同时偏振成像探测系统的偏振图像配准研究

同时偏振成像探测技术是一种新型的偏振成像探测技术,它能在同一个探测器上同时获得被探测目标0、45、90、135 4个偏振方向的偏振强度图像。为了准确获取被探测目标的偏振信息,这４幅图像的配准显得尤为重要。为了使配准精度达到0.1个像元,结合同时偏振成像探测系统的成像方式,提出了一种基于空域和频域互相关的偏振图像配准方法。该方法使用硬件和软件相结合的方式完成图像的配准。首先使用空域互相关的算法实现图像的像元级粗配准;然后使用频域互相关的像元级配准算法进行像元级精配准;最后使用频域互相关的亚像元配准算法实现偏振图像的亚像元级配准。     

LASIS影像波段配准

针对大孔径静态干涉成像光谱仪(Large Aperture Static Interference Imaging Spectrometer,LASIS)各波段共视场扫描成像的特点,提出了基于在轨几何内检校的虚拟重成像方法进行波段高精度配准.此方法充分考虑姿轨的变化和镜头畸变等导致高光谱波段影像失配的几何因素,在内方位元素检校的基础上,对高光谱影像进行虚拟重成像,实现了对误差源的建模以及波段间相对误差的消除.利用遥感十四号LASIS在不同区域数据进行内检校和虚拟重成像实验,结果表明,进行LASIS数据的处理能够得到优于0.16像素的波段配准精度.     

运动补偿下双通道星载高光谱成像仪图像配准

最新一代可见近红外（VNIR）和短波红外（SWIR）双通道星载高光谱成像仪,多采用视场分离器将VNIR和SWIR通道分离为多个子视场,同一时刻各子视场对地成像区域不同,在采用运动补偿技术提高图像信噪比时,各子视场对同一地物的观测角不同,导致图像间失配关系复杂,无法获取同一地物的VNIR-SWIR连续光谱。通过建立运动补偿下的严格成像几何模型,定量分析了双通道图像的畸变和失配规律,进而提出了各子视场分别几何定位再相位相关法配准的方案,并利用东天山区域运动补偿下星载双通道高光谱仿真数据进行验证。结果表明,传统的基于图像的配准方案精度为3.9像元,仍无法得到同一地物像元的VNIR-SWIR光谱曲线,文中方案配准精度提高到0.3像元,VNIR和SWIR重叠波段的反射率光谱重合度误差由41.5%降低到1.2%。     

SVM 的光栅成像光谱仪图像畸变校准方法

成像光谱仪是一种图谱合一的光学遥感仪器。光栅成像光谱仪在获取数据立方体时,由于色散元件本身光谱展开的非线性,导致获取的条带像出现畸变,致使采样频率与拼接方式合理匹配时,获取的图像依然会出现畸变。利用边缘到中心灰度值渐变原理和遗传算法,更准确的提取畸变特征点,选择合适的参数,建立支持向量机回归数学模型,对畸变图像进行校正。与其常规畸变校正方法相比,该方法能够有效的兼顾全局校正法中存在的局部误差,提高校正精度。实验验证校正检验误差可以控制在0.5 个像素之内。     

一种机载红外光谱相机的角位置误差补偿技术

机载红外多光谱扫描仪采用摆扫扫描成像机制,解决了红外光谱相机的光谱分辨率、高空间分辨率和大成像幅宽之间的矛盾,可实现下视和远距离侧视成像。为了实现采集图像无缝拼接的像元级对准,需保证红外光谱仪的角位置信息准确。本文针对机载扫描成像光谱仪的几何定位问题进行分析,指出角位置误差是影响相机几何定位的主要因素,进而采用一种角位置误差的长短周期双重补偿方法,对角位置误差进行补偿。地面测试结果表明,补偿后相机角位置精度提高10倍,且经环境试验验证,角位置误差仍保持稳定。由机载挂飞试验结果表明,后图像相对几何精度优于一个像元（10）,满足图像拼接的几何定位需求。     

基于相位相关的目标图像亚像元运动参数估计

为获取亚像元级目标运动参数,提出一种基于相位相关分析的图像配准方法。首先讨论了目标局部运动和全局运动的目标参数估计问题,通过图像减影运算和模块匹配方法实现粗配准,从全景图像中分离目标信息和背景信息,计算目标中心坐标,获取像元级运动参数;然后采用相位相关图像配准方法实现精配准,利用傅里叶变换的平移特性,对产生平移的目标图像,通过求解归一化的互功率谱的傅立叶逆变换,得到二维脉冲函数,其峰值对应图像位移,由此获取亚像元级位移量。在实验室通过自准直光学系统获取光斑运动图像,使用Leica经纬仪标定光斑运动参数精度。结果表明,该方法效果显著,最大配准误差为0.156,标准差为0.091,配准精度优于1/10像元。     

前视成像雷达图像序列配准算法研究

为解决前视阵列成像雷达中图像序列的配准问题,该文将前视阵列雷达的成像原理与Hausdorff距离有机结合,提出一种图像序列配准方法。该方法基于传感器信息、图像分辨率校正和回波域Hausdorff距离,首先利用传感器信息估计出图像间的距离向偏移,在此基础上修正天线孔径长度并校正序列图像分辨率。为解决地雷目标各向同性造成的角度估计困难,使用Hausdorff距离对序列图像实施配准。结合前视阵列雷达的成像原理,将Hausdorff距离从图像域映射到回波域,实现分辨率校正与配准的统一,提高配准速度和精度。通过实测数据验证,该方法适用于前视阵列成像雷达,能够提高图像序列配准精度,改善系统检测率。     

基于海岸线区域两类不同轴遥感设备之间匹配应用

以高光谱分辨率的空间外差光谱仪为例,针对其获取地表目标干涉数据的特点,提出一种利用高空间分辨率遥感图像中海岸线区域的大面积均匀地貌且地表反射率有突变的特征来对空间外差光谱仪进行指向配准的方法,实现了不同轴成像遥感设备与非成像遥感设备之间的匹配应用.利用空间外差光谱仪在多个对地观测点的结果干涉数据和相同经纬度区域的高空间分辨率图像数据进行地基测试实验,将配准校正值结果与其标称值进行对比,误差范围在-3%~5%.结果表明,该方法可为星载不同轴成像遥感设备与非成像遥感设备之间匹配应用提供参考依据.     

大孔径静态干涉成像光谱仪探测器配准误差标定方法

大孔径静态干涉成像光谱技术是近年来出现的一种新型干涉成像光谱技术,具有高通量、多通道等优点,然而干涉图与探测器之间存在一定配准误差时,则会对复原光谱产生较大的影响,甚至影响到仪器的最终应用。针对该问题,通过对大孔径静态干涉成像光谱仪成像机理的分析,提出了一种探测器配准误差的标定方法,经验证该方法可以很好地解决探测器的配准误差,最终提高了复原光谱的精度,该研究对大孔径静态干涉成像光谱仪的研制具有重要的指导意义。     

一种实用广角成像系统几何畸变数字实时校正方法

图像的几何畸变广泛存在于应用广角镜头的成像系统，畸变的存在尤其不利于基于图像分析的定量分析领域。针对一个基于图像分析的红外角位置测量系统，提出一种实用广角成像系统几何畸变数字实时校正方法，阐述其畸变参数的标定方法，图像的空间变换和灰度插值方法，基于实时性要求，给出畸变校正的算法步骤，实验表明，此广角成像系统几何畸变数字实时校正方法有效提高了角位置测量系统的测量精度，并具有一定的实时性能。     

可见近红外、短波红外超光谱成像仪在轨数据处理技术研究

分析了天基可见近红外、短波红外超光谱成像仪的数据特征,提出了一种用于可见近红外、短波红外超光谱成像仪的在轨数据处理系统.重点介绍了星上定标及非均匀性校正、星上数据压缩等算法.超光谱成像仪在地面定标的基础上进行星上辐射和光谱定标,用基于定标和基于场景两种方法对图像数据做非均匀性校正.星上数据去噪及压缩采用基于小波变换的方法,去噪后的数据用3D-Tarp算法压缩.该系统设计既考虑了算法的有效性,又考虑了恶劣的星上环境对时间、功耗等指标的限制,在尽量少损失信息的情况下,能有效去除噪声,提高信噪比,减少星上存储和下传的数据,提高图像质量.     

ASTER geometric performance

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) system acquires multispectral images ranging from the visible to thermal infrared region. The ASTER system consists of three subsystems: visible and near-infrared (VNIR), short-wave infrared (SWIR) and thermal infrared (TIR) radiometers. The VNIR subsystem has a backward-viewing telescope as well as a nadir one. To deliver data products of high quality from the viewpoint of geolocation and band-to-band registration performance, a fundamental program, called Level-1 data processing, has been developed for images obtained using four telescopes with a cross-track pointing function. In this work, the methodology of the geometric validation is first described. Next, the image quality of ASTER data products is evaluated in view of the geometric performance over a period of four years. The band-to-band registration accuracy in the subsystem is better than 0.1 pixels and that between subsystems is better than 0.2 pixels. This means that the geometric database is determined accurately and the image matching method based on a cross-correlation function is effective in the operational usage.     

Onboard calibration of the ASTER instrument

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a high spatial resolution optical sensor for observing the Earth carried on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Terra satellite. ASTER consists of three radiometers covering the following regions: visible and near-infrared (VNIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR), and thermal infrared (TIR). The preflight calibration of VNIR and SWIR utilized standard large integrating spheres whose radiance levels were traceable to primary standard fixed-point blackbodies. The onboard calibration devices for the VNIR and SWIR consist of two halogen lamps with photodiode monitors. In orbit, all three bands of the VNIR showed rapid decreases in the output signal while all SWIR bands remained stable. The TIR onboard blackbody was calibrated against a standard blackbody from 100-400 K in a vacuum chamber before launch. The TIR is unable to see the dark space. The temperature of the TIR onboard blackbody remains at 270 K for a short-term calibration to determine any offset and is varied from 270-340 K for a long-term calibration of both the offset and gain. The long-term calibration just after launch was consistent with the prelaunch calibration but then showed a steady decrease of the TIR response over the five years of operation to date.     

Radiometric performance evaluation of ASTER VNIR, SWIR, and TIR

Radiometric performance of the Advanced Spectrometer for Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is characterized by using acquired imagery data. Noise-equivalent reflectance and temperature, sensitivity (gain), bias (offset), and modulation transfer function (MTF) are determined for the visible and near-infrared (VNIR), the shortwave infrared (SWIR), and the thermal infrared (TIR) radiometers that constitute ASTER. The responsivity evaluated from onboard calibration (OBC) and from instrumented scenes show similar trends for the VNIR: the OBC data yield 2.7% to 5.5% a year for the VNIR. The SWIR response changed less than 2% in the 3.5 years following launch. The zero-radiance offsets of most VNIR and SWIR bands have increased about 1/2 digital number per year. The in-orbit noise levels, calculated by the standard deviation of dark (VNIR and SWIR) or ocean (TIR) scenes, show that all bands are within specification. The MTF at Nyquist and 1/2 Nyquist frequencies was determined for all bands using the Moon (VNIR and SWIR) or terrestrial scenes with lines of sharp thermal contrast. In-orbit performance along-track and cross-track is better than prelaunch for the VNIR and SWIR bands in nearly all cases; the TIR effectively meets specification in-orbit.     

基于光线追迹的长线列摆扫式热像仪在轨几何成像仿真方法

针对卫星发射前在轨数据缺乏导致的无法进行成像质量评估、链路分析及几何处理算法验证等问题,提出了一种基于光线追迹的长线列摆扫式热像仪在轨几何成像仿真方法.首先根据光学系统结构及成像特点,构建了长线列摆扫式热像仪严格几何定位模型;然后,基于姿轨仿真数据、DOM和DEM辅助数据,通过光线追迹及重投影算法实现了像元视矢量的空间...     

红外干涉光谱仪非均匀性在线校正与仿真

由于红外干涉成像光谱仪结构的特殊性,其非均匀性在线定标与校正是工程上一直没有得到有效解决的技术难题。通过对光谱仪结构的深入分析,对空间调制红外干涉光谱仪研究出了一种有效的非均匀性在线定标与校正方法,并建立了相应的仿真模型,实验结果表明算法是正确的和有效的。研究成果为星载空间调制红外干涉成像光谱仪非均匀性的在轨定标与校正奠定了良好的技术基础。     

Correction of stray light and filter scratch blurring for ASTER imagery

Stray light components in images obtained by the shortwave infrared (SWIR) and visible near-infrared (VNIR) radiometers of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) were investigated. A simple method, which is equivalent to the van Cittert method of deconvolution, was used for correction. The stray light components were estimated using the image obtained during lunar observation, and the improvement in image quality was examined after stray light correction. The calculation is performed in the space domain, and application to the filter scratch problem of the ASTER/SWIR sensor, which has a scratch on the interference filter resulting in partially degenerated images, is also demonstrated.     

Hadamard变换成像光谱仪实验室辐射定标方法

Hadamard变换成像光谱仪采用多通道探测数字变换技术实现光谱成像。主要介绍了基于数字微镜阵列器件的Hadamard变换成像光谱仪的工作原理与仪器结构,研究设计了一套适用于该Hadamard变换成像光谱仪的实验室辐射定标方案。用远距点光源光路进行CMOS探测器像元响应不均匀性修正,获得相对定标精度达到4.6%;采用太阳模拟光源和均匀平行光路,用光谱辐射度计实现标准辐射亮度的传递进行光谱辐射定标,绝对定标精度达到8.92%。通过实物成像,Hadamard变换成像光谱仪的实验室辐射定标方法精确、实用。     

The impact of viewing geometry on material discriminability inhyperspectral images

An increase in the off-nadir viewing angle for an airborne visible/near-infrared through short-wave infrared (VNIR/SWIR) imaging spectrometer leads to a decrease in upward atmospheric transmittance and an increase in line-of-sight scattered path radiance. These effects combine to reduce the spectral contrast between different materials in the sensed signal. The authors analyze the impact of viewing angle on material discriminability for 237 materials over a wide range of conditions. Material discriminability is quantified using a statistical algorithm that employs a subspace model to represent the set of spectra for a material as conditions vary. The authors show that reliable material discrimination is possible over a range of conditions even for large off-nadir viewing angles. They illustrate the performance of material identification over different viewing angles using simulated forest and desert hyperspectral digital imagery collection experiment (HYDICE) images