基于ARM的振动传感器幅频特性测试系统研究

设计了以ARM微处理器为核心的中央控制处理单元,以完成振动传感器幅频特性测试的系统.利用ARM上集成的数字模拟转换电路(D/A)的输出通道1产生频率可调的等幅正弦信号,输出通道2对可变增益运放电路进行控制,使得振动传感器输出信号幅度在系统工作范围内,采用模拟数字转换电路(A/D)将振动传感器输出的信号整周期采样,对信号...     

某俄制飞机发动机振动仪试验器的设计

提出了一种可对发动机振动仪性能进行精确测试的试验器,功能可以完全替代俄制设备,实现了对发动机振动仪的正常维护。采用MAX038函数发生器精确模拟振动传感器信号,采用单片机实现对振动仪输出参数的测量。同俄制设备相比具有技术先进、体积小、性能价格比高和操作简单等特点,具有较高的应用价值。     

压电振动传感器的前置放大电路设计

介绍一种用于压电振动传感器信号处理前置放大电路的设计,由差分电荷灵敏放大及带通滤波电路组成,实现对特定频率范围信号的处理及包括传感器连接在内的电脉冲信号自检功能。经电荷信号和B&K加速度传感器对敲击输出信号的测试验证,满足核电厂松脱件监测、转动设备振动监测对压电振动传感器输出信号的现场预处理技术要求。     

基于电荷输出型压电传感器的冲击波超压存储测试系统

针对集成电路压电（ICP）型传感器抗振动和抗热冲击性能不足的问题,实验对比了高阻电荷型与 ICP 型压电传感器的抗振动以及抗热冲击干扰性能,发现电荷输出型相比于 ICP 型压电传感器对复杂测试环境有较好的抑制作用。采用电荷输出型压电传感器设计了存储测试装置及其抗振动、防潮的保护外壳。实验表明：设计的存储测试装置能可靠触发,可实现冲击波压力信号的采集、显示和回读。     

压电式加速度传感器振动信号采集系统

针对变压器产生的振动信号的特征,设计了一种基于压电式加速度传感器的变压器振动信号采集系统。以振动控制台为试验对象,利用此系统对控制台输出的振动信号进行采集,并用快速傅里叶变换对采集到的振动信号进行分析。实验结果表明：该系统将压电式加速度传感器输出的电荷信号转换成了标准的电压信号,能够准确、实时地采集振动信号,为变压器故障在线监测奠定了基础。     

MEMS气体流量传感器的简易流量测试装置

为了完成所研制的MEMS气体流量传感器样品的流量测试与标定,设计制作了一种由标准流量发生器和传感器信号读出与数据采集电路组成的简易流量测试装置。标准流量发生器由注射器和可更换的砝码组成,利用不同的砝码配重,在注射器出气口产生合适的恒定气体流速。通过理论分析和Ansys有限元数值仿真,验证了简易标准流量发生器的可行性。传感器信号读出与数据采集电路基于内建多路A/D转换器的单片机实现,具有传感器加热电阻器的恒温控制、流量信号的数字检测和显示的功能。采用该简易流量测试装置对自行研制的MEMS气体流量传感器进行了流量测试与标定,获得了待测器件的标定参数、传感器流量测量的绝对误差和相对误差。     

基于FPGA的多通道模拟量采集/输出PCI板卡的研制

为实现模拟量采集与输出功能的高度集成和提高板卡的性价比,针对目前模拟量采集与输出板卡的研究现状,在对板卡功能及其关键器件进行系统阐述的基础上,以EP3C5E144C8为本地总线控制器,以PCI9054为PCI总线协议芯片,以MAX1270、AD7398为12位A/D转换器与D/A转换器,研制一块同时具有4通道模拟量采集与输出功能的板卡,给出该模块的硬件设计与软件开发(包括基于VC++的板卡测试软件与基于Verilog的板卡时序仿真),并对其通信功能进行测试验证,仿真与测试结果表明其有效性。     

基于微电流探头在线标定的高精度便携式免拆信号发生器

在传统的通道校验或者通道检查过程中,需要将原有回路断开,再将信号发生器串入回路,实现信号的给定和调节。该方法效率低下,且存在人为失误的风险,将给系统的正常稳定运行带来巨大影响。因此,该文提出一种免拆线信号发生器,具体包括电压（电流）检测回路、信号源模块、反馈控制与信号处理、显示等4部分。电压（电流）检测回路以高精度微电流传感器为核心,搭配24位的高精度A/D转换芯片,在激活测量模式并消除偏移的基础上,实现对待测通道中信息的高精度测量;信号源根据输入的信号类型和大小指令,灵活生成相应的信号输出;反馈控制与信号处理通过模型估算传感器和检测电路,实现传感器与信号发生器数据信息的解耦;显示则用于直观展示测量结果、显示输入信号的类型和大小,并提供数据存储功能,将免拆线信号源并接在线路回路的传感器端,调节给定的电压、电流或电阻信号。相比于传统方案,免拆线信号发生器装置在无需断开原有信号回路的基础上即可实现信号的给定和调节,且具有精度高、便携的优点,为通道校验或通道检查提供可靠、安全的技术保障。     

一种多功能信号源系统设计

针对单一信号源无法满足测试需求的现状,提出了一种新型多功能信号源系统设计方案;详细阐述了信号源系统的硬件及软件设计,方案基于标准化、高速、可靠性三方面的考虑,硬件环境基于Compact PCI工控计算机,设计了3U CPCI结构的信号源板卡,配套软件采取模块化设计;该方案可实现多类型、多通道的高精度、高可靠性信号的独立输出和同时输出;实验结果表明,该多功能信号源系统稳定性好、可靠性高、使用便捷,满足设计需求。     

基于AD8601的电荷放大器的设计

设备的冲击和振动信号常用压电加速度传感器来获取.压电加速度传感器是高内阻传感器,仅能输出微弱的电荷信号,需要使用电荷放大器对电荷进行电荷-电压转换,方便后续的放大和处理.本文对电荷放大电路进行研究,进而提出基于AD8601的电荷放大器的设计方法.     

基于单片机的发动机振动速度、位移和加速度测量方法

本文介绍了一种基于单片机的发动机振动速度、位移和加速度测量方法。该方法首先对发动机的振动传感器信号进行高、低通滤波,然后通过模拟开关将其转化为电压信号,再经过RMS幅值测量元件和压频转换器转变成频率信号,由单片机对频率信号进行计数、计算和显示测量结果。对振动速度进行积分和微分,可得到振动位移和加速度,实测结果表明,该方法可以有效地减少环境因素对电子元件的影响,提高测量精度。     

支承舱减振性能分析

支承舱是运载火箭与航天器之间的重要连接结构,支承舱的振动特性是力学环境设计需要考虑的因素之一.本文从振动环境控制的角度进行支承舱结构动力学分析,阐述了一种基于支承舱振动特性研究的改善航天器力学环境的方法.在有限元建模过程中,引入了材料级性能试验.计算并比较了不同材料支承舱结构对航天器振动环境的作用,比较了连接面形式对振动环境的影响.基于分析结果给出了进一步研究的建议.     

中立型时滞反馈扭转控制系统的稳定性分析

研究了中立型时滞动力吸振器抑制扭转系统的振动问题.针对一类强迫扭转振动系统,采用动力系统的稳定性理论分析了动力吸振器与扭转振动系统的稳定性问题,以时滞为参数,分别得到了动力吸振器与扭转振动系统的稳定区域,并研究时滞变化时动力吸振器对于主振动系统振动的吸收效果,通过与时滞动力吸振器对比,得到了更大的吸振器和减振系统时滞稳定工作区域,通过数值模拟验证了结论的正确性.     

An examination of the vibration transmissibility of the hand-arm system in three orthogonal directions

The objective of this study is to enhance the understanding of the vibration transmission in the hand-arm system in three orthogonal directions (X, Y, and Z). For the first time, the transmitted vibrations distributed on the entire hand-arm system exposed in the three orthogonal directions via a 3-D vibration test system were measured using a 3-D laser vibrometer. Seven adult male subjects participated in the experiment. This study confirms that the vibration transmissibility generally decreased with the increase in distance from the hand and it varied with the vibration direction. Specifically, to the upper arm and shoulder, only moderate vibration transmission was measured in the test frequency range (16 to 500 Hz), and virtually no transmission was measured in the frequency range higher than 50 Hz. The resonance vibration on the forearm was primarily in the range of 16–30 Hz with the peak amplitude of approximately 1.5 times of the input vibration amplitude. The major resonance on the dorsal surfaces of the hand and wrist occurred at around 30–40 Hz and, in the Y direction, with peak amplitude of more than 2.5 times of the input amplitude. At higher than 50 Hz, vibration transmission was effectively limited to the hand and fingers. A major finger resonance was observed at around 100 Hz in the X and Y directions and around 200 Hz in the Z direction. In the fingers, the resonance magnitude in the Z direction was generally the lowest, and the resonance magnitude in the Y direction was generally the highest with the resonance amplitude of 3 times the input vibration, which was similar to the transmissibility at the wrist and hand dorsum. The implications of the results are discussed.Relevance to industryProlonged, intensive exposure to hand-transmitted vibration could result in hand-arm vibration syndrome. While the syndrome's precise mechanisms remain unclear, the characterization of the vibration transmissibility of the system in the three orthogonal dimensions performed in this study can help understand the syndrome and help develop improved frequency weightings for assessing the risk of the exposure for developing various components of the syndrome.     

流固耦合动力学与控制专题序

围绕管道流固耦合振动建模理论与方法、流致振动与控制、涡激振动抑制等研究主题,本专刊介绍了流固耦合动力学与控制领域的一些研究成果.     

Identification of effective engineering methods for controlling handheld workpiece vibration in grinding processes

The objective of this study is to identify effective engineering methods for controlling handheld workpiece vibration during grinding processes. Prolonged and intensive exposures to such vibration can cause hand-arm vibration syndrome among workers performing workpiece grinding, but how to effectively control these exposures remains an important issue. This study developed a methodology for performing their analyses and evaluations based on a model of the entire grinding machine-workpiece-hand-arm system. The model can simulate the vibration responses of a workpiece held in the worker's hands and pressed against a grinding wheel in order to shape the workpiece in the major frequency range of concern (6.3–1600 Hz). The methodology was evaluated using available experimental data. The results suggest that the methodology is acceptable for these analyses and evaluations. The results also suggest that the workpiece vibration resulting from the machine vibration generally depends on two mechanisms or pathways: (1) the direct vibration transmission from the grinding machine; and (2) the indirect transmission that depends on both the machine vibration transmission to the workpiece and the interface excitation transformation to the workpiece vibration. The methodology was applied to explore and/or analyze various engineering methods for controlling workpiece vibrations. The modeling results suggest that while these intervention methods have different advantages and limitations, some of their combinations can effectively reduce the vibration exposures of grinding workers. These findings can be used as guidance for selecting and developing more effective technologies to control handheld workpiece vibration exposures.     

The effects of vibration-reducing gloves on finger vibration

Vibration-reducing (VR) gloves have been used to reduce the hand-transmitted vibration exposures from machines and powered hand tools but their effectiveness remains unclear, especially for finger protection. The objectives of this study are to determine whether VR gloves can attenuate the vibration transmitted to the fingers and to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms of how these gloves work. Seven adult male subjects participated in the experiment. The fixed factors evaluated include hand force (four levels), glove condition (gel-filled, air bladder, no gloves), and location of the finger vibration measurement. A 3-D laser vibrometer was used to measure the vibrations on the fingers with and without wearing a glove on a 3-D hand-arm vibration test system. This study finds that the effect of VR gloves on the finger vibration depends on not only the gloves but also their influence on the distribution of the finger contact stiffness and the grip effort. As a result, the gloves increase the vibration in the fingertip area but marginally reduce the vibration in the proximal area at some frequencies below 100 Hz. On average, the gloves reduce the vibration of the entire fingers by less than 3% at frequencies below 80 Hz but increase at frequencies from 80 to 400 Hz. At higher frequencies, the gel-filled glove is more effective at reducing the finger vibration than the air bladder-filled glove. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) and musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck and the upper limbs in professional drivers of terrain vehicles--a cross sectional study

This study compares the prevalence of symptoms of Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) and musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck and the upper limbs, between professional drivers of terrain vehicles and a referent group. 769 male professional drivers of forest machines, snowmobiles, snowgroomers and reindeer herders and 296 randomly selected male referents completed a questionnaire about symptoms of HAVS and musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck and the upper limbs. They also gave information about their lifetime exposure duration driving terrain vehicles and their nicotine use. Prevalence odds ratios (POR) were determined and adjusted for age and nicotine use. Results show that there is a relation between exposure to driving terrain vehicles and some of the symptoms of HAVS (POR: 1.2–6.1). Increased odds of musculoskeletal symptoms in neck, shoulders and wrists were also found (POR 1.2–6.4), and it seemed to be related to the cumulative exposure time.     

非经典阻尼系统的精确解

提出了一种求解非经典阻尼系统的通用的解析方法,分别给出了多自由度非比例阻尼系统的自由振动和强迫振动的实数解的表达式.自由振动归结为求解一个线性代数方程组,把系统分为亚临界阻尼情况、退化阻尼情况和部分退化阻尼情况分别进行了讨论.对于强迫振动,研究了系统的稳态解和瞬态解,求解过程也归结为求解代数方程组.在几个算例中,把得到的精确解和数值计算结果进行了比较,两者吻合得很好.该方法为非比例阻尼系统的求解提供了一条有效的途径.     

简谐振动初相位之唯一性浅谈

振幅、频率和相位是简谐振动的三要素.其中,相位角的周期是2π.在一个周期(-π,π］内,任意简谐振动响应的初相位必须具有唯一性.该问题常被忽视.将相位角表示成反正切函数时需要考虑反三角函数的值域.在此对部分著作中的常见错误作简要修正.