缅甸伊江上游某水电站坝基渗控效果研究

对于有断层带存在的坝基,其防渗帷幕和密集排水孔幕的效果是水利水电工程安全的关键问题之一。针对伊江上游某重力坝基础,利用三维渗流场有限元精细求解技术,建立了伊江上游某坝基渗流场计算模型,分析了断层带范围内防渗帷幕失效和坝基排水孔不同间距条件下的渗控效果。成果表明:断层带范围内防渗帷幕失效,坝基渗流量增大,但扬压力折减系数仍满足设计要求;排水孔幕间距扩大1倍,渗控效果并无明显变化。成果可为类似坝基渗控设计提供参考依据。     

桃云水库工程坝基的渗漏评价及防渗处理设计

桃云水库已运行20多年,由于坝基清基不彻底,坝基岩石裂隙发育,正常蓄水位运行后出现渗漏。经综合比较采用坝基帷幕灌浆防渗方案,防渗处理后坝后再没有出现渗漏点,渗流得到有效控制。主要阐述了桃云水库工程坝基的渗漏现状及防渗处理设计。     

阿海水电站大坝防渗系统设计

阿海水电站挡水建筑物为碾压混凝土重力坝,坝基渗流对工程安全的影响至关重要。结合坝基渗控分析,开展了坝体材料分区、筑坝材料性能、新材料应用等方面的研究,对大坝防渗系统进行了设计,采用了坝体二级配碾压混凝土、坝基防渗帷幕、坝锺设置黏土铺盖、上游坝面设防渗涂层等综合措施。防渗系统完成后,可有效地减少坝体～坝基系统的渗漏,降低坝基及坝内的扬压力,保证大坝的长期安全运行。     

西藏某水电站工程首部枢纽平衡防渗优化设计

以"平衡防渗原理"为依据进行防渗帷幕各分区设计,即依据渗漏量和允许水力坡降的控制标准先确定防渗帷幕的深度,再依据绕过两岸帷幕的渗流速度等于绕过坝基河床下帷幕的渗流速度确定防渗帷幕长度,最后,依据穿过帷幕的渗流速度等于绕过坝基河床下帷幕的渗流速度确定防渗帷幕的厚度,可以避免防渗帷幕局部防渗过当或防渗不足,达到全局最优。对西藏某水电站工程首部枢纽拦河坝不同防渗分区的各种防渗方案进行了平衡防渗优化设计,通过三维有限元软件的计算结果分析,验证了依据"平衡防渗原理"进行的结构优化设计的合理性。研究成果不仅对该工程防渗方案的修改提供依据,还对类似工程防渗帷幕的设计提供参考依据。更多还原     

向家坝水电站坝基渗控效果研究

为了降低坝基扬压力和减少坝基渗漏量,向家坝工程在坝基设置了防渗帷幕和排水孔幕等渗控措施。基于饱和渗流理论,建立了典型坝段渗流计算模型,采用FLAC3D软件渗流分析模块对坝基渗流场进行了计算,研究了坝基扬压力和排水孔涌水量在不同情况下的变化规律。研究结果表明,向家坝坝基渗控措施排水降压效果明显,可以满足大坝安全稳定的要求。研究成果可对类似工程渗控设计提供参考。     

立洲RCC拱坝渗控方案的三维有限元优化分析

以四川木里河立洲水电枢纽工程为研究对象,对坝区的渗控措施展开研究。利用ANSYS12.1建立三维有限元渗流模型,计算分析得到了各渗控方案的渗流特征和渗透压力变化规律。对各方案中关键部位的渗透比降、渗漏量和典型剖面渗流场的渗压、地下水位等特征量进行比较分析后,得知:(1)立洲拱坝渗控措施设计方案的防渗帷幕和排水孔幕能有效降低坝后渗流浸润线,对于减小坝基、坝肩扬压力、改善坝基和坝肩受力条件起到了良好的作用;(2)加深帷幕和排水孔幕、增厚帷幕对降低坝区渗透压力作用不大;(3)适当增加f5断层附近防渗帷幕的深度,可防止f5断层形成渗漏通道,影响坝区渗透稳定;另外,取消第一层排水幕、缩短坝肩防渗帷幕延伸长度,可使渗控措施在满足渗流安全的前提下更为经济。     

苗尾水电站坝基渗控设计

根据苗尾坝基基本地质条件,提出系统的坝基渗控处理措施,主要采取坝基帷幕灌浆,心墙基础设置混凝土垫层及固结灌浆,心墙下游坝基布置反滤保护,以及左岸山脊梁防渗及排水等措施。基于动态设计的理念,对于河床坝基涌水段等灌浆异常部位及时调整帷幕设计参数和灌浆工艺。苗尾水电站坝基渗控设计与工程实践,解决了砂板岩相间复杂坝基渗控设计难题。     

后河沟水库大坝防渗方案浅析

大坝防渗设计是为截断渗漏通道,确保水库蓄水与坝体安全,是大坝设计的重要工作之一。针对后河沟水库砂砾石地层的分布位置规律不明确、渗透系数较大、覆盖层厚度平均厚度大等坝基渗漏问题,分析垂直防渗、上游防渗铺盖、下游排水设备及盖重三种防渗形式,提出垂直防渗中的截水槽+混凝土防渗墙+灌浆帷幕的处理措施,可有效解决坝基渗漏问题。     

坝基防渗帷幕设计及渗漏分析

灌浆技术具有施工便捷、安全环保、经济效益高等优点,被广泛应用在水利工程领域。防渗帷幕通过凝结颗粒填充岩土间的孔隙提升坝基防渗能力。本文结合工程复杂的地质情况,首先分析了坝基出现渗漏的原因,随后通过前期防渗帷幕设计进行坝基防渗处理,最后对前期灌浆后的坝基进行渗漏分析。研究表明:前期灌浆帷幕设计可有效地降低渗漏量,但是透水率仍偏高,需要在此基础上进行补强灌浆处理。     

岭下溪水库副坝及山体贴坡段防渗处理

岭下溪水库副坝及基础存在渗漏问题。该文在分析渗漏原因的基础上,提出防渗加固方案,即坝体单管高压旋喷与坝基帷幕灌浆相结合,防渗效果明显,可供同类工程参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.