Insight of EDX analysis and EFTEM: Are spherocrystals located in strombidae digestive gland implied in detoxification of trace metals?

Digestive tubules of Strombidae are composed by three cell types: digestive cells, vacuolated cells, and crypt cells. The last one is characterized by the presence of intracellular granules identified as spherocrystals. Such structures are known to occur in basophilic cells of gastropod digestive gland, where they are supposed to be involved in the regulation of some minerals and in detoxification. In this study, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX) and energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) were used to determine the elemental content of spherocrystals in two Strombidae, Strombus gigas and Strombus pugilis. In freshly collected individuals of both species, the following elements were detected: Ca, Fe, Mg, P, and Zn. Aluminum and Mn were also detected in S. gigas. Their presence in spherocrystals indicates that, in Strombidae, spherocrystals are involved in the regulation of minerals and essential trace metals. In order to answer the question “are spherocrystals involved in nonessential trace metals scavenging?,” artificial cadmium and lead exposure by both waterborne and dietary pathways was applied to S. pugilis. No evidence of cadmium (Cd(NO₃)₂) or lead (Pb(NO₃)₂) provided by food was found in spherocrystals. Cadmium provided in water (Cd(NO₃)₂ and CdCl₂) causes structural modifications of the digestive gland; however, this element was not trapped in spherocrystals. These results suggest that spherocrystals are not involved in detoxification of such nonessential trace metals. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Effects of trace metal elements on ultrastructural features of hepatopancreas of Armadillidium granulatum Brandt, 1833 (Crustacea,Isopoda)

This study was conducted to compare metals bioaccumulation in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium granulatum collected from Ghar El Melh lagoon. We focused on recognizing the effects of trace elements on hepatopancreas functional role. To this end, isopod specimens were exposed for 3 weeks to sediments contaminated with cadmium, copper, zinc, mercury, and nickel. Three concentrations were used in duplicate for each experimental condition. At the end of the experiment, metal body burdens were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Results of the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) showed that the species A. granulatum was classified as a Cu macroconcentrator (BAF > 2) and a Zn deconcentrator (BAF < 2). Dose dependent morphological and histological changes were observed in the hepatopancreas cells using transmission electron microscopy. The predominant features were: microvillus border disruption, condensation of the cytoplasm with increasing endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes and granules that accumulated metals in B and S cells. The number of lipid droplets decreased especially after Cd, Zn, Hg, and Ni treatments. This study demonstrated that the terrestrial isopod A. gramulatum could be a good indicator of soil metal contamination.     

ICP-MS顺次分析鸡蛋壳中微量元素

本研究基于顺次电离质谱分析技术,发展了一种直接质谱分析方法分析鸡蛋蛋壳中微量元素。在仅需少量样品预处理的条件下,分别用水和5%稀硝酸作为洗脱液,对鸡蛋壳中水溶性微量元素组分和酸溶性微量元素组分进行顺次提取,然后在线传输至ICP-MS进行分析。该方法可在10 min内实现单个样品中15种微量元素水溶性组分和酸溶性组分的顺次分析,具有仅需少量样品预处理、分析速度快、样品消耗量小等优点。采用顺次电离质谱分析方法考察了赣州土鸡蛋、赣州营养鸡蛋、赣州草鸡蛋、毛庵村毛氏土鸡蛋、吉安泰和土鸡蛋的蛋壳小头、中部和大头3个部位上15种微量元素的水溶性和酸溶性组分信息。结果表明,鸡蛋蛋壳上微量元素的含量、形态和分布可构成一个完整的“指纹谱”,不同种类鸡蛋壳的微量元素“指纹谱”具有显著区别,该“指纹谱”在鉴别鸡蛋种类、判定鸡蛋质量方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

Evaluation of trace element contamination using Armadillo officinalis Duméril, 1816 (Crustacea,Isopoda) as a tool: An ultrastructural study

To estimate trace element bioaccumulation in Armadillo officinalis, specimens were collected from Ghar El Melh lagoon then exposed for 3 weeks in contaminated sediments with copper, zinc, and cadmium. From the first week until the end of the experiment, a decrease in A. officinalis growth related to the increase of Cd concentration in the sediment was recorded. However, a mass gain was highlighted under Cu and Zn exposures. At the end of experiment, body metal concentrations were measured using flame atomic emission spectrometry. Results of the bioaccumulation factor showed that the species could be considered as a macroconcentrator of copper (BAF > 2) and a deconcentrator of zinc (BAF < 2). Microscopy observations of hepatopancreas cells showed morphological and histological changes even at the lowest concentration. They consisted in the microvillus border destruction, lipid droplets modifications, trace element accumulation, and the condensation of the majority of cellular organelles. The degree of these alterations was found to be dose‐dependent. Through these results, the isopod A. officinalis could be used as relevant monitor organisms for soil metal contamination.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病患者与健康男性血清中19种微量元素含量对比

微量元素代谢在糖尿病患者中可能发生了改变,这些元素在糖尿病发病机制和发展中起特定的作用。本工作研究了年龄区间50~60岁男性Ⅱ型糖尿病患者（95例）与健康人对照组（91例）的血清微量元素含量的差异。采用微波消解法对血清中19种微量元素进行前处理,稀释25倍,选择电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）进行检测。该方法的检测限、精密度和重复性良好,符合血清微量元素的检测要求。相比于对照组,糖尿病患者血清中锰、钴、铜、钡和铅元素的含量相对较高,钒、锌、砷、锑和钨元素的含量相对较低,而铬、铁、镍、硒、钼、镉、锡、汞和铊元素的含量在糖尿病患者和健康对照组中无显著统计学差异。结果表明,与糖尿病密切相关的10种微量元素在年龄区间50~60岁男性糖尿病患者与健康人之间存在显著统计学差异。该结论可为进一步研究与微量元素缺乏或者过量相关的糖尿病发病机制和发展过程提供数据支持。     

高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定煤质样品中49种痕量元素

Various trace elements, especially potential toxic trace elements such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Ni, Se, Tl, Zn, would be concentrated in processing of coal. Determination of these elements in coal is very important for identification of coal quality. A method is developed for determination of 49 trace elements in coal by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICPMS). Microwave acid digestion and low-temperature airproof acid digestion for sample preparation were investigated. It is shown that the low-temperature airproof acid digestion method is of lower blank, and more suitalbe for the coal sample preparation. The on-line internal standard (Rh) sample introduction is applied to compensate matrix effects in measurement by ICPMS. The method gives low detection limits (0.002-1.60 μg/g) and better relative standard deviations (0.60%-4.78%) for the determined 49 elements in coal.     

Histochemical and ultrahistochemical localization of heavy metals in calf organs

Cadmium, zinc, selenium, and copper were administered, singly or in combination, orally or subcutaneously. Experiment I included 32 calves of both sexes; six received Cd (two groups), Zn, Cd, and Zn, and Cd and Se (two groups) and one group was a control. In Experiment II (21 bulls), three were given Cd, Cd, and Cu, and Cd and Zn, respectively, and one group was a control. For light microscopy, in Experiment I the highest amounts of silver granules were present in the samples of liver, small intestine, and vesicular gland of all the exposed groups; in Experiment II the most affected organs were liver, kidney, and small intestine. For electron microscopy, in Experiment I, after administration of Cd and Zn, the highest amounts of granules were seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and the lowest amounts were found in glandular cells of the pancreas. Administration of Cd and Se resulted in the presence of large numbers of granules in the nuclei and nucleoli of spermatogonies. In Experiment II, ingestion of Cd and Zn in feed led to the appearance of highest amounts of granules in the nucleoli, nuclei, and cytoplasm of cells in testes, kidneys, and pancreas. Following Cd intake, the highest accumulation of granules was observed in the nucleoli of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules. Combined Cd and Cu produced the highest number of granules in cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and in the nucleoli and nuclei of germinal epithelium.     

ICP-MS测定两种一枝黄花中12种微量元素

为确定两种一枝黄花中微量元素的差异,建立了微波消解-ICP-MS法,测定加拿大一枝黄花与一枝黄花中Ca、Mg、P、Fe、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Se、Cr、Hg和Pb12种微量元素。方法的加标回收率为95.2%～107.1%,相对标准偏差在2.5%～8.9%之间,检出限在0.002～0.057μg.L-1之间,该方法具有良好的准确度和精密度。分析结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花与一枝黄花均含有Ca、Mg、P、Mn和Fe元素,前者中Ca、Cr、Mn、Zn、Pb、Ni含量较高,而后者中的Mg、P、Fe、Cu、Se含量较高。     

Spectroscopic and microscopic characterization of atmospheric particulate matter

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical properties of atmospheric particulate matter collected during post biomass burning events from November to December 2015. The types of particulate samples collected from the study area were total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulates less than 2.5?µm (PM_2.5). Multiple methods were used for the qualitative and quantitative characterization. Fifteen major and minor trace metal analyses were performed using acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis. Infrared spectroscopy was used for the identification of functional groups of organic compounds present in the samples. In addition, field emission scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used for morphological characterization and microanalysis of individual particles. The average measured concentration of trace metals in TSP and PM_2.5 follows the order of Zn?>?Fe?>?Al?>?Cu?>?Pb?>?Mn?>?V?>?Cr?>?Ni?>?Sn?>?As?>?Hg?>?Cd?>?Ag?>?Co. Enrichment factor analysis showed strong anthropogenic contributions of Hg, Ag, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Cu, and Sn in the samples. Field emission scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy shows that three types of particles were present that originated from crustal and anthropogenic sources. Furthermore, the infrared measurements indicate that most compounds were organic acids and aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Physiological and histopathological responses of Porcellio laevis (Isopoda,Crustacea) as indicators of metal trace element contamination

This study was designed to assess the impact of the mixture of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) on the bioaccumulation and the ultrastructural changes in the hepatopancreas of Porcellio laevis (Latreille, 1804) after 4 weeks of exposure to contaminated Quercus leaves under laboratory conditions. For each metal, four concentrations were used with four replicates for each concentration. Metal concentrations in the hepatopancreas and the rest of the body were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. From the first week until the end of the experiment, a weight gain in P. laevis was observed particularly between the first and the end of exposure from 93.3 ± 18.22 mg fw to 105.22 ± 16.16 mg fw and from 106.4 ± 22.67 mg fw to 125.9 ± 23.9 mg fw for Mix1 and Mix4, respectively. Additionally, the determined metal trace elements (MTE) concentrations in the hepatopancreas were considerably higher compared to those in the rest of the body and seem to be dose‐dependent. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), some alterations were highlighted in the hepatopancreas. The main observed alterations were (a) the destruction of the microvilli border in a considerable portion of cells, (b) the increase of the lipid droplets with different shapes and sizes, (c) the increase in the number of the mitochondria, and (d) the appearance of TE in the form of B‐type granules. The obtained results confirmed the ability of P. laevis to deal with high amounts of MTE, suggesting its possible use in future soil's biomonitoring programs.     

益智仁中Mg、Al、Fe、Zn、Cd、Pb含量及精油成分分析

文章以ICP-MS法测定益智仁中Mg、Al、Fe、Zn、Cd、Pb六种元素含量,并用水蒸汽法提取精油,通过气相-质谱（GC-MS）联用手段对精油的主要化学成分进行分析,以峰面积归一化法确定各组分的相对含量;结果从益智仁精油中分离出28个色谱峰,并鉴定了其中的25种成分,占精油总含量的94.08%,其主要成分依次为圆柚酮（15.51%）、γ-榄香烯（10.71%）、朱栾倍半萜（瓦伦烯）（8.69%）、α-芹子烯（6.71%）等,从元素测定来看Mg含量很高达6550μg/g,Pb含量很低,仅1.59μg/g。     

低温密封酸溶——高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中50个微量元素的评价

The method based on the determination of trace elements in geological samples by sector high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with mixed acid digestion procedure has been evaluated. The evaluation show that the results of 29 elements including Li, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Y, Cs, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, W, Tl, Bi, Th and U are satisfactory; V, Sr, Nb, Mo, In, Sb, Ba and Pb are acceptable; Sc, Cd, Hf, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ge and Sn have of large deviations, Be, Ta, Zr, As and Se are worse.     

The Level of Trace Elements in Tripoli City Groundwater

Abstract

Groundwater samples from different regions of Tripoli city (Libya) were analyzed for environmental control purposes. The concentrations of several trace elements (As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Sb, Sr, and Zn) were determined by means of ICP‐OES and AAS methods. The obtained results were also compared with the European and Canadian standards, as well as with the Egyptian ground, Nile, and drinking water concentrations. As a result, the detected elements were classified into three different groups. The first group of elements, (Na and Sr) was found to have high concentrations. The second group of elements, (Ba, B, Ca, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mg, and Zn) had comparable concentrations. The third group of elements, (As, Cd, Fe, Mn, and Sb), showed low concentrations. The observed high concentrations of some elements, in particular Sr, and the lower concentrations of the others, such as Fe and Mn are relevant to their levels in Tripoli city soils. In addition to the above elements, some inorganic ions, (NH₄ ⁺, NO₂ ^?, and NO₃ ^?) were also detected using ion chromatography (IC). The elevated concentration of NO₃ ^? is mainly due to various industrial activities, the use of fertilizers, and/or pollution from sewage. The concentration of the other inorganic ions, (NH₄ ⁺, NO₂ ^?) was found to be within the international standard limits. The natural radioactivity in the samples has also been investigated using γ‐spectrometry and was found to be very low.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定甲醇中13种微量元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法 (ICP-MS)分别测定了不同级别试剂甲醇和工业甲醇中 Al、As、Ba、Cd等 1 3种微量元素的含量。将样品在 80℃左右挥发至干 ,用体积分数 2 %稀硝酸提取并定容。测定结果表明 ,该方法简单快速、检出限低。不同级别的甲醇中微量元素的含量并不随甲醇质量级别的降低而增加 ,且不同厂家生产的同一级别的甲醇 ,微量元素含量存在较大差异。对其中的一种工业甲醇进行了加标回收试验 ,微量元素的回收率为 90 %～ 1 1 0 % ,相对标准偏差 <6% ,结果令人满意。     

Simultaneous Determination of Six Trace Elements in Plant Medicines by Derivative Adsorption Waves in Conjunction with a Microwave Technique

Abstract

Complex adsorption waves of Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) in substrate solution (pH=9.26) of diacetyldioxime‐ammonia‐ammonium chloride‐sodium citrate‐gelatin‐sodium sulfite were studied and a new method for determination of the six trace elements in aqueous solutions was developed. The results show that there are sensitive adsorption waves of Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) complexes at about ?0.45, ?0.61,?0.78, ?1.07, ?1.23, and ?1.38 V, respectively. The method is easy to operate and is able to determine these trace elements in aqueous solutions rapidly and simultaneously. When the signal‐to‐noise ratio equals 3, the detection limits of copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, and zinc are 3.2×10^?4, 4.8×10^?3, 1.9×10^?3, 1.7×10^?5, 2.1×10^?6, and 1.0×10^?3 µg/cm³. Good linear relationships exist between the concentrations and the current peaks when copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, and zinc concentrations are within 6.5×10^?4～10⁰, 9.3×10^?3～10, 4.1×10^?3～10, 3.2×10^?5～10^?1, 4.0×10^?6～10^?2, and 2.1×10^?3～10 µg/cm³, respectively. In conjunction with a microwave assimilation technique, the method has been used in the rapid and simultaneous determination of these trace elements in some plant medicines with satisfactory results.     

萃取色层分离ICP／MS测定U3O8中痕量杂质元素

本文叙述了结合CL－TBP萃取色层分离,运用ICP／MS测定U3O8中痕量杂质元素B、Ti、Cd、V、Cr、Zn、Mo、Sb、W、Bi的方法。U3O8经硝酸溶解后,采用CL－TBP草林树脂作固定相,5．5mol／L,硝酸作流动相的萃取色层法使杂质元素与铀基体分离,杂质元素淋洗液用ICP／MS测定。取样量为O．5g时,各杂质元素的测定下限为1×10（-8）g／g。方法的重加回收率在88％－116％之间,相对标准偏差小于14％。     

ICP—AES法测定盒果藤中的微量元素

目的：建立盒果藤中微量元素的测定方法。方法：采用HN03-H2O2高压消解罐法消化处理样品,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP—AES）同时测定盒果藤中Cu、Zn、Fe、Ca、Mg、Mn、Sr等7种微量元素。结果：该方法的RSD（n=9）在0．6～3．3％内,元素回收率在86．9—104．8％之间,测定结果较理想。结论：该方法简便,快速准确,适于分析测定盒果藤中的微量元素,测定结果发现盒果藤中合有丰富的Cu、Zn、Fe、Ca、Mg、Mn、Sr元素,对今后研究其药理作用有重要的意义。     

原子吸收法对藏草药毛瓣绿绒蒿中10种元素的初级形态分析

用原子吸收分光光度法,测定了产于青藏高原的藏草药毛瓣绿绒蒿的全药材、水提液、醇提液中10种生命必需元素（Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Se、Zn、K、Ca、Mg）的含量,以及水提液中各元素可溶态、水溶态的含量,同时采取正辛醇-水分配体系模拟藏药水提液中各微量元素在人体胃与肠中的分配情况,对藏药中微量元素的初级形态进行了分析,初步探讨了酸度变化（人体胃肠酸度）对微量元素的影响,结合藏药药效讨论其相关性,为进一步研究微量元素与藏药药性、药效的关系提供科学的依据。     

连续光源原子吸收光谱法同时测定镍基溶液中微量铁、钴、铅、锌含量

本文探讨镍基体对待测元素铁、钴、铅、锌干扰情况,采用标准加入校正法消除基体干扰影响,拟定试验条件,建立连续光源原子吸收光谱法对镍系统溶液中微量元素的测定方法,实现一次进样连续测量Fe、Co、Pb、Zn,此方法简单、快速、准确、可靠。