电站直接空冷凝汽器变工况计算与特性分析

对电站直接空冷凝汽器变工况计算进行了研究 ,绘制了空冷凝汽器特性曲线 ,分析了迎面风速、环境气温、凝汽器热负荷对空冷凝汽器性能的影响     

国产超临界直接空冷机组冷端性能特性的研究

空冷岛运行优化中,需要将汽轮机、空冷凝汽器及空冷岛风机的特性综合起来进行分析。在综合直接空冷机组冷端各个组成部分,包括空冷凝汽器、低压缸至空冷凝汽器之间排汽管道及空冷岛风机特性的基础上,建立汽轮机排汽背压与空冷岛风机转速的特性关系,为空冷岛运行优化计算创造了条件。     

直接空冷凝汽器压力特性的耦合计算与分析方法

传统的空冷凝汽器特性计算方法中认为汽轮机低压缸排汽焓保持不变,但实际上空冷凝汽器压力的变化也会反向影响排汽焓,进一步对凝汽器压力产生耦合影响。基于空冷凝汽器背压与排汽焓的耦合分析,提出了一种基于迭代算法的空冷凝汽器模型与分析方法。通过对某600MW机组空冷凝汽器的计算分析,得出其在不同汽轮机负荷、环境温度工况下凝汽器压力的变化特性曲线,定量分析了汽轮机负荷和环境温度变化对凝汽器压力影响的对应关系,对空冷机组的安全经济运行具有一定的参考价值。     

自然风对空冷凝汽器换热效率影响的数值模拟

以我国某300 MW直接空冷电厂为例,对空冷平台外部流场进行了数值模拟,分析不同风速对直接空冷凝汽器换热效率的影响,阐述了空冷平台边缘空气倒灌和热风回流现象产生的原因,探索提高空冷凝汽器换热效率的措施,以使直接空冷电厂能稳定经济地运行.     

漳山发电公司三排管空冷凝汽器冻结原因

从六个层面介绍了山西漳山发电有限责任公司1号300MW机组所配三排管直接空冷凝汽器管束冻结的原因，并提及三排管直接空冷凝汽器所存在某些不足及其改进建议，供已投运的三排管直接空冷凝汽器的改造和将来建设三排管直接空冷凝汽器机组的设计参考。     

冬季自然通风状态下直接空冷凝汽器的性能

直接空冷电厂的安全运行与空冷凝汽器在冬季自然通风条件下的换热性能有着密切的联系.依托实际工程项目,确定了某135MW直接空冷凝汽器(ACC)冬季自然通风下的热压.利用计算传热学(NHT)软件FLUENT,对不同迎面风速下,直接空冷凝汽器双排管换热元件的冬季性能进行了数值模拟、分析和研究.根据空气的作用压力与流经空冷凝汽器时所产生阻力之间的对应关系,确定了冬季自然通风状态下空冷凝汽器性能.它为直接空冷系统的优化设计提供帮助.     

基于BP神经网络的直接空冷凝汽器换热性能预测

通过对直接空冷凝汽器传热系数计算过程的分析,以直接空冷机组负荷、排汽压力、凝结水温度、排汽温度、空气入口温度、空气出口温度为输入参数,以直接空冷凝汽器的传热系数和迎面风速为输出参数,将理论模型与实际运行数据相结合,采用BP神经网络方法建立了一种新的直接空冷凝汽器换热性能的预测模型.结果表明:该BP神经网络模型预测得到的参数精度较高,可用于直接空冷凝汽器换热性能的在线监测.     

直接空冷凝汽器汽水分布在线计算模型及其应用

直接空冷凝汽器内部流体的流动状况直接影响机组的安全经济运行。而直接空冷凝汽器体积庞大、结构复杂,在运行当中,凝汽器存在换热和汽水分配不均现象。根据流体在空冷岛不同管段内的流动和换热过程,建立了直接空冷凝汽器管内汽水分布在线计算模型。以某300MW直接空冷机组为研究对象,通过在线计算模型软件获得了不同负荷和换热条件下蒸汽和凝结水在凝汽器各单元内的分布情况,实现了内部流场分布特性的在线监测。     

直接空冷凝汽器单元样机流动和传热性能研究

直接空冷凝汽器由一个个直接空冷单元组成.对直接空冷凝汽器单元的研究具有重要的意义.依托实际工程项目,对某135 MW直接空冷凝汽器单元样机进行流动和传热的性能研究.利用计算传热学(NHT)软件Fluent,对空冷单元样机的设计和实验工况进行数值模拟.分析了模拟结果与设计和试验数据存在一定偏差的原因.对直接空冷凝汽器外部空气的速度场、温度场的模拟、分析和研究,为直接空冷系统的优化设计提供帮助.     

新型翅片管束提高自然通风直接空冷系统效率

自然通风直接空冷系统凝汽器单元"Λ"型布局和传统翅片结构使得冷却空气流过翅片管束时发生严重转向,从而显著影响空冷凝汽器的流动传热性能。提出了一种新型翅片管束,其翅片通道与基管椭圆长轴方向呈一定夹角,使翅片通道方向与塔浮升力方向平行。通过CFD数值模拟和实验验证,获得了采用新型倾斜翅片管束的自然通风空冷凝汽器的空气流场和温度场,计算得到了不同环境风速下空冷凝汽器总换热量的变化规律,并与现有翅片管束的空冷凝汽器性能进行了对比。研究结果表明,采用倾斜翅片空冷凝汽器可以显著改善自然通风直接空冷系统热力性能,降低机组背压,提高空冷机组运行的经济性。     

On the influence of psychrometric ambient conditions on cooling tower drift deposition

Water drift emitted from cooling towers is objectionable for several reasons, mainly due to human health hazards. A numerical model to study the influence of psychrometric ambient conditions on cooling tower drift deposition was developed as a tool to evaluate liquid droplet dispersion and risk area. Both experimental plume performance and drift deposition were employed to validate the numerical results. This study shows the influence of variables like ambient dry bulb temperature, ambient absolute humidity and droplet exit temperature from cooling tower on the drift evaporation (and therefore deposition) and on the zone affected by the cooling tower. The strongest effect detected corresponds to the ambient dry bulb temperature. When a higher ambient temperature was present, deposition was lower (evaporation was therefore higher) and the zone affected by the cooling tower was smaller. The influence of the other two variables included in the study was weaker than the dry bulb ambient temperature. A high level of ambient absolute humidity increased drift deposition and also the size of the zone affected by the cooling tower. Finally, a high level of droplet exit temperature decreased deposition and increased the zone affected by the cooling tower.     

Effect of different earth surface treatments on sub-soil temperatures

The effect of different earth surface treatments for lowering the subsurface earth temperature has been experimentally investigated. The surface treatments studied include lime covered surface, stone covered surface and tree bark covered surface. The effects of shading and wetting the above treated surfaces on the subsoil temperature have also been investigated. It is found that wetting of the bare surface is most effective for reducing the average value of the subsoil temperature and that the wetted tree bark covered surface is equally effective in reducing the diurnal swings of the earth temperature. The measured subsoil temperature and the measured climatic data (ambient temperature, wet bulb temperature and global radiation) are used to estimate the surface heat transfer coefficient h_o and the thermophysical properties of the earth (K, α₁ and ρC).     

An estimation of the performance limits and improvement of dry cooling on trough solar thermal plants

A study is reported of the potential performance of dry cooling on power generation. This is done in the context of a generic trough solar thermal power plant. The commercial power plant analysis code GateCycle is applied for this purpose. This code is used to estimate typical performance of both wet and dry cooling options. Then it is configured to estimate the performance of ideal wet and dry cooling options. The latter are defined as the condenser temperature being at the ambient wet bulb temperature or dry bulb temperature, respectively. Yearly power production of a solar power plant located in Las Vegas is presented for each of the cooling options. To move further toward approaching the possible improvement in dry cooling, the impact of a high-performance heat exchanger surface is evaluated. It is found that higher efficiency generation compared to current dry cooling designs is definitely possible. In fact the performance of these types of systems can approach that of wet cooling system units.     

A comparative study on the degradation behaviors of overcharged lithium-ion batteries under different ambient temperatures

In the current work, a series of experiments are carried out to investigate the degradation behavior of lithium-ion batteries during overcharge cycling, as well as the influence of ambient temperature on the degradation. In which, different charge cut-off voltages (4.5, 4.8, and 5.0 V) and ambient temperatures (0°C, 20°C, 50°C, and 70 °C) are included. During the overcharge process, the batteries demonstrate severe temperature rises, and several key electrochemical parameters such as the charge capacity, energy density, median voltage, and resistances all increase, revealing the deterioration of heat generation and electrode kinetics. Besides that, batteries exhibit serious degradation behavior during the overcharge cycling, which is presented through the evolution of battery temperature curves, charge voltage curves, and internal resistance curves. Moreover, the severity of degradation exacerbates with the increasing overcharge degree. Finally, it is found that deep-overcharged batteries may be more sensitive to the ambient temperature than slight-overcharged ones, where an abusive temperature can significantly aggravate the corresponding degradation.     

Indirect evaporative cooling of air to a sub-wet bulb temperature

Indirect evaporative cooling is a sustainable method for cooling of air. The main constraint that limits the wide use of evaporative coolers is the ultimate temperature of the process, which is the wet bulb temperature of ambient air. In this paper, a method is presented to produce air at a sub-wet bulb temperature by indirect evaporative cooling, without using a vapour compression machine. The main idea consists of manipulating the air flow inside the cooler by branching the working air from the product air, which is indirectly pre-cooled, before it is finally cooled and delivered. A model for the heat and mass transfer process is developed. Four types of coolers are studied: three two-stage coolers (a counter flow, a parallel flow and a combined parallel-regenerative flow) and a single-stage counter flow regenerative cooler.It is concluded that the proposed method for indirect evaporative cooling is capable of cooling air to temperatures lower than the ambient wet bulb temperature. The ultimate temperature for such a process is the dew point temperature of the ambient air. The wet bulb cooling effectiveness (E_wb) for the examples studied is 1.26, 1.09 and 1.31 for the two-stage counter flow, parallel flow and combined parallel-regenerative cooler, respectively, and it is 1.16 for the single-stage counter flow regenerative cooler. Such a method extends the potential of useful utilisation of evaporative coolers for cooling of buildings as well as other industrial applications.     

交变温度场对光伏组件性能的影响研究

为探究高海拔荒漠地区交变温度对运行光伏组件输出特性的影响,文章采用三维Solidworks建模与有限元Ansys workbench仿真协同方法,基于青海省海西州电站所处环境温度特征,模拟单一光伏组件在交变温度下的瞬态传热过程,分析温度场分布情况。仿真结果表明:光伏组件模型温度呈梯度分布,热量由前面板至背板,中心至边缘;利用光电转换效率经验公式,得到光伏组件的光电效率与环境温度为负相关;环境温度的波动幅度越大,光电效率降低速度越快。研究结果对高海拔荒漠地区光伏电站运维具有参考价值。     

The impact of fouling on performance evaluation of evaporative coolers and condensers

Fouling of evaporative cooler and condenser tubes is one of the most important factors affecting their thermal performance, which reduces effectiveness and heat transfer capability with time. In this paper, the experimental data on fouling reported in the literature are used to develop a fouling model for this class of heat exchangers. The model predicts the decrease in heat transfer rate with the growth of fouling. A detailed model of evaporative coolers and condensers, in conjunction with the fouling model, is used to study the effect of fouling on the thermal performance of these heat exchangers at different air inlet wet bulb temperatures. The results demonstrate that fouling of tubes reduces gains in performance resulting from decreasing values of air inlet wet bulb temperature. It is found that the maximum decrease in effectiveness due to fouling is about 55 and 78% for the evaporative coolers and condensers, respectively, investigated in this study. For the evaporative cooler, the value of process fluid outlet temperature T_p,out varies by 0.66% only at the clean condition for the ambient wet bulb temperatures considered. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relative performance of correlations to estimate hourly ambient air temperature and development of a general correlation

Correlations available in the literature to predict hourly ambient temperature are climate specific. Based on extensive meteorological database, correlations to predict hourly ambient temperature in terms of maximum and minimum temperatures of the day have been developed. The applicability of the present correlation has been examined for a wide range of locations, along with its comparison with other correlations developed earlier for a specific set of locations. The performance of the present correlation has been found to be superior to the performance of the existing correlations. Monthly average hourly ambient temperature values predicted with the present correlation agree with the data values within r.m.s differences of 0·26% when the ambient temperature is in K and the absolute error has been found to be 0·75. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance of sub‐cooled PEMFCs

Numerical simulations of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell were carried out for various temperatures ranging from well below the freezing temperature of water to a moderate ambient temperature, and also for various inlet temperatures, to investigate its performance. A three‐dimensional serpentine flow field was used to determine the cell behavior temperature conditions. The saturation of liquid water was considered for various ambient temperatures in order to obtain realistic estimates of cell performance, with special emphasis placed on sub‐cooled temperatures. Results show that both the ambient and the inlet temperature have strong influences on cell performance, although the inlet temperature has much more important influence than the ambient temperature. In addition, liquid water saturation is enhanced at higher inlet temperatures. Moreover, for sub‐cooled ambient temperatures the liquid saturation level is higher in the shoulder region near the inlet section than in the outlet section; this trend is reversed for higher ambient temperatures. There is a high probability that operation of the cell at sub‐cooled temperatures and higher inlet temperatures will result in the formation of ice throughout the system, which may further degrade the cell performance. The model was validated by comparison of predicted polarization curves with those found in the literature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水滴蒸发常数的研究

本文采用1/3混合取平均值,牛顿迭代的方法在外界压力P=100～2 500kPa,外界温度T_∞=300～2 000K的范围内,首次对水滴在静止空气中的蒸发进行了数值计算,获得了水滴的湿球温度,蒸发常数,并把计算结果与文献中燃料液滴的蒸发常数进行了比较。