基于纳米压入法Ti-13Mo-8Cr-6Sn-5Nb钛合金的应变率敏感性研究

采用纳米压入法对钛合金室温应变率敏感性进行研究。通过控制加载阶段不同应变率达到最大压入深度,基于连续刚度测量原理,研究硬度及弹性模量的应变率敏感性,并观察压入应变率对于保载阶段材料蠕变位移的影响。结果表明,钛合金硬度表现出应变率敏感性,弹性模量对应变率不敏感。压痕保载阶段主要为位错运动主导的蠕变形式,蠕变应力指数随加载应变率增大而降低。     

纳米压入法研究无铅焊料应变率敏感性

采用纳米压入法对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu、Sn-0.7Cu及Sn-3.5Ag无铅焊料的室温应变率敏感性进行研究。相同压深下,压入载荷随着加载应变率的提高而增大;3种焊料的接触刚度均随压深近似线性增加,不同应变率下弹性模量基本不变;硬度随着应变率的增加而增大,表明了无铅焊料的塑性应变率强化性。保载阶段蠕变位移随加载段应变率的增加而增大,蠕变应变率先急剧下降然后趋于稳定。通过系统研究应变率对3种常用无铅焊料力学性能的影响,为评价无铅焊点的服役可靠性提供参考。     

火焰喷涂NiCrBSi涂层的纳米力学性能

为揭示热喷涂涂层在不同尺度下的力学性能,在45钢基体上制备了平均厚度为750μm的火焰喷涂NiCrBSi涂层,利用纳米压痕技术研究了不同压痕深度下涂层表/截面力学性能、弹塑性和压痕变形行为。结果表明:涂层表/截面力学性能均呈现明显的尺寸效应,硬度、弹性模量、弹塑性随压入深度增加不断降低。涂层表面表现出高弹性,其压痕弹性功与总压痕功的比值ηIT在500nm深度内达到52%,而涂层截面为40%;涂层截面具有高硬度和高模量,其纳米硬度和弹性模量在2000nm深度内比涂层表面分别高28%和33%。涂层压痕变形表现为理想塑性、凹陷、凸起和裂纹等多种特征,随着压入深度增加,涂层表/截面弹塑性差异逐渐降低,并在2500nm深度同时下降到35%。涂层单一薄层结构在不同方向具有相同的硬度和弹性模量,但随压入深度增大,压头包含的涂层体积增大,相邻薄层,特别是孔隙、裂纹、层间边界等缺陷对涂层性能的影响逐渐增强,导致涂层表/截面硬度和弹性模量的差异性随压痕深度增加不断降低。     

主动围压下岩石的冲击力学性能试验研究

利用具有主动围压加载装置的直径为100 mm分离式Hopkinson压杆（SHPB）试验装置和薄圆形紫铜片作为波形整形器,研究了斜长角闪岩在不同围压等级（0~6 MPa）、不同应变速率（50~170 s-1）下的动态力学性能,并对试验有效性进行了分析。试验结果表明：斜长角闪岩的动态强度增长因子与应变率的对数呈近似线性关系,强度与比能量吸收随应变率的增加而近似线性增加,体现了显著的应变率相关性;在同等级应变率范围内,随着围压的增加,岩石的增强效果与增韧效果逐渐增强;同时发现,在围压作用下,岩石的破坏由拉伸破坏向压剪破坏逐渐过渡和发展。SHPB试验中,近似恒应变率加载时间比例约为69.5 %,能够较好地满足应力均匀分布及近似恒应变率加载要求,表明SHPB试验的有效性和结果的可靠性     

亚微压入法硬度测量

简要介绍新研制的亚微压入仪(Submicron Indentation Tester)及其主要应用之一;硬度测量.该设备通过测量压痕深度而获得硬度值.其力加载是连续的,能够连续记录载荷压痕深度曲线.其特点是不但可测量材料表面某点亚微层的硬度值,还可在此范围内测量其硬度随层深分布曲线.该设备力加载最大范围:0～200g,力分辨率:≤1mg;压入深度测量范围:0～60μm,分辨率:≤1nm.     

微纳米尺度单晶铜各向异性纳米力学分析

采用纳米压痕测量仪对<100>、<110>、<111>不同取向的单晶铜进行了微纳米尺度纳米压痕试验,并对其硬度、约化弹性模量及卸载过程形貌等进行了对比分析.结果表明:在微纳米尺度下,不同取向单晶铜硬度值存在明显的尺寸效应,当压入深度小于30 nm时,单晶铜的硬度值随着压入深度的增加而增大,随后随着压入深度的增加而逐渐减小至0.8 GPa左右.<110>取向单晶铜的约化弹性模量值最大,<111>取向次之,<100>取向最小;<100>、<110>、<111>取向单晶铜的卸载表面均出现明显的堆积现象,其中<110>取向单晶铜出现明显的二维对称堆积形貌,<100>取向单晶铜的弹性恢复位移最大,而<110>取向单晶铜的弹性恢复位移最小.     

原位Al3Ti颗粒增强Al-7Si合金纳米压入应变率敏感性

采用纳米压入方法研究了原位Al₃Ti颗粒增强Al-7Si合金室温压入应变率敏感性。控制压入应变率加载达到最大预设压入深度，基于连续刚度测量原理，研究不同加载应变率下压入硬度。结果表明，Sr元素添加将原位Al₃Ti颗粒增强铝合金中共晶Si相修饰为短纤维状。不同于铝合金基材，颗粒增强铝合金压入硬度表现出应变率敏感性。T6热处理后，共晶Si相球化为颗粒状，材料微观组织均匀性增强，压入应变率敏感性不明显。深冷处理后α-Al晶粒细化，共晶Si相尺寸进一步减小，材料应变率敏感性提高。     

应变率对Ag/Co多层膜硬度的影响及塑性变形不稳定性研究

周期结构对多层膜硬度和弹性模量的影响已有比较深入的研究,而对多层膜塑性变形特征和机理的研究还少有报道.本文采用直流磁控溅射制备了周期Λ为10 nm,20 nm,40 nm,60 nm的Ag/Co多层膜,X射线衍射表明薄膜均为Ag(111)和Co(002)织构的多晶结构,且具有很好的周期性.采用纳米压入连续刚度法在四种加载应变速率(0.025 s-1,0.05 s-1,0.1 s-1,0.5 s-1)下分别测试了不同周期薄膜的硬度,结果表明硬度随应变速率的变大而增大,且随周期的变大硬度变化随应变速率的变化更加敏感.纳米压入的载荷-位移曲线出现明显的不连续突变,压痕形貌周围有明显的剪切带,表明塑性变形的过程是不稳定的.     

用纳米压痕技术表征超高韧性水泥基复合材料(ECC)的裂缝自愈合特性

为了探究ECC裂缝自愈合体系中不同物相的微观力学性能,应用纳米压痕技术对经历10个干湿循环环境后裂缝自愈合ECC体系中不同物相的荷载-位移、接触刚度-位移、弹性模量及硬度进行了研究。结果表明:当荷载相同时,压入深度大小顺序为:纤维ITZSHP基体粉煤灰砂子;接触刚度与压入深度近似呈线性关系;粉煤灰和砂子的弹性模量及硬度是体系中最高的,远远高于其他相,其次是基体,接下来是SHP、ITZ,最差的是纤维。     

一种钠钙硅酸盐玻璃的纳米压痕测试分析

采用纳米压痕测试技术对一种钠钙硅酸盐玻璃进行微观力学性能的测试分析.测得加载-卸载过程载荷与压入深度曲线,发现被测玻璃的最大压深、残余深度和弹性回复量随最大加载力的增加而增大,但其相对弹性回复率系数基本稳定,平均值为58.2%.通过电子显微镜观察了不同最大载荷下的压痕形貌,发现压痕区域出现了边界沉陷现象.当最大加载力为1 000 mN左右时,三棱锥工具头测试的压痕区域出现了较明显的微裂纹;采用四棱锥工具头时出现微裂纹的最大加载力要小于该值,且裂纹取向均与金刚石工具头的棱角取向一致.利用非线性有限元软件MSC.Marc对纳米压痕过程进行了仿真分析,得到载荷与压入深度的仿真曲线,该曲线与试验结果基本相符;分析了载荷作用下材料内部的应力分布.利用Oliver-Pharr模型得到不同压入深度下被测玻璃的接触刚度值,该值随压入深度的增加而增大.     

Mechanical properties of and critical conditions for crack initiation in electronic glass

In this paper, the mechanical properties of electronic glass are tested using a combination of the Vickers indentation test and a multiple-loading nanoindentation test to obtain the elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and hardness values. The basic mechanical property parameters of the electronic glass and its stress–strain curve are found using atomic force microscopy analysis of the indentation morphology. The critical pressure and depth for crack initiation and the corresponding load and depth can be obtained during vertical loading on the electronic glass. When cracks extend to the surface, the results show that the electronic glass is isotropic. Several loading cycles causes a fatigue effect on the surface of the electronic glass, which decreases its elastic–plastic response. While the loadings are increasing, the elastic–plastic response rates are decreasing bur it rends stability finally. These results can provide a reference and guide for micro machining and surface microstructure machining of electronic glass.     

不同拉伸应变率下金纳米线拉伸力学行为的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了不同拉伸应变率下金纳米线的拉伸力学行为。模拟结果表明,相同截面尺寸、拉伸温度、拉伸方向的金纳米线在较高的拉伸应变率下,屈服强度较大,屈服发生的较早;更高应变率下的金纳米线在屈服时对应的应变更大,并且更容易发生二次屈服。金纳米线的弹性模量随着拉伸应变率的增大有所增加,但是幅度不是很明显。     

The effect of work-hardening and pile-up on nanoindentation measurements

Nanoindentation is performed on the cross-section of copper samples subjected to surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). The cross-section of the SMAT samples provides a unique microstructure with varying amounts of work-hardening depending on the distance from the SMAT surface. Results show that for a given indentation load the pile-up height decreases and the indentation depth increases as the distance from the SMAT surface increases, both following a power law relationship. Based on image analysis of the indented surface this increase in the pile-up height and decrease in indentation depth is attributed to the localization of plastic strain due to the increased resistance to dislocation motion in the work-hardened region. For a given amount of work-hardening (in terms of distance from SMAT surface), the indentation depth increased with the indentation load obeying a power law relationship with the exponent ranging from 0.58 to 0.68. However, the pile-up height increased linearly with the load, with the rate (slope) increasing with the amount of work-hardening. The observed linear increase in pile-up height with indentation load would naturally introduce an indentation size effect (ISE) if the hardness is corrected for the pile-up. Interestingly, this ISE associated with pile-up increased with an increase in indentation depth, in contradiction to the ISE associated with strain gradient. Deviation of the hardness values corrected for pile-up from the bulk behavior due to surface effect is highlighted and a method to obtain a bulk-equivalent hardness quantity representing the bulk behavior is proposed.     

Effect of PbO content, loading rate and poling on mechanical properties of tape-cast and sintered PZT wafers

The effect of PbO content on the elastic modulus, hardness and fracture toughness of tape-cast and sintered PZT wafers was investigated using instrumented indentation based techniques. It was found that hardness and elastic modulus remained more or less unchanged whereas the fracture toughness increased with increasing PbO content. The effect of loading rate of indentation on the hardness and elastic modulus of the PZT wafer having near-morphotropic composition was also studied. It was found that the hardness increased initially with increasing loading rate up to a loading rate of 50 mN/min and subsequently decreased with further increase in loading rate. On the other hand, elastic modulus remained more or less unaffected. The effect of poling on the mechanical properties of the near-morphotropic PZT wafer was also investigated. Poling was found to result in a decrease in fracture toughness, although it did not have a significant effect on the hardness and elastic modulus.     

基于纳米压痕法的羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸复合材料力学性能表征

采用准静态和动态纳米压痕技术研究了羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸（HA/PLA）复合材料在微纳尺度的表面力学性能。在静态模式下研究了保载和卸载时间对模量和硬度测试结果的影响。结果发现,当保载时间小于45 s时,由于蠕变使保载和卸载时间对测试结果产生显著影响;保载时间短且卸载时间长时,在卸载段会形成"鼻子",为了避免"鼻子"选择保载时间为45 s。在动态模式下研究了材料的动态力学性能,结果表明,存储模量和硬度均随着压入深度的增加而减小。压痕和划痕实验结果均表明：HA显著提高了PLA的力学性能,与纯PLA相比,9wt% HA/PLA复合材料的模量增加了35.5%,硬度增加了44.7%,蠕变深度下降了9.5%,相同载荷下的最大划痕深度和残余深度均小于纯PLA,表现出良好的弹性恢复能力和抗变形能力。     

Mechanical properties of conventional and nanostructured plasma sprayed alumina coatings

The hardness and the elastic modulus measured by microindentation of three different types of plasma sprayed alumina coatings have been compared. Usually, such coatings present porosity and heterogeneity which affect the measurement of the mechanical properties. To take such effects into account along with the indentation size effect which is relevant to all hardness studies, the Proportional Specimen Resistance model is applied. The three alumina coatings show closely similar mechanical properties at indentation loads exceeding 1 N, i.e., macrohardness around 5.7 GPa, indentation size effect parameter around 5.5 MPa mm and elastic modulus around 160 GPa. For loads below 1 N, the extrapolated values of the macrohardness of crushed and agglomerated alumina coatings increased to 8.5 GPa, while the indentation size effect parameter has the same value, and the elastic modulus increased to 320 GPa. However, no significant change in the measured values of hardness and the elastic modulus of the nanostructured alumina coating has been observed. This result is attributed to porosity and the bimodal microstructure of the nanostructured coating where a semimolten phase coexists along with the fully molten phases.     

An Inverse Approach for Extracting Elastic-plastic Properties of Thin Films from Small Scale Sharp Indentation

An inverse method for extracting the elastic-plastic properties of metallic thin films from instrumented sharp indentation has been proposed in terms of dimensional analysis and finite element modeling.A wide range of materials with different elastic modulus,yield strength,and strain-hardening exponent were examined.Similar to the Nix-Gao model for the depth dependence of hardness H,(H/H0)2=1+h*Hh,the relationship between elastic modulus E and indentation depth h can be expressed as(E/E0)4=1+h*Eh.By combining these two formulas,we find that there is a relationship between yield stress σ y and indentation depth h:σy = σy0·(1+h*Hh)f(n)·(1+h*Eh)[0.25-0.54f(n)],where σ y0 is the yield strength associated with the strainhardening exponent n,the true hardness H0 and the true elastic modulus E0.f(n)= 1/2(1-n) is constant,which is only related to n,and h*H and h*E are characteristic lengths for hardness and elastic modulus.The results obtained from inverse analysis show that the elastic-plastic properties of thin films can be uniquely extracted from the solution of this relationship when the indentation size effect has to be taken into account.     

钛合金锥形压痕约束因子和代表应变的确定

目的 研究钛合金性能参数与约束因子和代表应变的关系。方法 对不同性能参数条件下压痕变形过程进行有限元仿真,根据模拟结果建立约束因子和代表应变与材料性能间的定量关系。结果 发现钛合金屈服强度与压痕硬度之间存在线性关系。约束因子随着弹性模量的增加而增加,代表应变随着弹性模量的增加而减小。当弹性模量固定不变时,约束因子随屈服强度线性减小,代表应变固定不变。在材料性能范围内,使用代表应变求解的代表应力,与通过压痕硬度和约束因子求解的代表应力两者误差小于±3%。结论 材料性能不同,约束因子和代表应变的值也会变化,这两个参数并不存在统一的值。