Unbonded post tensioned concrete in fire: A review of data from furnace tests and real fires

The fire-safe design of concrete structures, which incorporate post-tensioned prestressing tendons, has recently been the subject of debate within the structural engineering community, particularly when unbonded post-tensioned (UPT) prestressing tendons are used. Despite several studies aimed at furthering our understanding of the response of UPT concrete structures in fire, many aspects of their response in real fires remain poorly understood. An exhaustive summary of available test data, which have been used over the past five decades to generate fire design guidance for UPT concrete structures is given. Case studies showing the response of real UPT structures in severe building fires are also discussed. In both cases, the intent is to highlight inadequacies in the current state of knowledge for UPT buildings in fire and to prioritize areas for future research.     

Analytical assessment of the structural performance of composite floors subject to compartment fires

The behaviour of composite steel–concrete building floors exposed to fire conditions is examined in this paper. The work represents part of a large project dealing with the numerical modelling and assessment of structural behaviour based on the fire experiments undertaken on a full-scale multi-storey steel-framed building at Cardington, UK. After providing brief details on the analytical tools and modelling approaches adopted in this investigation, the structural models constructed to simulate the fire tests are described and salient findings are highlighted. Although the detailed models provide some insight into key behavioural aspects such as the paramount influence of restraint to thermal expansion, the complex structural interactions that occur under fire conditions may not be readily demonstrated. In order to illustrate a number of underlying response mechanisms, the analytical results obtained from an idealised structural system, in which a single compartment is subjected to fire, are summarised. Assessment of the structural response using such simplified models provides a clear interpretation of the behaviour and, with further refinements, may be employed for undertaking detailed studies aimed at developing improved design recommendations.     

FE modelling and fire resistance design of concrete filled double skin tubular columns

Concrete filled double skin tubular columns (CFDST) have excellent structural behaviour. They have been used as transmission towers and have potential to be used as building columns and bridge piers. Performance of the CFDST columns under ambient temperature has been well studied, whereas fire resistance of such columns is still a major concern. A summary of a series of fire tests on CFDST columns conducted by the authors is briefly presented in the paper. A finite element numerical model is developed to analyse the fire behaviour of CFDST columns, namely thermal and structural responses under fire exposure. The model is verified by the test results and then used to perform parametric analyses. Parameters which have significant effect on the fire behaviour of CFDST columns are identified. Based on the parametric studies, suggestions on the fire resistance design of such columns are made. Practical design tables are derived for the fire resistance design of some typical CFDST columns.     

大型商业建筑性能化防火设计中应注意的有关问题

近年来,一些具有独特设计理念和全新结构形式的大型商业建筑在我国各大城市不断涌现。这些商业建筑面积大、层数多,给消防工作提出了更高的要求。本文结合我国的消防工作,探讨了大型商业建筑性能化防火设计中应注意的问题。     

综合性商业建筑防火疏散与防火构造设计应用研究

综合性商业建筑具有人流多、易燃物多、空间大等特点,商业建筑火灾发生时人员疏散困难、有毒有害气体排量大、燃烧控制难度大,因此,必须加强综合性商业建筑防火构造设计。论文主要围绕综合性商业建筑防火疏散与防火构造设计展开论述,以期提高我国综合性商业建筑的防火能力。     

Experimental behaviour of a steel structure under natural fire

Current design codes for fire resistance of structures are based on isolated member tests subjected to standard fire conditions. Such tests do not reflect the behaviour of a complete building under either normal temperature or fire conditions. Many aspects of behaviour occur due to the interaction between members and cannot be predicted or observed in tests of isolated elements. Performance of real structures subject to real fires is often much better than that predicted from standard tests due to structural continuity and the provision of alternative load paths.This paper reports on the results of a collaborative research project (Tensile membrane action and robustness of structural steel joints under natural fire, European Community FP5 project HPRI—CV 5535) involving the following institutions: Czech Technical University (Czech Republic), University of Coimbra (Portugal), Slovak Technical University (Slovak Republic) and Building Research Establishment (United Kingdom). It consists of an experimental programme to investigate the global structural behaviour of a compartment on the 8-storey steel–concrete composite frame building at the Cardington laboratory during a BRE large-scale fire test, aimed at the examination of the temperature development within the various structural elements, the corresponding (dynamic) distribution of internal forces and the behaviour of the composite slab, beams, columns and connections.     

Analysis of heated structures: Nature and modelling benchmarks

The move from using the standard fire test for structural fire design towards more rational design methods has led to an increased requirement for numerical modelling of structures in fire conditions. Such modelling is demanding and requires the inclusion of a number of phenomena that can usually be disregarded at ambient temperature. This paper identifies the key phenomena needed for accurate high temperature structural modelling and highlights their importance by reference to a conceptually simply but structurally complex problem. Consideration of this problem also highlights areas where relying on the standard fire test for structural fire design may lead to unconservative designs. The paper then proposes and defines two benchmark problems that will allow analysts to show that their modelling approach is valid and that the software they use is capturing all the required phenomena.     

钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能研究与应用

钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能研究是当前的研究热点之一,国内外学者对此展开大量试验研究和理论分析。通过介绍国内外研究者在组合板、组合梁、组合柱等构件以及结构节点和结构体系抗火性能方面研究概况,分析了我国现有防火设计规范的特点以及工程应用情况,指出现有研究的不足,对组合结构抗火研究领域在高温材料热-力耦合本构关系、计算理论、数值火灾试验和设计方法等方面需进一步研究的工作进行了展望。文中指出,建立考虑升降温、多轴应力状态、不同加卸载路径的钢材和混凝土热-力耦合本构关系,建立基于整体性能、考虑升降温全过程的结构抗火分析理论,建立整体结构数值火灾试验方法,提出“三水准”结构抗火设计与灾后结构损伤评估原则以及基于时变可靠度和结构整体性能的组合结构抗火设计方法是钢-混凝土组合结构抗火性能研究的关键科学问题。表2参119     

火灾下钢结构楼板的薄膜作用

通过对真实火灾中的足尺火灾试验和观察显示，合组合楼板和承载钢梁的建筑物的结构承载力比现行杭大设计方法的建议值高出许多。因此规范中规定所有承载钢梁都要添加被动防火保护是不必要的。现行设计方法和实际结构性能之间产生这种差异是由于设计方法中忽略了楼板的薄膜作用。本根据国外有关资料给出了几种简单计算方法，允许在钢结构杭大设计中考虑楼板的薄膜作用。从而可以更精确地评估火灾下建筑物的真实承载能力，在给定的耐火时间内能减少相当数量钢梁的防火保护。     

Performance-based analysis of large steel truss roof structure in fire

Due to the fast developments of large-space multi-functional architectures, large-span steel structures have been widely used in recent years. Therefore, the fire-resistance design of this kind of structures has attracted more attentions. Since traditional ISO834 standard fire curve is not suitable for large space structures, performance-based fire resistance design method is required. This paper presents the comprehensive case studies on the fire performance of a large space exhibition centre in Shanxi province, China under real fire scenarios including heating and cooling phases. The non-uniform fire temperature fields of the large space exhibition centre for the designed fire scenarios have been generated by using Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS). A finite element (FE) model has been developed using FE software ANSYS for modelling the structural behaviour of the exhibition centre under different fire scenarios. Based on the results generated in this research some recommendations for the fire resistance design of large space steel truss structures have been proposed.     

Three‐dimensional computer‐aided finite element method retrofitting modeling and non‐destructive testing techniques for the assessment of actual existing high‐rise fire‐damaged reinforced concrete building

Concrete is generally fire resistant. A fire in a concrete structure rarely results in a serious damage as to require substantial demolition. But, loss of the utility of a building could result in serious financial consequences for the owner, which calls for immediate reinstatement. To work out proper and efficient repair strategy, however, would require a thorough investigation of the effect of fire on the structural properties of the concrete and steel; the significance which any permanent change in material characteristics may have on the future structural performance of the member; the feasibility of repairs to compensate of any unacceptable reduction in structural performance, durability, and so on; and the influence which fire exposure of individual member may have on the performance of the entire structure. These all said tasks are dependent on the complete analysis of the fire‐damaged building. Without it, no repair works estimation, extent of repair and kind of repair can be carried out for the fire‐damaged buildings. Therefore, the impeccable analysis and design is of utmost importance for repair of such buildings after preliminary investigation of the extent of fire damages to the concrete structural members. This forms the basis of this research study, which aims at detailed analysis and design of the actual existing high‐rise fire‐damaged buildings for fire retrofitting and assessment of fire damages by non‐destructive techniques. Fire damages in buildings due to explosion, accidents or by some other reasons cause severe structural damages. The structural integrity of existing buildings is now a burning issue. Analytical, theoretical and design‐cum‐construction techniques are constantly being reviewed by government agencies and engineering consultants. Therefore, researchers are delving into this matter to find the best retrofitting techniques for fire‐damaged buildings. This paper is an outcome of such detailed research studies. It covers the actual case study of existing buildings, review of existing knowledge for fire damages and their mitigation and protective design technologies, and analytical and computational techniques, which have limited research data. In this study, Extended 3D Analysis of Building Systems (ETABS) is used as software for fire retrofitting analysis, and UBC‐97 is used as a code for the fire analysis and design. The ETABS building model is verified by manual calculations as well. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小型商业建筑防火设计措施探讨

阐述了商业建筑火灾的特点及小型商业建筑的防火设计特点,从建筑防火设计角度提出了防火设计措施,论述了防火设计的目的,指出防火设计规划必须发展完善才能适应经济与社会发展的需要,以供建筑设计人员参考。     

1截面形式对高温下钢管混凝土柱轴向加载性能的影响

钢管混凝土柱能够最大限度地发挥材料特性,现广泛用于建筑结构中。钢管混凝土柱承载能力高,能量吸收能力强,结构的抗火性能好。描述了含4种截面形式的一系列钢管混凝土柱在标准火下的抗火性能。按照以下方式将钢管混凝土柱分为三组:室温下截面强度相等、钢管截面面积相等、混凝土截面面积相等。采用ABAQUS软件分析组合柱的温度分布、临界温度和过火时间等情况。基于典型参数的分析和对比,讨论了不同截面形式钢管混凝土柱的温度分布和抗火性能。结果显示,圆截面钢管混凝土柱抗火性能最佳,接下来是椭圆截面、正方形截面和矩形截面。在该研究的基础上,给出了高温下钢管混凝土柱的简化设计方程。     

Shape effect on the behaviour of axially loaded concrete filled steel tubular stub columns at elevated temperature

Concrete filled steel tubular columns have been extensively used in modern construction owing to that they utilise the most favourable properties of both constituent materials. It has been recognized that concrete filled tubular columns provide excellent structural properties such as high load bearing capacity, ductility, large energy-absorption capacity and good structural fire behaviour. This paper presents the structural fire behaviour of a series of concrete filled steel tubular stub columns with four typical column sectional shapes in standard fire. The selected concrete filled steel tube stub columns are divided into three groups by equal section strength at ambient temperature, equal steel cross sectional areas and equal concrete core cross sectional areas. The temperature distribution, critical temperature and fire exposing time etc. of selected composite columns are extracted by numerical simulations using commercial FE package ABAQUS. Based on the analysis and comparison of typical parameters, the effect of column sectional shapes on member temperature distribution and structural fire behaviour are discussed. It shows concrete steel tubular column with circular section possesses the best structural fire behaviour, followed by columns with elliptical, square and rectangular sections. Based on this research study, a simplified equation for the design of concrete filled columns at elevated temperature is proposed.     

钢屋盖结构防火的性能化消防工程分析

因为建筑学上和构造上的原因,越来越多的建筑设计采用了钢结构。为了保证建筑结构构件的完整性,建筑规范提出了结构耐火性能的要求。但是,已规定的要求没有促进具有良好经济效益的设计,并且假定遵照规范是达到安全等级的唯一途径。本论文提出采用以性能设计为基础的消防工程理论方法来证明火灾中钢构件的性能。消防工程准则已发展至符合规范的要求,并能保证结构在火灾中的安全性能。本文采用一个游泳/跳水馆作为例子来讨论对钢屋顶结构进行耐火保护。本例的研究表明,游泳/跳水馆的钢屋顶结构可以不用耐火涂料,并且不会降低整个建筑的防火安全等级。     

老旧商业建筑火灾危险性评价系统研究

以老旧商业建筑的检测数据及相关资料调查为依据,采用模糊灰色综合评价法、层次分析法等最新信息处理技术构建老旧商业建筑火灾危险性评价模型。根据评价模型运用Visual Basic6.0编译老旧商业建筑火灾危险性评价系统软件。该系统软件可快速对某商业建筑室内火灾危险性进行评价并确定危险性等级,这不仅克服了利用评价模型进行人工手算时计算复杂、耗时久的弊端,还为老旧建筑进行防火改造提供一定理论依据。最后本文以一老旧商业建筑火灾危险性评价实例验证了该系统软件的可操作性。     

试论性能化设计在超高层建筑消防设计中的应用

我国日益增高的楼房对消防工作提出了新的要求,而性能化设计作为一种十分科学的建筑防火设计方法,被广泛应用于消防工作。本文主要研究了性能化设计在超高层建筑消防设计中的应用,并提出了几点建议。     

Integration of fire safety and building design

A new framework is presented to facilitate better incorporation of building fire safety performance options into the building design process. Based on the building design process and key design decisions undertaken at each phase, a knowledge set is developed to aid building designers to understand better the effects of design decisions on building fire performance. This also minimizes potential competing objectives in later design phases by sharing necessary concerns in advance. Drawing on the knowledge set, a conceptual building fire safety evaluation tool illustrates how primary building designers and fire safety engineers can quantitatively assess fire safety performance for different solutions. It is shown how building fire safety performance attributes can be arranged by building design phase, how various scenarios can be explored, and how appropriately balanced building design and fire safety design solutions can be identified at different phases of the building design process.