405不锈钢高温组织转变研究

通过热膨胀法以及Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件对SA240-405不锈钢铁素体向奥氏体转变的温度进行了测量和计算。进一步结合淬火与回火热处理,分析了405不锈钢在高温下组织随温度与时间的变化关系。研究结果表明,405不锈钢铁素体向奥氏体开始转变的温度为795~832℃,转变终了温度为910~925℃。温度高于1 050℃,随温度升高,奥氏体逐渐向铁素体转变,淬火后的马氏体含量降低。在950及980℃淬火,得到的组织为马氏体与铁素体的双相组织,淬火时间为30~60 min得到的硬度较高;进一步延长淬火时间,硬度逐渐降低。在730℃回火后得到的组织为铁素体与回火马氏体,无明显残余奥氏体,回火后组织的硬度随时间延长逐渐降低。     

热处理对S32003经济型双相不锈钢组织和性能的影响

 就不同热处理制度对S32003双相不锈钢的力学性能、金相组织、耐蚀性的影响规律进行研究。结果表明,在850~1100℃之间,随着温度的升高,强度、硬度逐渐降低,而伸长率逐渐增大;在850～900℃热处理,铁素体晶内及铁素体-奥氏体相界锯齿形析出高铬的点状第二相,对耐蚀性能不利。在高于950 ℃热处理的过程中,第二相可以溶解。经对析出相的结构分析,可以确认为Cr2N。     

2205双相不锈钢连铸坯加热过程组织转变

对2205双相不锈钢连铸坯试样在1 220、1 240、1 260、1 280℃保温10、20、30和40 min进行加热处理,通过光学显微镜和铁素体仪试验分析2205双相不锈钢的组织和铁素体含量随保温时间和加热温度的变化情况.结果表明,2205双相不锈钢连铸坯试样在相同的保温时间下,随着加热温度的升高,铁素体含量逐渐增加,1 260℃时奥氏体晶粒明显变得粗大;在相同的加热温度下,随着保温时间的延长,铁素体的含量逐渐减少.     

时效温度对S32101双相不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、铁素体仪进行了硬度和拉伸实验,研究了S32101双相不锈钢不同时效态下组织与力学性能之间的关系。研究结果表明,随着时效温度的升高,S32101双相不锈钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度和硬度减小,延伸率增大;析出相的产生是造成力学性能变化的主要原因,700℃为最敏感析出温度,900℃时析出相开始逐渐消失。     

汽轮机叶片钢1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN热处理工艺

在汽轮机叶片钢国产化过程中,为了保证材料性能,需要选择一个合适的热处理制度,所以针对热处理中回火温度对各项力学性能的影响进行研究.结果表明,该材料的合适淬火温度为1000℃,在550～650℃温度区间每隔20℃回火,研究温度对强度、面缩率、硬度、冲击功的影响;在回火温度为580℃,组织无明显的δ-铁素体存在,且满足材料性能的设计要求.     

探究热处理工艺对SUS301不锈钢硬度的影响

研究了热处理工艺保温的温度和时间对奥氏体不锈钢SUS301试样硬度的影响。探究试样在不同保温温度、相同保温时间下和在相同保温温度、不同的保温时间两种条件下,热处理后水冷试样硬度的变化,发现热处理温度在500℃之前,SUS301不锈钢由于在冷却过程中产生残余应力硬度会略微增加;500℃之后奥氏体不锈钢由于固溶作用,应力得以释放,硬度显著下降;热处理温度相同,增加热处理时间,SUS301不锈钢的硬度略微下降。     

终轧温度对低硅含磷系TRIP钢组织性能的影响

通过实验室热轧试验,研究了不同终轧温度下低硅含磷系热轧TRIP钢的组织特征及性能特点。结果表明：终轧温度由900℃降低到790℃,铁素体体积分数增加,贝氏体体积分数降低,残余奥氏体体积分数变化不太明显;终轧温度900和820℃时,得到贝氏体为基体的室温组织;终轧温度降低到790℃时,低温变形促进了奥氏体到铁素体的相变率...     

回火工艺对900 MPa级热轧卷板组织与性能的影响

随着轻量化要求的进一步提高,屈服强度900 MPa级高强度钢在工程机械、汽车等领域逐步得到推广应用。与基于相变强化的传统调质生产工艺不同,采用TMCP+回火工艺开发析出强化型900 MPa级铁素体钢板,着重研究回火工艺对热轧卷板显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,热轧卷板经550~650℃回火热处理后,强度、硬度和冲击韧性显著提高,断后伸长率变化不大;经650~700℃回火热处理后,强度和硬度大幅度降低。热轧卷板的基体组织为细晶准多边形铁素体组织,经回火热处理后,平均晶粒尺寸增大,热轧晶粒尺寸越细小,长大越明显。550~650℃回火促使纳米钛钒碳化物进一步析出是回火钢板强度和硬度提高的主要原因;700℃回火时铁素体晶界出现了数百纳米至1μm的渗碳体颗粒,纳米钛钒钼碳化物减少,降低了沉淀强化作用,铁素体晶粒也粗化,导致了强度下降。     

退火温度对TA1钛管材组织和性能的影响

将冷轧加工的12 mm×12.5 mm TA1管材分别加热至450,475,490,500,550,600,650,700℃后保温90 min,随炉冷却,研究不同热处理温度对管材显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,冷加工的TA1管材,在450℃以下热处理时材料的性能和显微组织变化不明显,在475～490℃之间热处理时材...     

热处理对SLM-316L不锈钢组织结构及钝化行为的影响机制

对SLM-316L不锈钢在900 ℃下进行不同时间的热处理，结合热处理后SLM-316L不锈钢的组织结构和腐蚀行为研究，揭示了SLM-316L不锈钢在900 ℃热处理过程中组织结构的演变规律以及其对钝化行为的作用机制。研究结果表明，900 ℃热处理时，在组织结构方面，SLM-316L不锈钢晶粒的基本形状和尺寸没有明显变化，但是随着保温时间延长，SLM-316L不锈钢中的位错和亚晶界逐渐消失，同时伴有MnS颗粒物沿晶界析出；在耐蚀性能方面，热处理对SLM-316L不锈钢的耐蚀性能产生重要影响，在含有NaCl的缓冲溶液中，SLM-316L不锈钢的点蚀电位随着保温时间延长逐渐降低，同时电化学阻抗逐渐减小；此外，在钝化膜性质方面，不同热处理时间试样上形成的钝化膜有明显差异，随着保温时间延长，SLM-316L不锈钢钝化膜的厚度逐渐减小，载流子的密度以及扩散系数变大。最后，通过构建不锈钢钝化膜能带结构和空间电荷层的理论模型，讨论了热处理对SLM-316L不锈钢钝化行为的影响机制。      

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

参与式农业基地建设行动方案设计

为了编制实用性强的基地建设行动方案,首先,确定参与式发展的主体,搭建一个"决策框架";其次,针对行动目标,提出不同参与主体,如管理者、农民、消费者等团队与个人的目标及行动内容;最后,工作应向重塑伙伴式合作关系,挖掘农民自我发展潜力,完成三大角色的转换,打造农业基地文化等方向推进.