Time-sensitivity mechanism of rock stress memory properties under tensile stress

In deep underground engineering,understanding of time-related stress memory properties is critical to evaluate the in situ stress conditions of a rock mass.In this study,the time-sensitivity mechanism of the rock stress memory properties under tensile stress was investigated.It was found that the material property(Poisson's ratio) and crack angle were the controlling factors of the Kaiser effect(KE) under tensile stress.In particular,the time-sensitivity of the stress memory properties was closely related to the crack growth path.When the failure of the rock specimen was dominated by tensile microcracks and the crack development direction was deflected by up to 30° in the successive loading process,the stress memory capacity was likely to be time-independent for a sandstone specimen.The distribution of the Felicity ratio in a Brazilian test was more discrete than that in a three-point bending test It also showed that the changes in the crack path,rather than the time interval between successive loading cycles,led to inaccuracy of the detected KE.This study provides insights into stress memory-related issues under uniaxial or more complex stress conditions and thus facilitates development of methods for testing in situ mechanical behaviors of rocks with acoustic emission(AE) technology.     

不同围压下岩石声发射不可逆性及其主破裂前特征信息试验研究

 通过对花岗岩在不同围压下循环加卸载声发射(AE)试验,得到岩石加卸载损伤破坏过程中高、低频通道中AE累计振铃计数、岩石应力与时间的关系。基于此,研究岩石AE的不可逆性特征。同时运用快速傅里叶变换FFT逆变换对Kaiser点AE信号进行消噪,并通过FFT分析消噪后信号的频谱特征,探求岩石主破裂前特征信息。研究结果表明：(1) 两通道中接收到的AE振铃计数整体变化趋势基本相同,所揭示的Kaiser效应和Felicity效应规律基本一致;两通道中AE振铃计数特征主要区别在于数量不同;(2) Kaiser点主频分布在46.39～70.80与151.37～166.99 kHz范围内。岩石主破裂前,随轴向应力水平增加,低频通道中Kaiser点主频整体变化趋势由较低频向较高频转移,高频通道中由较高频向较低频转移;(3) 花岗岩Kaiser效应应力上限值为极限强度的65%左右。Kaiser点的主频特征及变化规律,可为岩石的损伤破坏评价提供依据。     

Strength degradation of sandstone and granodiorite under uniaxial cyclic loading

Change in mechanical properties of rocks under static loading has been widely studied and documented. However, the response of rocks to cyclic loads is still a much-debated topic. Fatigue is the phenomenon when rocks under cyclic loading fail at much lower strength as compared to those subjected to the monotonic loading conditions. A few selected cored granodiorite and sandstone specimens have been subjected to uniaxial cyclic compression tests to obtain the unconfined fatigue strength and life. This study seeks to examine the effects of cyclic loading conditions, loading amplitude and applied stress level on the fatigue life of sandstone, as a soft rock, and granodiorite, as a hard rock, under uniaxial compression test. One aim of this study is to determine which of the loading conditions has a stronger effect on rock fatigue response. The fatigue response of hard rocks and soft rocks is also compared. It is shown that the loading amplitude is the most important factor affecting the cyclic response of the tested rocks. The more the loading amplitude, the shorter the fatigue life, and the greater the strength degradation. The granodiorite specimens showed more strength degradation compared to the sandstone specimens when subjected to cyclic loading. It is shown that failure modes of specimens under cyclic loadings are different from those under static loadings. More local cracks were observed under cyclic loadings especially for granodiorite rock specimens.     

单轴压缩试验下裂纹闭合阶段岩石KAISER效应的研究

选择花岗闪长岩和大理岩进行了单轴压缩试验下裂纹闭合阶段的KAISER效应（KE）研究,试验结果表明：裂纹闭合阶段有KE出现,岩石KE具有记忆先前应力、应变、弹性模量、泊松比和损伤因子的能力;岩石KE的机理在于对其先前损伤的记忆。     

岩石点荷载作用下对应力记忆效应的声发射数值模拟与试验研究

 在分析单轴压缩试验岩石Kaiser效应机制的基础上,建立岩石在点荷载作用下对先前应力记忆效应的理论表达式,采用岩石破裂过程分析软件RFPA2D对14种不同尺寸和力学参数的试件进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明,岩石点荷载声发射试验能够反映岩石先前应力状态,点荷载加压出现声发射时的点荷载值与岩石先前所受应力值成正相关关系。为了进一步验证上述结论,对5个岩石试件进行单轴压缩加载、卸载后用点荷载重新加载的循环试验,得到与数值模拟相同的结论,研究成果为工程现场地应力值估算、评价提供新的研究方法。     

Dynamic fragmentation of microwave irradiated rock

The microwave-assisted rock fragmentation has been proven to be a promising approach in reducing cutting tools wear and improving efficiency in rock crushing and excavation.Thus,understanding the influence of damage induced by microwave irradiation on rock fragmentation is necessary.In this context,cylindrical Fangshan granite(FG)specimens were exposed to microwave irradiation at a power of 6 kW for different durations up to 4.5 min.The damages of the specimens induced by irradiation were quantified by using both X-ray micro-CT scanning and ultrasonic wave measurement.The CT value and Pwave velocity decreased with increase of irradiation duration.The irradiated specimens were then tested using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system to simulate rock fragmentation.A momentum-trap technique was utilized to ensure single-pulse loading on the specimen in SHPB tests,enabling valid fragment size distribution(FSD)analysis.The dependence of dynamic uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)on the irradiation duration and loading rate was revealed.The dynamic UCS increased with increase of loading rate while decreased with increase of irradiation duration.Using the sieve analysis,three fragmentation types were proposed based on FSD,which were dictated by both loading rate and irradiation duration.In addition,an average fragment size was proposed to quantify FSD.The results showed that the average fragment size decreased with increase of loading rate.A loading rate range was identified,where a dramatic reduction of the average fragment size occurred.The dependence of fragmentation on the irradiation duration and loading rate was also discussed.     

温度对盐岩疲劳特性影响的试验研究

 对不同温度下的盐岩试件进行单轴压缩试验,发现盐岩单轴抗压强度随着温度的升高明显下降,峰值应变却随着温度的升高而逐渐增大。根据不同温度下盐岩的单轴抗压强度选取合适的上、下限应力值,对各温度条件下盐岩试件进行循环荷载试验,发现：盐岩在相同应力比循环荷载作用下,疲劳寿命随着温度的升高而增加;不同温度下盐岩的疲劳损伤发展模式都包括减速损伤阶段、匀速损伤阶段和加速损伤阶段;随着温度的升高匀速疲劳损伤阶段所占的比例增加;与轴向应变曲线相比,体积应变的3个损伤阶段更加明显。最后应用弹塑性材料损伤分析公式,对盐岩的疲劳损伤进行分析,发现盐岩损伤发展模式与盐岩试件的体积应变发展模式较为接近,因此选取体积应变来描述盐岩的疲劳损伤较为合理。     

Strength of massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses

The Hoek-Brown(HB) failure criterion and the geological strength index(GSI) were developed for the estimation of rock mass strength in jointed and blocky ground where rock mass failure is dominated by sliding along open joints and rotation of rock blocks. In massive, veined and moderately jointed rock in which rock blocks cannot form without failure of intact rock, the approach to obtain HB parameters must be modified. Typical situations when these modifications are required include the design of pillars,excavation and cavern stability, strainburst potential assessment, and tunnel support in deep underground conditions(around s1/s ci 0.15, where s1 is the major principal compressive stress and s ciis the unconfined compressive strength of the homogeneous rock) in hard brittle rocks with GSI ! 65. In this article, the strength of massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses is investigated, and an approach is presented to estimate the rock mass strength envelope using laboratory data from uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength tests without reliance on the HB-GSI equations. The data from tests on specimens obtained from massive to moderately jointed heterogeneous(veined) rock masses are used to obtain the rock and rock mass strengths at confining stress ranges that are relevant for deep tunnelling and mining;and a methodology is presented for this purpose from laboratory data alone. By directly obtaining the equivalent HB rock mass strength envelope for massive to moderately jointed rock from laboratory tests,the HB-GSI rock mass strength estimation approach is complemented for conditions where the GSIequations are not applicable. Guidance is also provided on how to apply the proposed approach when laboratory test data are not or not yet available.     

岩石破坏过程中试件表面应变场演化特征研究

 分析了2种岩石试件(一种大理岩方柱试件和一种含圆孔大理岩平板试件)在单轴压缩下试件表面的应变场演化过程,得到了最大剪应变场的特征统计量(方差S)随加载的演化规律：S值在试件的均匀变形阶段较小且变化缓慢,在试件的非均匀变形段急剧上升。根据S值的变化趋势,将2个试件的变形破坏过程划分为5个不同的阶段,并给出了5个阶段的代表应变场,总结了各阶段的变形特征。应变局部化是其中一个重要阶段,是联系岩石均匀变形和非均匀变形的“桥梁”。实验结果表明,2个试件的应变局部化开始于加载曲线峰值前非常接近峰值的时刻(方柱试件为99.2%峰值应力处,含圆孔平板试件为92.2%最大载荷处),结束于峰值点。峰值后岩石试件的变形主要表现为弱化带和宏观裂纹的活动。     

Rock rupture phenomenon and pillar failure in tuffs in the Cappadocia region (Turkey)

The aim of this study is to investigate the relation between the critical failure stresses for rupture and pillar instabilities observed in tuffs in Cappadocia region and stresses triggering the early crack propagation stages such as crack initiation, systematic cracking and crack coalescence thresholds determined from Brazilian and uniaxial compression tests on rock samples obtained from these instabilities. These failures in the region have been occurring as a result of strength reduction of rocks through time, and long-term strengths of these rocks are achieved by own weight of the rock mass. In this study, these failures were evaluated in order to estimate long-term failure strength of rocks by classical short-term laboratory tests. For this purpose, some cases on rock rupture phenomenon and a pillar failure case were picked from different parts of the region. During the selection of these instabilities, the ones with relatively regular geometries were preferred. Rock block samples were collected from each case, and uniaxial compressive and indirect tensile (Brazilian) tests were carried out on dry and saturated specimens. In these tests, axial deformations and acoustic emission (AE) activity were also recorded in order to identify thresholds of the crack propagation and deformation stages of rock samples. The simplified back-analysis of each case was conducted, and the tensile stresses on rupture surfaces and uniaxial compressive stress on pillar were calculated. Then, stress levels at the thresholds of crack propagation and deformation stages determined by laboratory tests and stress levels determined by back-analyses were compared. Finally, it is concluded that crack initiation and/or systematic cracking thresholds may be a good indicator to determine lower bound of the in-situ strength of these tuffs and can be used as an estimator of their long-term strengths.     

含交叉裂隙岩石试样单轴力学特性与破坏机理

为系统性地研究节理岩体在单轴压缩试验条件下其力学特性及破坏机理,利用MTS-815岩石试验装置对完整岩石试样、不同构型单裂隙和交叉裂隙岩石试样进行单轴压缩试验,分析了各构型试样的力学参数及能量演化规律。与完整岩石试样力学参数相比,含单裂隙岩石试样的强度和弹性模量相对较小,含交叉裂隙岩石试样各项参数值最小。在加载过程中,含交叉裂隙岩石试样用于裂纹产生及发展的耗散能远大于完整岩石试样和含单裂隙岩石试样。一般地,含交叉裂隙岩石试样裂纹从预制交叉裂隙尖端起裂,首先贯通同侧预制裂隙形成反翼型裂纹,最终呈拉伸劈裂型破坏。     

等效晶质模型及岩石力学特征细观研究

 基于颗粒流理论与颗粒流程序,采用颗粒体模型与光滑节理模型,构建具有岩石矿物细观结构特征的等效晶质模型。通过室内试验与计算结果的对比分析,验证等效晶质模型在岩石力学特征研究中的适宜性与可靠性;同时,从细观角度深入揭示岩石在加载条件下的破裂机制与强度特性。主要研究结果如下：(1) 在单轴拉伸条件下,岩石近似与加载轴向相垂直的宏观断裂面,主要由相邻晶质体边界上的黏结张拉破坏构成;(2) 在单轴压缩或低围压三轴压缩条件下,岩石近似与加载轴向相平行的宏观断裂面,主要以相邻晶质体边界上黏结张拉破坏为主,导致岩石产生宏观劈裂破坏;(3) 在高围压三轴压缩条件下,与加载轴向呈一定夹角贯通岩石内部的宏观断裂面,主要以晶质体内张拉破坏以及相邻晶质体边界上黏结张拉、剪切破坏构成,导致岩石产生宏观剪切破坏;(4) 对于类似于花岗岩的硬脆性岩石而言,采用等效晶质模型可再现岩石较低的单轴抗拉与单轴抗压强度比值,且其强度特性采用Hoek-Brown强度准则描述更为合理。     

Sources of variability in laboratory rock test results

Appropriate rock characterization is beneficial in providing a reliable judgment on rock properties which is crucial for the design process of rock engineering applications. However, it can be difficult to obtain consistent mechanical parameters due to substantial variations in rock properties. In this research,uniaxial compression tests on dolerite specimens collected from a gold mine in Western Australia showed substantial scatter in the results. Rock categorization based on the P-wave velocities is as accurate as the thin section analysis, which suggests that they can be used together to gain a more accurate initial understanding of the rock types before any laboratory testing. The quality of specimen preparation and rockemachine interaction greatly affect the test results. For instance, non-parallelness of loading platens can lead to considerable scatter of the testing results, which would be perceived as rock variability. It is suggested that the current testing standards should be modified towards a better control of the loading machine performance and equipment precision. Finally, the possibility of pre-existing microcracks in rock, neither detected by the thin section analysis nor by the ultrasonic measurement,must be examined by computed tomography(CT) scanning as they can affect the test results. This study will enhance our knowledge about the sources of variability in laboratory test results of rock which is essential for obtaining reliable data.     

岩石冲击倾向与其波速变化的相关性研究

为探求岩石受载过程中波速变化规律与其冲击倾向的关系,建立单轴压缩下不同冲击倾向岩石波速随变形的变化关系式,并通过实验室试验对其进行初步验证。研究结果表明：(1) 当岩石冲击倾向性较强时,随着应变量的增加,波速开始基本没有变化,当所加荷载达到约90%峰值应力后,波速发生急剧下降;当冲击倾向性较弱时,波速基本呈线性降低。(2) 定义波速衰减因子的概念,用来表征岩石冲击倾向性的强弱,并初步确定其判别准则。(3) 对3种不同冲击倾向性岩石进行单轴压缩及波速测试试验,试验结果与理论关系式吻合较好。     

石灰岩局部化变形的图像特征

 根据室内单轴压缩试验视频图像对石灰岩局部化变形的数字特征进行分析。原始视频在岩石单轴抗压试验时摄得,根据试验荷载–时间关系曲线得到加载阶段的视频图像并转化为计算机易于识别的视频格式,利用粒子图像测速技术得到石灰岩试样表面任意时刻任意位置的位移大小,分析不同荷载作用下既有裂纹端点的变化过程及新生裂隙的萌生和扩展过程,选取单帧图像纹理参数作为石灰岩不同变形状态的数字特征参数,分别使用灰度直方图和灰度共生矩阵得到石灰岩图像数字特征参数随时间的变化过程。结果表明,既有裂隙端点和新生裂隙的局部化变形现象非常明显;可以将平稳变形阶段和急剧变形阶段间的分界点作为局部化变形的起始点并据此作为局部化变形的启动条件;图像纹理特征参数能够较好反映不同荷载阶段的变形状态,可以用于预报局部化变形的起始时刻。由于图像特征反映岩石的变形破坏过程,该方法将为研究岩体地区局部化变形和地质灾害的细观机制提供一条新的研究途径。     

Acoustic emission in host-rock material for radioactive waste disposal: comparison between clay and rock salt

The use of clay masses for radioactive waste disposal requires a comprehensive analysis of fracture processes in clay. Acoustic emission (AE) was used to obtain a better insight into damage evolution during uniaxial loading of Boom Clay specimens. A comparison of AE in clay and rock salt shows a much lower AE activity in clay. This, together with the higher attenuation, would inhibit the use of the AE technique for large-scale in-situ monitoring in clay masses. Cyclic uniaxial tests showed that, similarly to rock salt, clay exhibits a very well-pronounced Kaiser effect in AE with Felicity ratios around unity. The Kaiser effect takes place at different loading stages (before and at the flow limit) and, during reloading, it coincides with the deformation curve inflection. Further research is required to study the applicability of the Felicity ratio as a measure of the intensity of healing processes in clay. Electronic Publication     

动静组合载荷作用下岩石失稳破坏的突变理论模型与试验研究

应用突变理论分析了受一维静载岩石系统的稳定性及变化规律,建立了一维静载岩石系统在动载作用下的非线性动力学模型,发现静载岩石系统自振频率变化规律,以及动载作用与一维静载岩石系统的响应存在非线性关系,当动载力幅和频率达到一定值时,会引起一维动静组合加载岩石系统振幅的突跳,从而引起岩样子系统的失稳破坏,在一维静载岩石系统动载作用演化过程中,动载信号强度的大小起着决定性作用。上述理论分析与一维动静组合载荷岩石系统的失稳破坏试验结果是吻合的。     

围压与温度共同作用下盐岩的SHPB实验及数值分析

 在自主研制的可进行围压和温度共同加载的分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)实验装置TSCPT-SHPB基础上,对盐岩在5～25 MPa围压作用下的轴向动力性能以及盐岩在40 ℃～80 ℃,0.0～0.5 MPa围压下进行实验研究,分析围压和应变率对盐岩在围压作用下轴向抗压强度动力增长系数(DIF)的影响,以及温度和围压对盐岩动态力学性能的影响。结果表明：在动态作用下,围压对盐岩延性的提高有显著影响;盐岩属率敏感性和温度敏感性材料,其峰值强度随应变率的提高而提高,在低围压下的提高幅度比高围压下显著,并得到实验范围内盐岩材料动力增长系数(DIF)与围压和应变率关系的表达式;在高应变率(400 s－1)条件下,盐岩的动态峰值强度随温度的升高而降低,并依据实验数据,拟合得到峰值强度在各实验温度下随围压变化的计算公式。为考虑应变软化效应,对ABAQUS有限元软件中的Drucker-Prager模型进行改进,并基于单向动态围压下的实验数据拟合的计算参数,对盐岩TSCP-SHPB实验进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

不同岩石声发射时频特性实验研究

通过对变粒岩、花岗岩、石灰岩、粉砂岩等四种岩石进行室内单轴加载声发射试验,获取岩石破裂全过程的应力-应变曲线、声发射参数及声发射信号。根据岩石破裂过程,从时、频域对声发射信号进行分析,着重对比了不同岩石的力学性质、声发射信号频域特征。研究结果表明:采用声发射率、能率可以很好地描述岩石破裂损伤的整个阶段;随着加载的进行,根据岩体变形及破裂程度的不同,不同岩石破裂阶段的声发射信号的频带范围也在不断发生变化。结合声发射时间序列参数特征和频谱特性,可得出岩石破裂时的损伤特性,为现场岩体的稳定性监测提供技术支持。