支撑国家新能源战略发展的锂资源开发

锂作为支撑新能源战略发展的核心元素,其开发与供给与国民经济息息相关。在“双碳”目标下,中国对锂及其化合物的需求急速上涨,是全球最大的锂消费国,对外依存度高。世界范围内锂资源主要赋存于矿石和盐湖卤水中,是当今国内外锂资源开发的重中之重;随着循环理念与技术的发展,城市矿山中二次锂资源的开发将彰显巨大潜力。总结了从硬岩锂矿、盐湖卤水、退役锂电池中提锂的工业方法及新技术研究进展。其中,硬岩矿提锂工艺的发展方向是低耗减碳;卤水提锂技术应因地制宜、一湖一策,多元分离技术组合应成为未来锂工程建设的最佳选择;重视退役锂电池材料再制备技术研究,可以大大降低锂电发展对自然资源的依赖,是新能源战略可持续发展不可或缺的一环。     

People development

One of the richest resources a company has is the people who work for it. In this article, Kevin Hull looks at management development from its ‘people’ perspective.     

Synthol reactor technology development

Since Sasol introduced the Kellogg designed circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactors at Sasol 1 in the 1950s, the commercial high-temperature Fischer–Tropsch (HTFT) process has had a dynamic ongoing development resulting, recently, in the introduction of Sasol advanced synthol (SAS) reactor operation only at Secunda, 1999. It has reached a stage now where the emphasis has shifted for developing a catalyst tailored to these reactors and current market requirements. This paper follows the development of the reactor technology since the early 1940s, highlighting the major developments and giving indications of the effect thereof on gas throughput and bulk product yields. The paper traces Sasol’s journey utilizing the sound, but unproven pilot plant scale-up of Kellogg, to a routine day to day operation and profitable commercial process by means of innovative design changes, general state-of-the-art advances and, importantly, experience!     

国内外吸收压缩式热泵研究进展

回顾了近十多年来有关吸收压缩式热泵的研究发展及主要研究成果,介绍了4种常见的系统模型以及国内外学者在系统工质选取上的倾向。吸收压缩式热泵系统作为一种新型的热泵技术,相比于传统的热泵系统,CAHP系统有着更大的供热温度范围和更高的能效比;同时由于优良的热力学性能,NH₃-H₂O在吸收压缩式热泵系统中被广泛使用。最后从系统和工质角度分析了吸收压缩式热泵系统存在的一些问题及可能的发展趋势,为后续的研究指明了方向。     

超分散剂应用进展

由于超细固体颗粒具有极大的比表面积和比表面能，粒子自聚的倾向较大，从而直接影响产品质量。超分散剂是近年来开发成功的新一代分散剂，对超细颗粒在介质中稳定分散极为有效。本文对超分散荆的分子结构特征、分子结构设计等进行了介绍。展望了超分散剂的发展方向殪前景。     

Oleochemical base fluid development

For over a decade, synthetic lubricants have been identified as a true field of growth and opportunities. An attempt will be made to demonstrate to what extent the actual developments followed market-research predictions. The path to a commercially successful base fluid is lengthy, risky and costly. A summary is given on the business environment in which developments take place as well as internal and external pressures on such development activities. Although the oleochemical industry provides essential “chemical backbones” for lubricant base esters, compounds of petrochemical origin are needed to design the proper molecule. Moreover, the petrochemical industry provides its own versions of synthetic base fluids. A picture is drawn on the relative position of oleochemical-versus petrochemical-derived base fluids.     

Photoresist development by plasma

Over the past several years the semiconductor industry has placed major efforts into replacing wet processes with dry processes in fabricating electronic devices. Plasma photoresist stripping, plasma cleaning, and other dry etching techniques have replaced wet methods in many product lines. One area that has received little mention but which is vital toward achieving a totally dry manufacturing process is the dry development of photoresist. One production applicable plasma developable photoresist (PDF) process, using a proprietary resist formulation, is reported. Plasma process characterization, such as end point detection, development latitude, and mechanism are discussed. Included also are development temperature, batch film uniformity, and resolution currently obtainable with the PDF process.     

聚乙烯技术新进展

评述了双峰聚乙烯技术,茂金属催化剂和采用液态冷凝技术的乙烯气相聚合工艺的新进展。介绍了生产双峰聚乙烯产品的各种双反应器工艺和单反应器工艺,指出双反应器工艺是目前国际上采用最广泛的工艺,而单反应器工艺目前仍处于开发试验中,是生产双峰聚乙烯产品未来发展方向。液态冷凝气相聚乙烯工艺利用冷凝液体的蒸发潜热及时移走反应热,极大地缓和了反应器散热问题,使得反应器单位体积的聚乙烯产量得到大幅度提高。将液态冷凝技术与超高活性的茂金属催化剂配合使用是当今研究的一个热点。     

Equipment development in solvent extraction

Any solvent extraction system must ultimately involve mixing and phase separation. The mixer-settler, which is the chief subject of this paper, has several advantages. It can be readily scaled up to handle large flow rates, and there is a great deal of practical experience in using it. There are also a number of areas where it can be modified to give improved operation. The mixer is an ideal area to apply the knowledge of chemical reactor fundamentals. The stage efficiencies to which we commonly refer can also be viewed primarily as mixer efficiencies. It would be a logical matter to consider increasing the degree of chemical reaction by using mixers in series within each stage. The physical phenomena taking place within the settler become clear with investigation. The assumption that plug flow predominates in any settler is probably at variance with actual facts. The control of the flow of the dispersion in the settler is a factor which should serve to make settlers smaller and more efficient. Solvent extraction equipment is undergoing constant scrutiny and improvement. The conventional mixer still needs additional basic studies, but it may some day be replaced by some other basic method of imparting mechanical energy and flow. It is likely that the gravity settler may be replaced by a device using a more intense force field, such as electrostatic or centrifugal forces.     

Microdevice-based system for catalyst development

Catalytic chemical reaction processes have played a major role in the growth of today's international economy. Because of this impact, technologies that reduce the development time of new catalyst materials are highly sought. We describe a new experimental system for the characterization of candidate catalysts that exploits the many advantages of microfabricated chemical devices. The core component of the system is a silicon microreactor in which the reaction of study is executed under highly controlled conditions. The system was used to acquire data on a model hydrocarbon hydrogenation reaction over platinum catalyst. The measured values of turnover frequency and reaction probability compare well with the literature and illustrate the value of the system as a tool for rapid and efficient catalyst development.     

Morphology development in polymer blends

The major morphological changes during polymer blending occur during the initial softening stage. This work explains the evolution of phase morphology of polymer blends from pellets to submicron particles in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The extruder was opened and blend samples were taken along its length. The major phase component was extracted by means of a selective solvent so that the dispersed phase morphology could be viewed directly by using scanning electron microscopy. The two systems studied were 80:20 polystyrene/amorphous polyamide and 80:20 polystyrene/polypropylene. In both systems, the initial morphology consisted of sheets of dispersed phase. Holes form in the sheets, and these holes grow as a result of interfacial tension forces until they coalesce with each other, forming thin ligaments. These fluid ligaments are unstable and break up via mixer shear forces. Very large changes in dispersed phase size are observed during the softening stage. The particle size changes less after the polymers are completely melted. The extruder results are compared to results from a batch mixer. The same dispersed phase sheeting mechanism is seen in the initial morphology in the batch mixer and the breakup of the dispersed phase domains parallels the breakup seen in the extruder.     

Liver lipids during development

The fatty acid composition of the major liver microsomal phospholipids has been studied during pre- and postnatal development of the rabbit. The fatty acid composition of the total lipids, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine from animals −6, −3, 0, +3, +6, +9, +16, and +112 days of age was determined. Fatty acid composition is similar in phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine for oleic acid at +3, +6, +9, and +16 day old animals; palmitoleic acid at +9 day old animals and linoleic acid at −6, −3, and 0 day old animals. Palmitoleic acid demonstrated a uniform decrease during early development in the total lipids and in both phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine; however, in the 112 day animal, the amount was just slightly lower than that observed for the earliest prenatal animal studied. Oleic acid decreased considerably during early postnatal development in the total lipids, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, but an increase in the 112 day animal was observed. Linoleic acid fluctuated considerably throughout postnatal development in the total lipids as well as in the two major phosphatides. Lecithin biosynthesis has been studied by two pathways during development of rabbit liver from −6 days to +110 days. The two pathways of lecithin biosynthesis were evaluated by assaying the activities of the liver enzymes choline phosphotransferase and phosphatidylmethyltransferase at different time intervals during development. The greater enzymatic activity was observed in the cholinephosphotransferase during development.     

Stress development in drying coatings

As a solvent‐cast polymeric coating dries, each part reaches a concentration at which it solidifies and develops elastic modulus. Thereafter, as further solvent departs, that part shrinks out‐of‐plane, but not in‐plane, if the coating adheres to its substrate. Hence, it develops in‐plane elastic stress. If the stress grows large enough, the stress‐free state may yield, which reduces the final stress level. A theoretical model of diffusion and mass transfer, large shrinkage‐induced deformation, and elastic stress, together with yielding and postyielding viscous deformation, was developed to predict stress evolution in one‐dimensional drying of polymer coatings. Concentration varies only perpendicularly to the substrate, the coating shrinks only in that direction, and the stress varies only in that direction but is in‐plane isotropic. The predictions are compared with measurements of evolving stress in various solvent‐cast polymer coatings and aqueous gelatin coatings by a cantilever‐deflection method. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1000–1013, 2001     

中国煤层气开发利用现状及发展建议

中国煤层气储量丰富,煤层气资源的开发利用处于起步阶段,煤层气的抽采量逐年上升,但抽采率相对较低,煤层气的综合利用主要集中在居民燃气、工业燃料、化工应用、发电等传统领域和清洁发展机制项目等新型领域。笔者综述了中国煤层气开发和利用的现状,分析了目前煤层气产业发展中存在的问题,并在此基础上提出了相关发展建议。     

Line-Profile resist development simulation techniques

The relative advantages and disadvantages of three different algorithms are compared for simulating the time evolution of two-dimensional line-edge profiles produced by a locally rate dependent surface etching phenomenon. Simulated profiles typical of optical projection printing and electron-beam and X-ray lithography of micron-sized lines in resist and etching of ion-implanted SiO₂ are used as a basis of comparison. One of the algorithms is a cell-by-cell removal model used earlier by Neureuther and Dill. One of the newly developed algorithms employs ray tracing; it can be shown that the path followed by a point on a front between the developed and undeveloped regions can be calculated using ray-optic equations. The other new algorithm uses a string of points initially on the surface of the exposed resist. The points on the string advance perpendicular to the local direction of the string; with time the string of points moves down into the resist, replicating the action of a developer. We compare the computing cost, convenience, and accuracy of the algorithms.     

Contact-angle development of polymer melts

In powder coatings, the quality of the final film is often associated with its smoothness. This is affected by the wetting and levelling process which occurs during film formation and is mainly determined by surface tension (driving force) and viscosity (resistance).

Especially for the surface tension the requirements are complex. On the one hand a lower surface tension facilitates the substrate wetting process, but if it is too low levelling is poor, resulting in wavy surfaces (“orange peel”). On the other hand, a higher surface tension promotes levelling, but if it is too high the wetting is poor, resulting in crater defects. Therefore, the surface tension of a powder coating has to be optimised carefully. It can be adjusted by addition of “levelling” or “surface flow” compounds to a formulation as well as changing the composition of the resin. Most of the current knowledge however is based on trial and error and a more systematic approach should provide better fundamental insight into the interrelation between the different parameters.

Since there is no generally accepted method of measuring wetting and levelling, a new method has been devised by which the actual melting and flow process can be monitored. The method provides information about the wetting and flow process of polymers by measuring the contact-angle of polymer melts as a function of temperature and gives significant and consistent results while data analysis provides quantitative information.

In this presentation, the method will be explained and examples will be given, showing the effects of structural parameters of coating binders on their wetting and flow behaviour.     

透明聚丙烯的研制

通过添加成核剂，不但可以明显地改善均聚聚丙烯（PP）的光学性能，使PP的雾度下降50％－60％，而且可以提高增透PP的力学性能，并在某种程度上改善其加工性能。为进一步降低成本，提高增透PP性能，研制了成核剂的复配体系。此复配体系性能优于进口产品。同时，讨论了加工温度和基础树脂对透明PP光学性能的影响。     

纳米涂料应用进展

对纳米微粒的重要性质及其在涂料应用中的研究现状、存在的实际问题和进展进行了综述,指出改进现有纳米涂料中存在的不足,使其大规模工业化应用将成为涂料工业的发展方向。     

The development of color metrics

On the occasion of the presentation of the Deane B. Judd-AIC Award to the author, he gave a historical survey of how color metrics developed from its origin to its present state of an independent and fascinating science. Only the most important stages of this development could be discussed; it was difficult to confine the scope of the presentation reasonably. Therefore, it was necessary to consider only those publications and personalities far enough removed in time to allow a retrospective, fair judgment of their importance. Most of the author's living colleagues in color metrics could not be mentioned, but this does not imply any evaluation of their recent publications or research, or deny any important future progress.