宝泉抽水蓄能电站上水库防渗设计

宝泉抽水蓄能电站上水库从地形上讲，建库条件较好，但地质条件复杂，断层发育且渗漏问题严重。可行性研究阶段比选了7种防渗方案，推荐沥青混凝土护坡，黏土护底防渗方案。经多种方案比较，认为沥青混凝土面板渗透系小，无结构缝，维修方便，特别适合于防渗要求较高的抽水蓄能电站上水库库盆防渗。     

宝泉抽水蓄能电站上水库库底防渗黏土铺盖关键施工技术

宝泉抽水蓄能电站上水库库底防渗采用黏土铺盖,为国内首次,没有相应的施工技术或经验。针对库底黏土铺盖抵御垂直渗流等技术特性,创新解决了库底黏土铺盖填筑施工的分期分区、进料布料、组合碾压、纵横接缝、库岸接头等一系列技术难题,不仅保障了施工质量,而且大幅提高了施工效率,填补了国内库底黏土铺盖填筑施工的技术空白。该工程自投产发电已安全运行近5 年,监测结果表明其防渗效果非常好,为抽水蓄能电站库盆防渗提供了一个成功的新范例。     

响水涧抽水蓄能电站的下水库库盆设计

本文论述了响水涧抽水蓄能电站下水库库盆的结构设计、对库岸稳定分析,并介绍了库盆的防渗设计。库盆的整体设计兼顾了地形、地质及环境条件,充分体现了工程与环境和谐的新理念,为未来在类似的环境下建设抽水蓄能电站的水库提供了坚实的技术指导和宝贵的经验。     

回龙抽水蓄能电站上库防渗形式研究

回龙抽水蓄能电站水量较少，上库库盆存在较严重的渗漏问题，如果不采取防渗措施将会直接影响电站运行。根据电站的地形地质情况和投资限制要求，对上库共考虑了6种防渗方案。通过非连续介质岩体三维渗流模拟方法对库区进行渗流分析和方案比选，最终确定了主干裂隙采用混凝土板、次要裂隙采用喷混凝土的组合全包的刚性防渗方案，这种刚性组合防渗方案在国内外抽水蓄能电站库盆防渗措施中尚属首例，实践证明，该方案具有安全可靠、施工方便、经济合理等特点，能达到理想的防渗效果。     

抽水蓄能电站库盆防渗技术研究

回龙抽水蓄能电站自2004年投产建成以来,经过十多年的运行,上水库库盆因特殊的地形、地质导致渗漏问题较为严重。传统的库盆防渗如钢筋混凝土面板、沥青混凝土面板等工艺不能满足运行阶段回龙上库库盆防渗要求。经过优化分析,上库采用了基层挂网并涂抹高强砂浆、聚脲喷涂的全封闭组合防渗新工艺,目前渗流量约占库容总量的0. 008%。通过对全库盆防渗方案、防渗材料选择及现场施工管理等进行总结,以期为类似工程提供参考借鉴。     

溧阳抽水蓄能电站上水库防渗形式选择

溧阳抽水蓄能电站上水库库盆北、西、南三面均由山梁组成,建库地形条件较好,但地质条件复杂,地下水位埋藏深,断层节理裂隙发育,渗漏问题突出.在比较垂直防渗和表面防渗的基础上,重点对9个表面防渗方案进行了比较研究,最终推荐库周钢筋混凝土面板、库底粘土加土工膜组合防渗方案,该方案防渗效果好、可靠性高、工程造价相对较低,可以满足本工程防渗要求.     

抽水蓄能电站库盆防渗技术的探讨

抽水蓄能电站上库库盆防渗关系到工程的正常运行，但当需要全库封闭防渗时，不但技术复杂，而且造价昂贵。通过对国内工程设计和实践的分析，建议加强水文地质、水量平衡和经济分析，以选择合宜的库盆防渗方案。对各种库盆防渗技术及其宜进一步深入解决的问题进行了探讨，建议在高陡库岸条件下，推荐采用灌浆帷幕封闭库岸的防渗结构。     

沥青混凝土面板防渗技术在呼蓄上库的应用

主要介绍沥青混凝土面板防渗技术在抽水蓄能电站中成功应用的案例,重点阐述呼和浩特抽水蓄能电站上水库防渗形式的比选、材料性能研究探索和施工技术。该项技术对在寒冷地区抽水蓄能电站库盆沥青混凝土面板防渗中的应用起到了引领和促进的作用。     

南阳回龙抽水蓄能电站上库库盆渗漏处理方案及施工技术

结合南阳回龙抽水蓄能电站上库库盆渗漏处理的过程,介绍利用改性聚氯乙烯（PVC）防渗处理的方案及施工技术.     

某抽水蓄能电站上水库防渗方案的比选研究

目前抽水蓄能电站水库的防渗设计多以经验和规范进行,其防渗效果和项目的资金投入很难达到最优状态。鉴于此,提出了结合工程区地质情况和预算投资初拟防渗比选方案,通过有限元数值模拟进行库区渗流场的计算分析,最后给出相对合理的防渗方案。以某抽水蓄能电站上水库为例,通过对水平防渗、垂直防渗及不同高程位置防渗方案的对比,综合比较水库渗漏量、坝体渗流出口的渗透稳定性、防渗方案的预算投资、防渗材料的适应性及后期维修检查的难易程度,上水库库盆处理方式最终选择方案二,即混凝土大坝+库岸混凝土面板+库底土工膜的防渗型式。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.