Analytical studies on thermal behaviour and geometry of weld pool in pulsed current gas metal arc welding

In view of the criticality of pulsed current gas metal arc welding (P-GMAW) due to simultaneous influence of the pulse parameters on thermal and metal transfer behaviour of the process an analytical model has been developed for predicting the temperature and geometry of the weld pool by appropriately considering two types of heat sources of different nature. The model considers the impact of heat in droplets of filler metal depositing in the weld pool in addition to initial arc heating. The model assumes the primary heat transfer to weld pool is the initial arc heating considered as continuous heat source (arc heat source) of double ellipsoidal nature followed by deposition of superheated filler metal considered as point heat source of interrupted nature superimposed on the first one. The dissimilar nature of the two heat sources is treated by different analytical techniques to estimate their temperature distribution in weld pool and HAZ at its vicinity. The geometry of the weld pool has been estimated by evaluation of the weld isotherms causing melting of the base metal under the influence of two heat sources acting on the weld pool. The impact of impinging droplets on weld pool has been considered to determine the depth at which the droplets transfer their heat in it. The predicted temperature and geometry of the weld pool as well as the temperature of HAZ are found well in agreement to the experimental values with a deviation of the order of ±10% in case of the weld deposition of Al–Mg alloy and commercial aluminium especially at high mean current of the order of 180 A and beyond the transition current of the filler wire. However, prediction of weld pool temperature and weld geometry is relatively different at comparatively lower mean current of 150 A below the transient current of the filler wires is not up to the mark.     

Numerical analysis of heat transfer process for double sided tungsten inert gas – metal inert gas weld pool

Abstract

Double sided arc welding is a new type of technology developed in recent years. Many experiments show that this technology has great advantages over single arc welding for the joining of intermediate thickness stainless steel and aluminium alloy base metals. In the present work, a three-dimensional transient numerical model is created to reveal the heat transfer process for a double sided tungsten inert gas (TIG) - metal inert gas (MIG) weld pool from the viewpoint of heat transfer literature and hydrodynamics. Considering of the features of the model, effective calculation software using finite element technology is adopted. The temperature fields in the weld pool for double sided TIG - MIG welding are successfully calculated; in addition, the configuration of the weld pool is also calculated.Comparisons show that thecalculatedresults agree approximately with the experimentally measured results. STWJ/310     

熔滴冲击下MIG焊接熔池的计算机模拟

本文结合ＭＩＧ焊过程熔滴与熔池作用的特点，建立了熔滴冲击下三维运动ＭＩＧ焊接熔池中流体流动及传热过程的数值分析模型。该模型全面地考虑了熔滴过渡带入熔池的热量、动量和熔池产生的表面变形，成功地模拟了ＭＩＧ焊接熔池流场、热场及表面变形     

基于改进热源模型的铝合金MIG焊数值分析

采用CMOS高速摄像机检测和分析铝合金熔化极气体保护焊(MIG焊)熔滴过渡行为,确定MIG焊熔滴的过渡频率和速度.在理论分析MIG焊热源特性、热作用模式以及焊缝形貌前提下,从宏观焊接热过程出发,提出并开发了适用于MIG焊的组合体积热源分布模式,MIG焊电弧被处理描述为经典的双椭球体热源模型,熔滴能量作用模式被表示成均匀球体热源模型.同时,在均匀球体热源模型中加入了熔滴热能和动能,实现了熔滴对MIG焊熔池冲击作用的影响.基于上述热源模型,建立了铝合金MIG焊温度场有限元模型,对厚板铝合金MIG焊温度场进行了模拟.结果表明,模拟获取的焊缝熔合线走势及形貌和实际焊接结果相吻合,证明开发的热源模型能够准确描述MIG焊指状熔深特性和热传导过程.     

熔滴冲击力对MIG焊接熔池表面形状的影响

建立了熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊焊接熔池流场与热场的数值分析模型，分析了熔滴冲击力对ＭＩＧ焊接熔池表面形状的影响规律，提出了计算焊缝余高部分和熔池几何参数的算法。定量分析了熔滴到达熔池表面时，其冲击力对焊缝和熔池形状的影响。低碳钢平板ＭＩＧ堆焊工艺试验结果表明，计算值与测试值吻合。     

TIG焊接熔透熔池的数学模型

根据流体力学理论和变分法原理，推导出了熔透情况下ＴＩＧ焊接熔池上表面和下表面变形的方程，建立了ＴＩＧ焊接熔透熔池流场与热场的数值分析模型，采用非正交贴体曲线坐标系成功地处理了熔池表面的曲面边界，将熔透情况下熔池上下表面变形的计算，与熔池流场与热场的计算相结合，不仅较好地计算出熔池的流场与热场，同时求得了焊接熔池的上下表面变形。焊接工艺试验表明，根据该模型计算的焊缝成形与试验测试结果吻合程度良好。     

基于FLUENT的TIG焊瞬态熔池三维形态的数值模拟

根据流体力学和传热学原理,建立了 TIG 焊瞬态熔池三维数值分析模型.电弧热源模型采用典型的高斯热源分布模型,模型考虑熔池液态金属对流传热、熔池外工件的固态导热、焊接过程中的相变潜热、熔池流体的紊流特性、材料的热物理性能参数随温度变化等因素.用 enthalpy-porosity 方法处理工件熔化/凝固过程中的问题,FLUENT RNG k-ε湍流模型对 TIG 焊熔池模型进行求解.给出了熔池形状的可视化图形结果,熔池形状特征参数随时间的动态变化.结果表明,计算值与实测值吻合良好.

Abstract：

Based on theories of fluid dynamics and heat zransfer, a transient three-dimensional model of TIG weld pools is established, in which Gaussian distribution is used to describe the heat flux source of arc. Many factors are considered in the model including the convective heat transfer of liquid metal and the heat conduction of solid metal, latent heat in welding process, the turbulence characteristics of welding pool fluid, material thermo physical properties as the function of temperature and so on. The enthalpy-porosity technology is adopted to solve the problem with workpiece phase transformation. The graphics results of weld pools and the variation of shape parameters with time are given by using FLUENT RNG k-ε model to calculate the TIG wielding pool. The experiments show that the calculated results agree well with measured value.     

Mathematical analysis of the role of recoil pressure in weld pool dynamics during laser-MIG hybrid welding

A mathematical model was established to simulate the weld pool development and dynamic process in stationary laser-MIG hybrid welding. Surface tension and buoyancy were considered to calculate liquid metal flow patter, moreover, typical phenomena of MIG welding, such as filler droplets impinging weld pool, electromagnetic force in the weld pool, and typical phenomena of laser beam welding, such as recoil pressure, Inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption, Fresnel absorption were all considered in the model. The laser beam and arc couple effect were introduced into this model by the plasma width during hybrid welding. The role of recoil pressure in the weld formation was discussed. Transient weld pool shape and complicated liquid metal velocity distribution from two kinds weld pool to an unified weld pool were calculated. The simulated weld bead geometry with consideration recoil pressure was in good agreement with experimental measurement.     

TIG-MIG复合焊电弧特性机理分析

采用TIG-MIG复合焊电弧改善传统单一TIG及MIG焊的不足.基于PID闭环控制,实现恒流恒压外特性输出,从而实现TIG-MIG电弧复合.研究了复合电弧的电弧特性、熔滴过渡形式及不同极性接法对焊缝的影响.结果表明,TIG焊电弧对MIG焊电弧具有良好的维弧作用.TIG-MIG焊电弧复合熔滴过渡过程,TIG焊电弧稳定燃烧,为了保持最小的能量消耗而作用于熔滴上,对熔滴具有加热作用.直流反接具有良好的阴极雾化清理作用.TIG-MIG焊电弧复合能够有效降低焊接飞溅,促进焊缝铺展及成形,实现高效化、优质化的焊接.     

高速TIG-MIG复合焊焊缝驼峰及咬边消除机理

搭建了TIG-MIG复合焊试验平台及电参数-高速图像同步采集系统,进行了一系列低碳钢高速TIG-MIG复合焊工艺试验,研究了高速TIG-MIG复合焊的电弧形态、熔滴过渡及熔池行为对焊缝成形的影响,并确定了合适的匹配参数.结果表明,MIG焊电流在240~300 A,且TIG焊电流与MIG焊电流相当时,TIG-MIG复合焊焊接过程稳定,即使在焊接速度高达2.5 m/min时,焊缝仍无驼峰、咬边等缺陷,与传统MIG焊相比,熔深增加,熔宽减小.TIG-MIG复合焊由于电弧间的相互作用,两电弧指向发生偏转,电弧压力减小,焊接过程不产生弧坑,且熔宽变窄,这是避免驼峰和咬边缺陷的主要原因.