长期滴灌棉田耕层土壤盐分累积特征分析

针对长期膜下滴灌棉田灌区土壤次生盐渍化问题,分析了膜下滴灌条件下土壤盐分随种植年限的变化特征。结果表明,在实施膜下滴灌的最初1~5年,土壤盐分整体呈现随种植年限的推后而降低的趋势,表层5 cm及深层100 cm始终处于积盐趋势;实施膜下滴灌技术6年以上的地块,其盐分值基本保持在0.2%左右,处于完全脱盐状态,土壤盐分恢复新的平衡。该试验结果可以为试验区膜下滴灌技术的应用提供理论参考,对水土资源的可持续利用有着重要的意义。     

长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐空间分布特征研究

为分析播种前膜下滴灌棉田土壤不同深度水分和盐分的分布特征,对1998年开始利用膜下滴灌种植技术的棉田进行大规模网格取土,主要分析了棉田土壤水盐空间分布特征。研究结果表明:在生育期初播种前,棉田土壤0~5、5~20、20~40、40~60、60~80及80~100 cm对应土层中,水分变异系数小于盐分变异系数,且都属于中等变异性;土壤各层水分和盐分含量总体都呈现出表层土壤水分和盐分含量较低,深层土壤水分和盐分含量较高的分布规律;在0~100 cm土层中,随着深度增加,水分和盐分含量呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;设置排盐沟,能够使土壤盐分向排盐沟运移,有助于棉田改良。     

膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分随时间变化特征

为研究膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分随时间变化特征,通过对北疆典型棉田土壤盐分连续一年的监测,采用时间序列分析方法分析了土壤盐分随时间变化特征。研究结果表明:在监测期内,90cm以下土层为稳定积盐层,其盐分值随时间波动幅度较大;0~90cm土层土壤盐分随时间变化幅度较小,其含盐率值基本保持在0.2%上下浮动,属于非盐化土壤,有利于棉花正常生长;每年的5、7两个月,各土层土壤盐分呈现出不同程度的增大趋势。本研究可以为后续长期连续监测奠定基础,同时为北疆绿洲区棉田防治土壤次生盐渍化提供理论参考。     

干旱区膜下滴灌土壤盐分年内分布特征

土壤次生盐渍化问题是威胁干旱区膜下滴灌条件下棉花生长的主要因素之一,为探明膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分在生育期内随时间及剖面分布特征,专门针对土壤盐分进行了一个生育期的监测,具体实验结果为:在棉花整个生育期内,土壤盐分在水平方向呈现出滴头行间膜间的分布特征,越靠近膜间,土壤盐分累积程度越剧烈;在深度方向上,基本呈现出随深度增加,盐分值增大的趋势,100cm土层附近出现盐分稳定累积层;棉花苗期表层0-20cm土层土壤盐分呈现出表聚现象,对幼苗生长构成潜在威胁;盛花期(7月中旬左右)出现了由于地下水位抬高引起的土壤次生盐渍化问题,适当控制此时段灌水量及灌水次数对棉花生长有着重要作用。     

干旱区膜下滴灌农田土壤盐分非生育期淋洗和多年动态

膜下滴灌土壤盐分在生育期和非生育期的累积与淋洗,共同决定了土壤的盐碱化趋势,影响着当地农业的可持续发展。为分析长期膜下滴灌土壤盐分多年动态,于2008—2013年在中国西北干旱区的清华大学-库尔勒生态水文实验基地开展了棉田实验,采集和化验了15 000余个土壤样本,结合SHAW模型模拟,探讨了非生育期冬春灌方式的盐分淋洗效果;基于长期连续观测及理论分析,评估了区域盐碱化趋势。结果表明:冬灌和春灌的盐分淋洗作用明显,冬灌盐分淋洗深度大致为60 cm,效果优于春灌。若膜下滴灌条件下综合采用非生育期冬灌或春灌洗盐,在多年尺度上土壤根区盐分不会出现明显累积,土壤盐碱化趋势可以得到控制。     

干旱区膜下滴灌定向排盐和盐分上移地表排模式研究

干旱农业区采用覆膜滴灌技术,在无覆膜的膜间裸露区内设置排盐浅沟,探讨不同灌水定额和不同排盐梯度条件下,覆膜滴灌土壤盐分定向运移和盐分上移地表排盐效果.研究结果表明,膜下滴灌定向排盐效果明显,滴头附近形成盐分淡化区域,排盐沟周边形成盐分集中区域.地表以下0~60cm平均土壤盐分普遍呈现膜下的盐分低于膜外,而膜外裸露区积盐作用显著的特点.灌溉用水量愈大,排盐作用愈强烈,相应的积盐数量也愈大.通过农田排盐沟灌水冲洗后的地表排水矿化度随时间呈减小趋势,排盐梯度最小的试验小区冲洗排盐量最大.总体来说,在排盐沟冲洗定额1515m3/hm2条件下,各小区总排盐量达到4521~6351kg/hm2,表明盐分上移地表排的脱盐效果显著.     

不同滴灌方式对棉田土壤盐分的影响

采用田间抽样调查分析的方法,研究了不同滴灌方式对新疆棉田土壤盐分的影响。结果表明,采用滴灌施肥8年后,0-100cm土体土壤总盐平均质量分数膜下滴灌比地下滴灌高10．98％;在20cm以上土层,土壤总盐平均质量分数地下滴灌比膜下滴灌高出23．35％;在60-100cm土层,土壤总盐平均质量分数膜下滴灌比地下滴灌高出85．99％。造成不同灌溉方式下土壤总盐质量分数差异的主要离子为Cl-和Na＋。膜下滴灌条件下,土壤Cl-和Na＋的质量分数较高。试验区采用地下滴灌时,应防止地表盐分的积累,同时,应结合喷灌或地面灌溉,解决棉花苗期的土壤水和盐的问题。     

冻融期膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐运移规律研究

为探究冻融期膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐运移规律,于2016年12月～2017年4月在石河子大学节水灌溉试验站进行田间试验。结果表明:在3月4日棉田土壤最大冻深为60 cm。土壤温度受气温变化的影响随深度增加而逐渐减弱,并表现出一定的滞后性,土壤温度变化的滞后性随深度增加没有一定规律性。土壤冻结期,土壤水分由非冻结层向冻结层运移,盐分随着土壤水分自土壤深层向表层聚集;土壤消融期,在强烈地表蒸发作用下土壤表层水分下降,土壤盐分不断向地表运移,使上层土壤盐分含量升高。冻融过程使土壤各土层的水分自上而下呈现出增加-减少-增加的变化规律,形成土壤水分再分布现象。而土壤盐分呈现积盐-脱盐-返盐的规律,形成土壤盐分再分布的现象。冻融期土壤水分和土壤盐分的变异性变化趋势基本保持一致,符合盐随水走的运移规律。冻融过程中90 cm处的土壤水盐和变异系数都达到最大值。该研究结果对绿洲膜下滴灌可持续发展以及土壤次生盐碱化的防治,有着重要的意义。     

军塘湖流域盐碱地棉花膜下滴灌土壤盐分变化及调控方法探析

新疆呼图壁县军塘湖流域下游十八户村开展盐碱地棉花膜下滴灌土壤盐分检测及监测试验,主要目的:1掌握棉花膜下滴灌土壤盐分变化规律;2研究制定符合实际、切实可行的水盐调控方法,为进一步探寻有效控制北疆干旱区棉花膜下滴灌盐渍土盐分扩大的方法提供技术参考。     

膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐分布特征分析

为了研究干旱区膜下滴灌棉田生育期内土壤水盐分布特征,文章在阿瓦提县老大河灌区进行土壤取样,将研究区划分为六个区组,并对各个区组不同纵剖面土壤水盐分布特征加以研究,结果表明,膜下滴灌土壤盐分的"Y"形分布态势,膜下土壤盐分含量明显低于膜间,膜下滴灌使浅根系土壤脱盐而难以彻底淋洗去除土壤盐分,膜间仍存在大量积盐,为此必须在下季播前继续灌溉以淋洗盐分。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.