enhanced fatigue strength of the brittle substrate.     

Modeling of the anodic arc discharge and conditions for single-wall carbon nanotube growth

A model of the arc discharge used for a single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) synthesis is developed. Coupling solution of the non-equilibrium, Knudsen layer, with hydrodynamic layer and discharge column provides self-consistent solution for the ablation rate and plasma parameter distribution. It is predicted that the interelectrode gap decreases with the background pressure increase. Conditions for single wall carbon nanotube formation in the arc discharge method of nanotube synthesis are described. Carbon nanotube seed formation and charging in the interelectrode gap are found to be very important effects that may alter carbon nanotube formation in the cathode region. This model predicts that the long carbon nanotubes in the high pressure Helium environment can be deposited on the cathode surface. Model predictions are found to be in agreement with experiment.     

45钢表面Ni/WC复合熔覆层的形成机制

采用真空熔覆技术在45钢表面制备Ni +WC复合熔覆层并进行阶段性取样,研究镍基复合涂层的形成机制。结果表明：在45钢表面生成与基体冶金熔合、WC硬质颗粒分布均匀的Ni基复合熔覆层。整个熔覆层由4 mm厚的复合层、1 mm厚的过渡层、20 μm厚的扩散熔合区以及250 μm厚的扩散影响区组成。复合层区由WC和分解形成的富W复相碳化物包围在Ni颗粒周围组成;复合熔覆层的主要组成相有γ-Ni固溶体、Cr₇C₃、Ni_2.9Cr_0.7Fe_0.36、Cr₂₃C₆、Ni₃Fe、Ni₃Si、Ni₃B、W₂C以及C等;真空熔覆过程包括：镍基合金颗粒达到熔点(900℃)前升温阶段颗粒间微烧结颈的形成、升温达到熔点(1020℃)开始的镍基合金颗粒熔融以及保温阶段(1060℃)的熔合扩散与WC颗粒微区位置的调整。     

Experimental study of the transition to high-current regime of discharge with a hollow self-heated titanium cathode in nitrogen

It is established that rapid formation of a nitride layer on the surface of a self-heated hollow titanium cathode in arc discharge in nitrogen leads to an increase in the thermal stability and emissive properties of the cathode. Optimum regimes of cathode training that ensures rapid Ti → TiN transition over the entire cathode wall thickness in the active zone are determined, which allows the operation temperature to be increased above 2200 K at a discharge current of up to 50 A for the cathode with an inner diameter of 8 mm and a wall thickness of 1 mm. Results of measurements of the current-voltage characteristics of discharge, thermal regimes of operation, and chemical composition of the cathode are presented. The rates of erosion of the cathode operating in nitrogen and argon have been determined.     

Ti(C,N)/Ni扩散焊接界面的组织和性能

以铜和铌作为中间夹层,真空扩散焊接Ti(C,N)/Ni,研究温度和时间等主要工艺参数对Ti(C,N)/Ni界面微观组织和性能的影响.结果表明,当扩散焊接的温度低于1273 K时,界面的夹层材料基本保持不变,界面的微观组织为Cu/Nb层状物,铜在镍中有少量扩散;而当扩散焊接的温度为1523K时,界面微观组织在初期为Ni8Nb的金属问化合物 离散析出的CuNi固溶体,到后期变为靠近Ti(C,N)侧为(Ti,Nb)(C,N) NbT(Ni,Ti,Cu)6 NbNia层,靠近Ni侧为NiCu NbNis层.这表明,液态Cu为过渡液相,通过Ni的溶解而形成CuNi过渡液相,加速了Nb在CuNi过渡液相中的溶解.由此产生的NiNbCu过渡液相能浸润Ti(C,N),并在界面处形成少量的(Ti,Nb)(C,N)固溶体合金,从而提高了界面的结合性能,界面剪切强度可达到140 MPa.     

浆料浸渍法制备C/C-SiC-ZrB2超高温复合材料及其烧蚀性能研究

采用浆料浸渍法引入ZrB₂微粉作为耐超高温相, 以炭纤维为增强体, 以热解炭和SiC为基体, 制备了ZrB₂含量不同的耐超高温C/C-SiC-ZrB₂复合材料; 通过电弧风洞考核材料的抗烧蚀性能, 通过XRD、SEM和EDS分析材料的烧蚀机理。结果表明: 在Ma 6电弧风洞条件下, C/C-SiC-ZrB₂复合材料的抗烧蚀性能优于C/C-SiC, 且随着ZrB₂含量的增加, 抗烧蚀性能随之提高; 在高温阶段形成的ZrO₂-SiO₂玻璃态熔融层起到了抗氧化烧蚀的作用。     

热氧化对Zr基块体金属玻璃腐蚀行为的影响

本文系统研究了空气中热氧化对Zr-Cu-(Nb)-Ag-Al-Be块体金属玻璃在含Cl~-溶液中腐蚀行为的影响。热氧化后:样品表面生成0.3~0.4μm厚的氧化层,层内Al和O富集;含Nb样品点蚀电位和自然腐蚀电位明显增大,不含Nb样品极化曲线却无明显变化;浸泡实验中样品表面的腐蚀坑密度显著降低,腐蚀坑内Cu富集、Zr贫化。X射线光电子能谱结果显示热氧化后含Nb样品表面含有Nb_2O_5和更低的Cu含量,而其它元素与不含Nb样品相似。因此,热氧化能更显著地改善含Nb样品耐蚀性能的原因可能是含Nb_2O_5的氧化膜更加致密,以及该氧化层能更有效阻碍Cl~-扩散。     

Fabrication and properties of Al2O3/Cu/InSnO3 multilayer cathode electrodes in carbon nanotube field emission display

Multilayer cathode electrodes consisting of Al₂O₃ bufferlayer, Cu conductive layer and InSnO₃ current limiting layer, used in carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission display, were prepared by direct current magnetron sputtering and wet etching. Compared with conventional monolayer cathode electrodes, the multilayer electrodes possess higher current limiting resistance with lower inherent resistance variation. Profilometer measurement indicates the etched edges of the multilayer electrodes were abrupt and regular. Nano Indenter experiment shows that the multilayer electrodes remained intact after annealing treatment and were resistance to scratch damage at loads up to 12.6 mN. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that no oxidized copper was formed during the annealing treatment. Atomic force microscope images show that the surface of the multilayer electrodes became smoother after plasma bombardment, and the maximum protrusion height decreased from 48.6 nm to 15.4 nm. With the multilayer cathode electrodes, the field emission properties of CNT film cathodes, such as uniformity, lifetime and stability are improved.     

热输入对金属基复合涂层中(Nb,Ti)C颗粒分布及性能的影响

目的 热输入对复合碳化物的析出、分布及耐磨性能具有重要影响。然而,目前热输入对碳化物增强金属基复合堆焊层组织结构与性能方面影响的研究较少。因此,需要探究焊接热输入对(Nb,Ti)C增强金属基复合堆焊层组织及耐磨性的影响,明确(Nb,Ti)C复合颗粒在堆焊层的作用机制。方法 采用Ar保护气体进行堆焊涂层的制备,通过调节堆焊电流和电压,研究不同热输入下堆焊层的形貌、组织及耐磨性能。结果 堆焊层中Ti元素与C元素优先发生了原位反应,生成了以TiC为形核中心的(Nb,Ti)C复合碳化物,弥散分布在马氏体基体组织上。随着热输入的增大,析出的(Nb,Ti)C颗粒数量逐渐减少,块状(Nb,Ti)C尺寸也逐渐变小。采用较低的热输入时,堆焊层硬度达到最高,为734.88HV0.5;随着堆焊热输入的增大,堆焊层的显微硬度呈降低趋势。具有较多(Nb,Ti)C的低热输入试样耐磨性能最佳,磨损量为0.80 mg;而具有较少(Nb,Ti)C的高热输入试样产生了严重的黏着磨损,磨损量较低热输入试样增大了约144%。结论 在摩擦磨损过程中,高硬度的(Nb,Ti)C颗粒会对基体起保护作用,可以提升其耐磨性能,且耐磨损性...     

Effects of Alloying Elements on Microstructure and Erosion Resistance of Fe—C—Cr Weld Surfacing Layer

Effects of alloying elements on microstructure and erosion resistance of Fe-C-Cr weld surfacing layer have been studied. The experimental results show that increasing C and Cr content favors improving the erosion resistance of the layer, and the excessive C and Cr result in decreasing the erosion resistance at 90 deg. erosion. That Mo, Nb or Ti improves the erosion resistance of Fe-C-Cr weld surfacing layer is mainly attributed to increasing the amount of M7C3 and forming fine NbC or TiC in austenite matrix, but the excessive Mo, Nb or Ti is unfavorable. The addition of Mo, Nb and Ti in proper combination possesses stronger effect on improving the erosion resistance and the erosion resistance (εA) of Fe-C-Cr weld surfacing layer with fine NbC, TiC and M7C3 distributing uniformly in austenite matrix obviously increases to 2.81 at 15 deg. erosion and 2.88 at 90 deg. erosion when the layer composition is 3.05C, 20.58Cr, 1.88Mo, 2.00Nb and 1.05Ti (in wt pct).     

Influence of molybdenum layer on the laser plasma generated from interfacing copper layer

The results for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurement of thin Cu films (1 μm) on soda-lime glass (SLG) substrates with and without a supporting thin Mo layer (1 μm) are reported. The ablation was carried out using a nanosecond Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (λ=1064 nm, τ=4 ns, spot diameter=50 μm, top-hat profile) in the laser fluence range of 19.16-65.97 J/cm(2). It was found that, under the same laser irradiance conditions, the depth and morphology of ablation craters produced with and without the Mo layer were completely different. The electron number densities of the plasma from the two samples calculated from the measured LIBS spectra differed by a factor of 4 as 4.1×10(17) cm(-3) (Cu/Mo/SLG) and 17.7×10(17) cm(-3) (Cu/SLG), which was attributed to the matrix effects resulting from ionization of Na atoms diffused into the Mo layer. It is demonstrated that a nanosecond-laser-based LIBS is applicable for the characterization and composition analysis of thin film layers of a few micrometer thickness on glass substrates, especially for the measurement of Na contents of each layer.     

Effect of coating on the microstructure and thermal conductivities of diamond-Cu composites prepared by powder metallurgy

Diamond-Cu composites from the direct combination of diamond and Cu show low thermal conductivities due to weak interface and high thermal resistance as a result of chemical incompatibility. In this paper, a new method is proposed to strengthen interfacial binding between diamond and Cu by coating strong carbide-forming elements, e.g., Ti or Cr on the surface of the diamond through vacuum micro-deposition. Interfacial thermal resistance of diamond-Cu composites is greatly decreased when diamond particles are coated by a Cr or Ti layer of a certain thickness before combining with Cu. Thermal conductivity is also increased several times. Cr coating can reduce more effectively interface thermal resistance between diamond and Cu than Ti coating. Moreover, it has a smaller negative impact on the thermal conductivity of the Cu matrix, resulting in higher thermal conductivity of Cr-coated diamond-Cu composites. Through the vacuum micro-deposition technology, Cr on the diamond particle surface is present in the form Cr₇C₃ near diamond and a pure Cr outer layer at 2:1. The optimum thickness is within 0.6-0.9 μm; at this depth, the thermal conductivities of 70 vol% diamond-Cu composites can be increased four times and reach as high as 657 W/m K. In this work, an original theoretical model is proposed to estimate the thermal conductivities of composite materials with an interlayer of a certain thickness. The predicted values from this model are in good agreement with the experimental values.     

激光熔覆Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.75Nbx高熵合金的组织和性能研究

目的 研究Nb含量对高熵合金Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.75Nbx熔覆层组织和性能的影响.方法 在H13钢表面制备了Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.75Nbx(x=0.25,0.50,0.75,1.00,原子数分数)高熵合金熔覆层,研究Nb含量对熔覆层的物相组织、微观结构、硬度和耐磨性的影响.结果 高熵合金熔覆层主要为BCC相、FCC相和Laves相的组织.在熔覆层中添加Nb,Laves相随之增加,组织的微观形貌发生变化.熔覆层的硬度远远高于H13钢(退火态),Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.75Nb0.5熔覆层的平均硬度最高,约为H13钢(退火态)的2.8倍.Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.75Nb0.5熔覆层的摩擦磨损失重最小,磨损程度更低,耐磨性更好.结论 Nb元素加入高熵合金体系会形成Laves相,Laves相能够提高高熵合金的力学性能.相关结果 对于高熵合金体系的研究具有一定意义,为高熵合金的成分设计和优化提供了必要的实验支持.     

28CrMo钢表面磁控溅射TiN涂层的组织结构及耐腐蚀性能

为了提高28CrMo钢表面的致密性和耐腐蚀性能,采用磁控溅射技术在28CrMo钢表面制备TiN涂层,通过光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电化学测试等手段分析了TiN涂层的显微结构及其在3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:采用磁控溅射技术在28CrMo钢表面制备了厚约0.5μm的TiN涂层,涂层与基体结合良好,没有出现明显的裂纹,涂层表面N的原子分数明显高于Ti;电化学Nyquist谱得到高频区的容抗弧可能是由电荷转移电阻引起和膜层引起,中频区的容抗弧由基体金属溶解时的传质弛豫引起,低频区的感抗弧由基体表面吸附物的弛豫过程引起;3.5%NaCl溶液中腐蚀96 h后TiN涂层表面有蚀坑,吸附有白色疏松的腐蚀产物,并出现大小不一的腐蚀坑;TiN涂层能够明显改善基体的耐蚀性能,对改进高铬钢表面特性具有重要的作用。