Speeds of Sound and Isentropic Compressibilities for Binary Mixtures of a Cyclic Diether with a Cyclic Compound at Three Temperatures

Speeds of sound of the binary mixtures of 1,3-dioxolane (or 1,4-dioxane) + cyclopentane (or cyclohexane, or benzene) have been measured at 283.15, 298.15, and 313.15 K. The excess isentropic compressibilities were calculated from experimental data and fitted with a Redlich-Kister polynomial function. Results were analyzed taking into account molecular interactions and structural effects in the mixtures and were compared with literature data. Isentropic compressibilities have been estimated at 298.15 K using the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory     

Speeds of Sound and Isentropic Compressibilities in Binary Mixtures of 2-Propanol with Several 1-Alkanols at 298.15 K

Speeds of sound and densities of 2-propanol +1-propanol, 2-propanol + 1-butanol, 2-propanol + 1-octanol, and 2-propanol + 1-hexanol have been measured over the entire composition range at 298.15 K. Speeds of sound of the binary mixtures have also been estimated from free length theory (FLT), collision factor theory (CFT), and Nomoto’s relation (NR) and have been compared with experimental speeds of sound. The isentropic compressibilities, molar isentropic compressibilities, excess molar isentropic compressibilities, and excess speeds of sound have been calculated from experimental densities and speeds of sound. Excess molar isentropic compressibilities and excess speeds of sound of the binary mixtures were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation     

Excess Molar Isentropic Compressibilities,Excess Molar Volumes,and Excess Sound Speeds of the 1-Propanol + Diethyl Ether + 1-Octanol Ternary Mixture and Constituent Binary Mixtures at 298.15 K

The sound speeds and densities of the 1-propanol + diethyl ether + 1-octanol ternary mixture and constituent binary mixtures, 1-propanol + diethyl ether, 1-propanol + 1-octanol, and diethyl ether + 1-octanol, have been measured at 298.15 K as a function of composition. Isentropic compressibilities, molar isentropic compressibilities, excess molar isentropic compressibilities, excess molar volumes, and excess sound speeds have been calculated from the experimental density and sound speed data. Excess molar volumes, excess molar isentropic compressibilities, and excess sound speeds of the binary mixtures were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. By using the free length theory (FLT), Schaaff’s collision factor theory (CFT), Nomoto’s relation (NR), Van Deal’s ideal mixing relation (IMR), and Junjie’s relation (JR), sound-speed values of the investigated mixtures were calculated. These values were compared with the experimental sound-speed results.     

Speeds of Sound and Isentropic Compressibilities of n-Alkoxyethanols and Polyethers with Propylamine at 298.15 K

The speeds of sound (u) have been measured at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure, as a function of composition for seven binary liquid mixtures of propylamine (CH₃CH₂CH₂NH₂, PA) + ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxyethenol, CH₃(OC₂H₄)OH, EGMME); + diethylene glycol monomethyl ether [{2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol}, CH₃(OC₂H₄)₂OH, Di-EGMME]; + triethylene glycol monomethyl ether [{2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy) ethanol}, CH₃(OC₂H₄)₃OH, Tri-EGMME]; + diethylene glycol monoethyl ether [{2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol}, C₂H₅(OC₂H₄)₂OH, Di-EGMEE]; + diethylene glycol monobutyl ether [{2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol}, C₄H₉(OC₂H₄)₂OH, Di-EGMBE]; + diethylene glycol diethyl ether [bis(2-ethoxyethyl)ether, C₂H₅ (OC₂H₄)₂ OC₂H₅, DEGDEE]; and + diethylene glycol dibutyl ether [bis(2-butoxyethyl) ether, C₄H₉(OC₂H₄)₂OC₄ H₉; DEGDBE] using a Nusonic velocimeter based on the sing–around technique. These values have been combined with densities derived from excess molar volumes to obtain estimates of the molar isentropic compressibility K _S,m, and their excess values . The values are shown to be negative for all mixtures over the entire composition range. The deviations u ^D of the speeds of sound from the values calculated for ideal mixtures have been obtained for all estimated values of mole fraction x₁. The change of and u ^D with composition and the number of –OC₂H₄ – units in the alkoxyethanol are discussed with a view to understand some of the molecular interactions present in alkoxyethanol – propylamine mixtures.Also, theoretical values of the molar isentropic compressibility of K _S,m and of the speed of sound u ^D have been calculated using the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) theory with the van der Waals (vdW) potential energy model, and the results have been compared with experimental values.     

Sound Speeds and Excess Isentropic Compressibilities of Ternary Mixtures of Tetrahydropyran and Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 308.15 K

Speeds of sound, u _ijk , of tetrahydropyran (THP) (i) + benzene (j) + toluene or o- or p-xylene (k), and tetrahydropyran (i)+toluene (j) + o- or p-xylene (k) ternary mixtures have been measured over the entire mole fraction range at 308.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The speed-of-sound data have been used to calculate isentropic compressibilities, (k_S)_ijk{(\kappa_S)_{ijk}} , and excess isentropic compressibilities, (k_S^E)_ijk{(\kappa_S^{\rm E})_{ijk}} . The (k_S^E)_ijk{(\kappa_S^{\rm E})_{ijk}} values for the investigated mixtures are correlated with the Redlich–Kister equation to estimate ternary adjustable parameters and standard deviations. The Moelwyn–Huggins concept (Huggins, Polymer 12:357, 1971) of interaction between the surfaces of components of binary mixtures has been extended to predict excess isentropic compressibilities of ternary mixtures by employing the concept of connectivity parameters of the third degree of a molecule (which in turn depends on its topology). It has been observed that (k_S)_ijk{(\kappa_S)_{ijk}} values predicted by the Moelwyn–Huggins concept compare well with corresponding experimental values.     

Densities, Viscosities, Sound Speeds, and Excess Properties of Binary Mixtures of Methyl Methacrylate with Alkoxyethanols and 1-Alcohols at 298.15 and 308.15 K

The densities, viscosities, and sound speeds were measured for six binary mixtures of methyl methacrylate (MMA)+2-methoxyethanol (ME), +2-ethoxyethanol (EE), +2-butoxyethanol (BE), +1-butanol (1-BuOH), +1-pentanol (1-PeOH), and +1-heptanol (1-HtOH) at 298.15 and 308.15 K. The mixture viscosities were correlated by Grunberg–Nissan, McAllister, and Auslander equations. The sound speeds were predicted by using free length and collision factor theoretical formulations, and Junjie and Nomoto equations. The excess viscosities and excess isentropic compressibilities were also calculated. A qualitative analysis of both of these functions revealed that structure disruptions are more predominant in MMA+1-alcohol than in MMA+alkoxyethanols mixtures. The estimated relative associations are found to become less in MMA+alcohol mixtures than in pure alcohols. The solvation numbers derived from the isentropic compressibility of the mixtures, considering MMA as a solvent, showed that structure making interactions are also present in MMA + alkoxyethanols in addition to the structure disruptions.     

Excess Volumes, Densities, Speeds of Sound, and Viscosities for the Binary Systems of 1-Octanol with Hexadecane and Squalane at (298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K

Excess molar volumes, , excess molar isentropic compressibilities, , and deviations of the speeds of sound, u ^D, from their ideal values u ^id in an ideal mixture for binary mixtures of 1-octanol, C₈H₁₇OH, with hexadecane, C₁₆H₃₄, and squalane (2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane), C₃₀H₆₂, at T = (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K and at atmospheric pressure were derived from experimental density, ρ, and speed-of-sound data, u. Viscosity measurements were also carried out for the same mixtures. The Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) theory has been applied to analyze of these systems. Furthermore, the apparent molar volumes, and apparent molar compressibility, of the components at infinite dilution have been calculated.     

Viscosities of Binary Mixtures of 2-Bromobutane and 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropane with Isomeric Butanols at 298.15 and 313.15 K

This paper reports viscosity data of the binary mixtures (2-bromobutane or 2-bromo-2-methylpropane) plus an isomer of butanol at temperatures of 298.15 and 313.15 K. Kinematic viscosities have been correlated with the equations of McAllister and Heric, and absolute viscosities with the Grunberg–Nissan equation. Viscosity deviations have been correlated by means of a Redlich–Kister type equation, and they give negative values over the complete composition range at both temperatures.     

Volumetric and Acoustic Properties of the Ternary Mixture 1-Butanol+1-Chlorobutane+Tetrahydrofuran at 283.15, 298.15, and 313.15 K

Experimental densities () and speeds of sound (u) were obtained for the ternary system (1-butanol+1-chlorobutane+tetrahydrofuran) at three temperatures: 283.15, 298.15, and 313.15 K. Excess molar volumes (V ^E ) and isentropic compressibility deviations ( _S ) have been calculated from experimental data. A discussion of the thermodynamic behavior of the ternary system with temperature variation is presented.     

Thermophysical Properties of Nonelectrolyte Mixtures. Densities, Viscosities, and Sound Speeds of Binary Mixtures of Methyl Methacrylate+Branched Alcohols (Propan-2-ol, 2-Methylpropan-1-ol, Butan-2-ol, and 2-Methylpropan-2-ol) at T=298.15 and 308.15 K

Measurements of the densities, viscosities, and sound speeds at T=298.15 and 308.15 K for the binary mixtures of methyl methacrylate+propan-2-ol, +2-methylpropan-1-ol, +butan-2-ol, and +2-methylpropan-2-ol are made over the complete composition range. From the measured data, excess isentropic compressibilities have been calculated. The mixture viscosities have been correlated by the Grunberg–Nissan, McAllister, and Auslander equations, while the sound speed in binary mixtures has been analyzed using free length and collision factor theories, and Junjie and Nomoto equations. The excess isentropic compressibilities, ^E _s are fitted to a third degree polynomial equation. The qualitative analysis of ^E _s have been made in terms of bulk molecular interactions. The conclusions drawn were supplemented by examining the variation of relative association and solvation numbers over the complete composition range.     

Compressibilities of ternary mixtures C1-nC16-CO2 under pressure from ultrasonic measurements of sound speed

Speed of sound measurements have been performed on three mixtures of the ternary system methane + carbon dioxide + normal hexadecane. The systems have been investigated from 12 to 70 MPa in the temperature range from 313 to 393 K. Furthermore, these measurements have allowed the evaluation of the isothermal and the isentropic compressibilities up to 70 MPa from low pressure (<40-MPa) density data.     

Densities, Sound Speeds, Excess Volumes, and Excess Isentropic Compressibilities of Methyl Acrylate + 1-Propanol (or 1-Butanol) + Hydrocarbons(n-Hexane, n-Heptane, Cyclohexane, Benzene, and Toluene) at 308.15 K

Densities and sound speeds of ten ternary mixtures of methyl acrylate (1)+1-propanol (2) or 1-butanol (2)+n-hexane (3), +n-heptane (3), +cyclohexane (3), +benzene (3), and +toluene (3) have been measured at 308.15 K. The excess volumes, V ^E , and excess isentropic compressibilities, ^E _s , have been estimated. These two experimentally derived excess functions were also compared with those predicted by empirical equations of Redlich–Kister, Kohler, and Tsao–Smith. A qualitative analysis of V ^E and ^E _s data of ternary mixtures reveals that in MA (1)+1-alcohols (2)+n-hexane (3), +n-heptane (3), and +cyclohexane (3), structure disruptions are more predominant while in MA (1)+1-alcohols (2)+benzene (3) or +toluene (3) mixtures, the weak but specific structure making interactions dominate. A perusal of deviations between the experimental and calculated V ^E and ^E _s results shows that the predictive expressions give only a rough estimate of the functions for the ten studied mixtures.     

Thermophysical Properties of Binary Mixtures of Methyl Methacrylate+Di-Ethers (Ethyl, Isopropyl, and Butyl) at 298.15 and 308.15 K

Experimental data for the densities, dynamic viscosities, sound speeds, and relative permittivities and for three binary systems of methyl methacrylate (MMA)+di-ethers (ethyl, isopropyl, and butyl) at 298.15 and 308.15 K and at atmospheric pressure are reported. The mixture viscosities are correlated by Grunberg–Nissan, McAllister, and Auslander equations over the complete composition range. The sound speeds for the mixtures are also calculated by using free length and collision factor theories, and Nomoto and Junjie equations. From the measured primary properties, deviation functions such as deviations in viscosities, sound speeds, relative permittivities, molar polarizations, excess isentropic compressibilities, and molar electrical susceptibilities were calculated, and the compositional dependence of each of the functions was expressed with a Redlich–Kister type equation. The variation of the Kirkwood correlation factor was determined over the complete composition range.     

Excess volumes and excess viscosities of binary mixtures of some cyclic ethers + bromocyclohexane at 298.15 and 313.15 K

Excess Volumes,V ^E, and excess viscosities, ^E, at 293.15 and 313.15 K are reported for binary mixtures of some cyclic ethers (tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran) + bromocyclohexane. These properties were obtained from density and viscosity measurements. ^E and ^E show negatives values for all the mixtures.     

Temperature and Pressure Dependence of the Volumetric Properties of Binary Liquid Mixtures Containing Dihaloalkanes

Densities of ethyl acetate + dibromomethane, + bromochloromethane, + 1,2-dichloroethane, or + 1-bromo-2-chloroethane binary mixtures were measured at 288.15, 298.15, and 308.15 K over the entire composition range. Thermal expansion coefficients and excess molar volumes were calculated. Moreover, densities at 298.15 K at pressures up to 200 bar were determined for the same mixtures. Isothermal compressibilities of the pure liquids and their mixtures were obtained. The excess molar volumes are positive, and the excess isothermal compressibilities are negative for all the studied mixtures.     

Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Speed of Sound and Related Properties in Normal Octadecane and Nonadecane

The speed of sound was mesured in liquid n-octadecane and n-nonadecane using a pulse technique operating at 3 MHz. The measurements were carried out at pressures up to 150 MPa in the temperature range from 313 to 383 K. The experimental results combined with atmospheric density measurements were then used to evaluate volumetric properties such as the density and the isentropic and isothermal compressibilities up to 150 MPa in the same range of temperature. The density data were fitted with a six-parameter modified Tait equation within the experimental uncertainty.     

Speed of Sound and Some Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Methylcyclopentane and Butylcyclohexane in a Wide Range of Pressure

Ultrasonic velocity measurements were performed on liquid methylcyclopentane and butylcyclohexane at pressures from atmospheric up to 150 MPa in the temperature range from 293 to 373 K using a pulse echo technique operating at 3 MHz. The data were used to evaluate various thermophysical properties such as density, and isentropic and isothermal compressibilities up to 150 MPa with the help of additional density measurements.     

Speed of Sound of n-Hexane and n-Hexadecane at Temperatures Between 298 and 373 K and Pressures up to 100 MPa

Measurements of the speed of sound u for n-hexane and n-hexadecane at temperatures of 298.3, 323.15, 348.15, and 373.15 K and at pressures up to 100 MPa are reported. The speeds of sound, the temperatures, and the pressures are subject to an uncertainty of ±0.1%, ±0.01 K, and ±0.2 MPa, respectively. These measurements were undertaken using a new apparatus which has been constructed for measurement of the speed of sound in liquids and supercritical fluids at pressures up to 200 MPa and at temperatures between 248 and 473 K. The technique is based on a pulse-echo method with a single transducer placed between two plane parallel reflectors. The speed of sound is obtained from the difference between the round-trip transit times in the two paths. It is expected that both the precision and the accuracy of the method can be further improved.     

Study on Solution Properties of Binary Mixtures of Some Industrially Important Solvents with Cyclohexylamine and Cyclohexanone at 298.15 K

Densities and viscosities were measured for the binary mixtures of cyclohexylamine and cyclohexanone with butyl acetate, butanone, butylamine, tert-butylamine, and 2-butoxyethanol at 298.15 K over the entire composition range. From density data, the values of the excess molar volume (V ^E) have been calculated. The experimental viscosity data were correlated by means of the equation of Grunberg–Nissan. The density and viscosity data have been analyzed in terms of some semiempirical viscosity models. The results are discussed in terms of molecular interactions and structural effects. The excess molar volume is found to be either negative or positive depending on the molecular interactions and the nature of the liquid mixtures and is discussed in terms of molecular interactions and structural changes.