亚波长线栅太赫兹偏振分束器的研究

为了提高工作在太赫兹波段偏振分束器的性能,采用激光诱导与化学镀铜的方法在聚酰亚胺衬底上制作了亚波长周期金属线栅太赫兹偏振分束器,并以返波振荡器作为太赫兹辐射源搭建了偏振分束特性测试系统。当入射波频率为340GHz、入射角为45°时,测得在入射波偏振在0°～180°变化过程中,该偏振分束器具有良好的偏振分束特性,透射和反射的消光比分别为27.3dB和10.5dB,插入损耗分别为0.13dB和0.32dB;用太赫兹时域光谱系统测得偏振分束器在0.2THz～1.5THz频域内透射消光比大于18dB。结果表明,测试结果与时域有限元方法模拟结果基本吻合。     

基于双层金属光栅的高消光比高透过率太赫兹偏振器

本文设计了一种基于双层金属亚波长光栅的太赫兹偏振器，其可以实现高透过率和良好消光比的特性.该偏振器是通过微加工技术在薄石英衬底的上下表面上制备而成的.实验和模拟结果均表明，双层金属光栅具有与单层金属光栅相近的透过率、更高的偏振度和更高的消光比.在0.3～2.0 THz的频率范围内，测量的透过率在83.4%到62.7%之间，偏振度大于99.7%，消光比大于29 dB.此外，设计的两种双层金属光栅偏振器件成功地应用于太赫兹时域光谱（TeraHertz Time Domain Spectroscopy,THz-TDS）系统中，获得了超过96.2%的偏振度和超过17.1 dB的消光比.通过调整金属亚波长光栅的参数（例如间距、线宽和金属膜厚度），可以进一步提高透过率、偏振度和消光比等特性.     

倒梯形双层金属光栅式偏振分束器

为获得高衍射效率、高消光比、宽带宽及大角度容差的光栅结构，提出了一种在近红外波长区域工作的倒梯形双层金属光栅结构的偏振分束器。该结构引入了一层高折射率介质层，并且将光栅区的光刻胶斜切成倒梯形结构，新的设计增大了光栅的透射效率和消光比。使用严格耦合波分析方法，模拟和优化了偏振分束器的结构参数。结果表明，横磁波及横电波在1 290~1 840 nm波长范围内的透射效率和反射效率分别超过97%和95%。透射和反射的最大消光比分别为33 dB和53 dB。在波长为1 550 nm，入射角为-40~40时，光栅的透射和反射消光比都大于22 dB，达到了高性能偏振分束器的要求。相较于双层金属矩形光栅，所提出的倒梯形双层金属结构表现出更高的透射性与反射性，同时具有更好的设计灵活性。     

800 nm亚波长夹层式金属偏振分束光栅

为获得高性能的偏振分束光栅,设计了一种亚波长夹层式金属光栅结构,通过严格耦合波分析和遗传算法优化出最佳光栅结构。所设计的光栅在波长为800 nm时,0级衍射级次上TM偏振波的透射率和TE偏振波的反射率分别为98%和96.5%。在波长747 nm 854 nm,以及入射角-27 27范围内,光栅的透射和反射消光比都大于20 dB,达到了高衍射效率、高消光比、宽带宽及大角度的要求,数值分析表明该光栅对周期、槽深、覆盖层厚度具有优良的工艺容差。该光栅结构简单,性能稳定,对入射光损耗低,偏振分束效果明显,在光学偏振器件、激光器系统、偏振成像等领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

具有光束偏转功能的亚波长光栅偏振分束器

针对亚波长光栅偏振分束器无法实现垂直出射光 、集成耦合效率低的问题,本文设计了 一种具有光束偏转功能的亚波长光栅偏振分束器,可实现偏振分束且能获得垂直出射光。器 件上 层采用光栅衍射理论设计了可实现偏振分束的周期亚波长光栅,下层通过严格耦合波法与波 前相 位控制理论设计了具有光束偏转功能的非周期亚波长光栅。基于有限元软件COMSOL对设计 的器 件进行仿真分析,结果表明该器件可分开TE与TM混合偏振光且能实现光束垂直出射,两种 偏振 光的总透射率在1550nm处超过了76.5%,偏振 消光比为14.0 dB。因此通过该偏振分束器不但可 以获得垂直出射的单偏振光,而且能有效提高垂直耦合型器件的工作效率,有望应用在面向 光纤通信的集成光电器件中。     

深紫外光栅反常偏振器件的设计与分析

为实现金属光栅偏振器件在光刻机偏振照明系统中的应用,基于共振域光栅的反常偏振效应,提出一种以二氧化硅为基底、铝与氟化镁作为栅线材料的介质-金属光栅偏振器。与传统的亚波长金属光栅偏振器相比,该偏振器的光栅周期接近入射波长(0.19～0.20μm),表现出透射TE偏振光、反射TM偏振光的反常特性。由时域有限差分算法(FDTD)的数值模拟结果可得,当波长为0.193μm的光垂直入射时,该光栅偏振器对TE偏振光的透过率大于60%,偏振消光比大于180。与具有相同结构参数和栅线材料的单层金属光栅偏振器相比,该介质-金属光栅偏振器在深紫外波段具有良好的偏振性能,TE偏振光透过率提升了约10%,偏振消光比提升了4.5倍左右(在0.193μm波长下)。     

亚波长光栅的模态特性与衍射效率及其应用

采用模态理论研究了TE偏振与TM偏振入射光在一维亚波长光栅区域的模式特性,分析了不同传播模态的有效折射率及其差值与入射条件、光栅周期、光栅深度及光栅填充比之间的关系,使用干涉法得到了在考虑光栅凹槽深度的情况下两种模态的光栅衍射效率。应用亚波长光栅的模式特性与光栅衍射效率设计了一种偏振分束器,其特性是在利特罗入射的条件下,单色光波在0级衍射处为TM偏振,在-1级处为TE偏振。     

超短双芯光子晶体光纤偏光分束器

提出了一种基于椭圆双芯光子晶体光纤的偏振分束器,并利用全矢量有限元法分析了偏振分束器长度与结构参数的关系,由此得出了偏振分束器长度随孔间距、占空比和桥路变化的一般规律。研究表明,当椭圆双芯光子晶体光纤偏振分束器结构参数一定时,孔间距越小,桥路宽度越宽,则分束器长度越短;占空比变化对长度影响不明显,但对消光比的影响较明显。进而,通过结构参数的优化,设计出一种超短的椭圆双芯光子晶体光纤偏振分束器,在工作波长1 550 nm处,该分束器的长度仅为0.775 mm,消光比高达50 dB,消光比大于20 dB的带宽覆盖了从1 535~1 565 nm之间30 nm的波长范围,即通信C波段范围。     

基于Bragg光栅的超高消光比SOI波导偏振器设计

波导偏振器是片上集成相干光学系统中的关键器件之一,超高消光比、低损耗、紧凑型波导偏振器的设计一直是研究的热点。基于绝缘体上硅平台的倾斜Bragg光栅被用于实现超高消光比波导偏振器结构。利用一维光子晶体能带理论分别计算TE和TM模式光的能带结构分布,选择TE模式禁带与TM导带重叠带隙设计光栅,可实现TM模式低损传输,而TE模式被Bragg光栅高效反射,从而产生超高偏振消光比。3D FDTD仿真表明:16 μm倾斜Bragg光栅波导偏振器可在中心波长1550 nm附近70 nm的带宽内,实现大于37 dB的超高消光比,器件的损耗小于0.64 dB;进一步增加光栅周期数,当长度为25 μm时,消光比可提高至46 dB。Bragg光栅倾斜角与刻蚀宽度偏差仿真表明:设计的结构加工误差容限较大,同时该结构仅需一次曝光刻蚀,工艺流程简单。     

基于硅基波导偏振无关光分束器的研究

本文提出一种基于硅基波导的偏振无关分束器,该 器件由对称的定向耦合结构和亚波长结构组成。根据耦合模理论,在传统的定向耦合结构中 ,TM模的耦合强度强于TE模的耦合强度,难以实现偏振无关分束。在耦合区域增加亚波长结 构,能够在增强TE模的耦合强度的同时减弱TM模的耦合强度,使得TE模和TM模的耦合强度相 等。因此通过调节定向耦合结构和亚波长结构的相关参数,能够实现偏振无关分束。 采用时域有限差分法(FDTD)进行仿真分析,结果表明:该器件可以实现1550nm波长的偏振无关分束, TE 模的额外损耗为0.27 dB,TM模的额外损耗为0.55 dB,器件的耦合 区域长度为5.48 μm,带宽约为25 nm。该器 件具有尺寸小,结构简单,易于集成的优点。     

Design of a compact photonic-crystal-based polarizing beam splitter

A compact polarizing beam splitter based on a photonic crystal (PC) directional coupler with a triangular lattice of air holes is designed and simulated. In the employed PC structure, transverse-electric (TE) light is confined with the photonic bandgap effect, while transverse-magnetic (TM) light is guided through an index-like effect. Due to the different guiding mechanisms, TM and TE light have strikingly different beat lengths, which is utilized to separate the two polarizations in a directional coupler no longer than 24.2 /spl mu/m. The two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method of computation is used to evaluate the device performance. The extinction ratios are found to be around 20 dB for both TE and TM polarized light.     

A novel polarizer based on directional coupler and surface plasmon polaritons

A novel polarizer with a silver nanoribbon added into a traditional waveguide directional coupler is designed to realize the polarized output of TE mode. A high extinction ratio can be obtained because of the selectivity of surface plasmon polaritons （SPPs） on polarization. The effects of the polarizer parameters on coupling efficiency and extinction ratio are discussed. Simulation results indicate that the coupling efficiency for TE mode can reach about 95%, but only 3% for TM mode, with the extinction ratio of TE mode about 15 dB when the light wavelength is 1550 nm, The polarizer may have potential applications in photonic integrated circuits and quantum information technology.     

Integrated-Optic Polarization Controlling Devices Using Electro-Optic Polymers

Integrated-optic polarization controlling devices such as polarizers, polarization splitters, and polarization converters, are proposed and demonstrated in nonlinear optic polymers. Poling-induced birefringence in electro-optic polymers is exploited to fabricate the devices. The polymeric waveguide polarizers show low excess losses, and extinction ratios of 20.7 dB and 17.1 dB for TM-pass and TE-pass polarizers, respectively. The polymeric waveguide polarization splitters exhibit TE-TM mode splittings with crosstalk of 14.2 dB and 10.1 dB for TM and TE mode splittings, respectively. The polymeric waveguide polarization converters show successful TE/TM polarization mode conversion with conversion efficiencies of higher than 30 dB. The device employs poling-induced waveguides which have slowly rotating azimuth angle of optic axis along the light propagation direction. The novel polarization converter is insensitive to wavelength and easier to fabricate than the other polarization converters containing periodic structures.     

Silica-based 8×8 optical matrix switch integrating newswitching units with large fabrication tolerance

An 8×8 optical matrix switch consisting of asymmetric Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer switching units with a waveguide intersection was fabricated using silica-based planar lightwave circuits (PLC's) on a silicon substrate. This switching unit can realize a high extinction ratio and a wide operation wavelength range even if the coupling ratios of the directional couplers (DC's) consisting the switching unit, deviate greatly from the ideal value of 50%. A matrix switch with a DC-coupling ratio of 30% was fabricated to test the validity of the proposed geometry. The average insertion loss was 7.3 dB in the transverse electric (TE) mode and 7.5 dB in the transverse magnetic (TM) mode. The average extinction ratio was 31.2 dB in the TE mode and 31.3 dB in the TM mode. The wavelength range with an extinction ratio greater than 20 dB was over 100 nm     

指向耦合器型TE/TM模分离器结构参数优化设计

采用简单的理论模型 ,对折射率呈渐变分布的钛扩散LiNbO3 波导进行结构优化 ,得到模式分离的最佳结构参数 ,用光束传播方法 (BPM法 )设计了有金属覆盖层的指向耦合器型TE/TM模分离器 ,偏振串音分别达到 -2 0 8dB(TE模 )和 - 2 1 3dB(TM模 )。     

TE-TM mode splitter with heterogeneously coupled Ti-diffused andNi-diffused waveguides on Z-cut lithium niobate

A coupling type mode splitter with an extraordinary polarisation and a random polarisation waveguide made by Ni and Ti indiffusion, respectively, on a Z-cut LiNbO₃ substrate is described for the first time. With optimised process parameters: a very small TM mode profile mismatch is obtained due to the similar characteristics of the Ti- and Ni-diffused waveguides. The measured extinction ratios of the TE and TM modes at 1.55 μm wavelength are >22 dB     

Flexible,Low-loss Waveguide Designs for Efficient Coupling to Quantum Cascade Lasers in the Far-infrared

We coupled linearly polarized and azimuthally polarized Terahertz quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) to the low-loss optical modes of hollow core waveguides having a sequence of different metallic or dielectric inner coatings. The latter waveguides have been specifically designed to force the propagation of a dominant optical mode once the thickness (d) of the inner dielectric coating is properly chosen. Our results demonstrate that both the TE01 and the TE11 modes can be easily converted to a hybrid one when d > 6 μm allowing the propagation of THz QCL beams with transmission losses as low as 1.5 dB/m, bending losses < 1.1 dB and reasonably high coupling efficiencies (87%).     

Improved 8×8 integrated optical matrix switch usingsilica-based planar lightwave circuits

An improved 8×8 optical matrix switch was fabricated using silica-based planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) on a silicon substrate. Three improvements were made. First, the waveguide material was changed from titanium-doped silica (SiO₂₂-TiO₂) to germanium-doped silica (SiO₂₂-GeO₂) to reduce propagation loss. Second, offset driving powers were supplied to every switch unit to realize high extinction ratios. Third, the dummy switch units were modified to suppress the crosstalk through these units. The average insertion loss of the fabricated device was 3.81 db in the TE mode and 3.82 dB in the TM mode. The average extinction ratio of the switch units was 25.3 dB in the TE mode and 22.3 dB in the TM mode. The accumulated crosstalk was estimated to be less than -14 dB in the TE mode and -11 dB in the TM mode. The average driving power of the phase shifter in the on-state was 0.54 W in the TE mode and 0.52 W in the TM mode. The switching response time was 1.3 ms. The packaged 8×8 matrix switch with additional fiber-waveguide coupling loss of 2.7 dB was successfully employed in photonic multimedia switching and photonic inter-module connector system experiments     

Tunable Mach-Zehnder polarization splitter using height-tapered Y-branches

A tunable TE/TM polarization splitter, based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an electrooptic switch, is demonstrated in GaAs-AlGaAs. Symmetric and asymmetric Y-branches employing height-tapered waveguides are used to achieve power splitting and mode sorting, respectively, in the interferometer. The device has an extinction ratio of /spl sim/20 dB and an excess loss less than 1.5 dB for both TE and TM polarized light. The device can be reconfigured by tuning the switching voltage for operation at both 1.3- and 1.55-pm wavelengths.