低矿化度水驱提高原油采收率研究进展

低矿化度水驱是指向地层中注入矿化度为1～5 g/L 的水来提高采收率。目前,关于低矿化度水驱提高原油采收率的机理仍存在争议。通过梳理低矿化度水驱技术的发展历程,总结了砂岩油藏低矿化度水驱提高采收率的机理大致可分为微粒运移和润湿性改变两大方面。简述了碳酸盐岩油藏低矿化度水驱提高采收率的机理,主要包括由于矿物溶解引起的双电层的变化和离子反应。浅析了适用低矿化度水驱技术的油藏条件,总结了低矿化度水驱和其他驱油工艺结合的新技术,介绍了分子模拟技术在低矿化度水驱方面的应用,并对未来的发展提出了建议。     

低矿化度水驱研究进展及展望

针对国外低矿化度水驱已运用于矿场实践而国内相关研究还未开展的现状,对低矿化度水驱机理 及其存在的问题进行了综述,并对低矿化度水驱的发展趋势作了展望。对于砂岩油藏,低矿化度水驱提高 采收率的机理主要为类碱驱、微粒运移以及多组分离子交换引起的储层润湿性改变;而对于碳酸盐岩油 藏,低矿化度水驱提高采收率的机理则主要是多组分离子交换引起的储层润湿性改变。原油性质、储层 性质、地层水及注入水性质、地层温度等因素均可以影响低矿化度水驱提高采收率的效果。目前低矿化度 水驱存在的问题主要包括提高采收率机理不清、低矿化度水源限制、油田储层适应性问题等。最后指出, 低矿化度水驱若与现有油田开发技术、煤层气生产技术、低渗透油田及高含水油田开发技术相结合,将会 是经济、环保、潜力巨大的提高采收率新技术。     

水驱黏土微粒迁移理论及作用

大部分砂岩油藏中皆含有少量的黏土成分,采用水驱技术会导致黏土微粒迁移。黏土表面电荷、扩散双电层结构、黏土矿物类型、可交换阳离子、矿化度、水膜等皆为导致黏土微粒迁移的重要因素。经过对黏土微粒迁移文献分析可知,黏土微粒只有在黏土微粒浓度大于孔隙壁面的临界微粒滞留浓度时,才会迁移,以此推导论证Bedrikovetsky临界滞留浓度模型。尽管黏土微粒迁移与黏土膨胀的结果都会带来地层伤害,但根据微粒迁移理论分析可知,微粒迁移改善了地层孔隙度和渗透率的非均质性,改变油层润湿性,封堵高渗透层,提高洗油效率,降低含水率。因此,适当控制好黏土微粒迁移量,能提高原油采收率。     

利用盐水调节油藏岩石表面润湿性

基于岩石表面基团与有机物分子间的黏附模型,分析油藏岩石表面的化学基团与原油中不同组分之间的微观作用力以及岩石表面和原油-盐水界面处双电层之间的相互作用,研究盐水中H~+、OH~-和无机盐离子对岩石表面润湿性的调节能力及其微观机制,并建立了油藏润湿性调节的新方法。原油中有机物质与岩石表面基团之间存在范德华力、氢键、库仑力和表面力相互作用,改变这些相互作用力,利用盐水调节岩石表面润湿性的机理包括:化学基团转化、界面电势改变、注入水pH值改变、多组分离子交换及盐溶/盐析效应。对砂岩油藏,随着盐水中阳离子价态、盐水浓度降低或盐水pH值(对矿化度影响不大)增加,原油与岩石表面间相互作用变弱,岩石表面亲水性增强;对碳酸盐岩油藏,高矿化度CaSO_4、MgSO_4盐水有利于增强油藏岩石表面亲水性。因此通过调节注入水的离子组成可调控油藏岩石表面亲水性,提高原油采收率。     

多孔、裂缝性油藏中低矿化度注水开发的有效模拟

对于注水开发的油藏来说,注低矿化度水是一种有效的提高石油采收率方法。实验室测试和现场应用显示低矿化度注水开发能有效地降低残余油饱和度。本文提出一个普遍的数学模型：结合已知的提高原油采收率机理;定量地描述低矿化度注水开发过程。在数学理论模型中,盐是水相的附加成分,基于下列实际考虑：盐在水相里是通过平移和扩散来运移的,并吸附在固体岩石上;相对渗透率、毛管压力和残余油饱和度都取决于矿化度。用多域法可以精确地掌握自由水和束缚水区域中盐的相互作用。用多重一连续模型或不连续一破裂模型的方法来处理破碎岩石。理论模型被运用到一个具有普遍意义的油藏模拟模型中,该模型用自由的、规则的和不规则的网络模拟了低矿化度提高原油采收率的过程,并应用到将低矿化度水注入到多孔介质和裂缝性油层的一维、二维、三维模拟模型中。由此可知,模型为定量评价在特定现场进行低矿化度水注水开发提供了可能性。     

水驱油藏特高含水阶段提高采收率可行性研究及技术对策

常规砂岩油田注水开发最终采收率多为35%～50%。基于大量室内实验、应用实例和中外油田案例类比,分析了特高含水开发阶段进一步提高水驱油藏驱油效率的可行性。讨论了水驱油藏在周期注水、关停老井侧钻、多油层逐层上返或沿断层面钻加密井等扩大注水波及体积基础上,长期高孔隙体积倍数注水、低矿化度水驱等经济可行的提高驱油效率思路和方法。室内研究和矿场实践结果表明,长期注水开发砂岩油藏润湿性由偏亲油性向偏亲水性转化,残余油饱和度降低,有利于提高驱油效率。依据成熟开发油田大量类比实例,在油层和流体性质较为有利的条件下,强天然水驱油藏依靠天然能量开采,或弱天然能量油藏通过注水开发最终采收率可达70%。采用自流水注水、低矿化度水驱、同井注采工艺等技术已证实是经济可行的。特高含水开发阶段老油田已有的大量开发井和配套设施为进一步提高采收率提供了基础。应用经济可行的长期高孔隙体积倍数注水思路有望将水驱开发油田采收率进一步提高至50%～70%。     

润湿性的改变对提高原油采收率的影响研究

注水开发几乎不能从低渗油湿性油藏中采出原油,如果油藏岩石的润湿性得到改变,通过自然的渗吸其采收率就能得到改进。因此,了解润湿性改变的影响因素及其机理对提高原油采收率意义重大。岩心流动试验表明:水驱时中性润湿岩心的采收率最高,强水湿岩心其次,强油湿岩心最低。润湿性由亲油向亲水方向的变化,油水相渗曲线右移,残余油饱和度下降了25%,油水共渗区范围明显增大,采出程度提高。目前认为加入表活剂改变油藏岩石的润湿性是提高原油采收率比较可行的方法。     

碳酸盐岩油藏低矿化度水驱作用机理实验

碳酸盐岩油藏低矿化度水驱应用潜力巨大，为了更好地推广其矿场应用而针对性开展作用机理的实验研究。首先，岩心驱替实验研究注入水矿化度和关键离子组成对采收率的影响；而后，润湿角测定实验分析注入水矿化度和关键离子组成对碳酸盐岩表面润湿性的影响；最终，根据实验结果建立碳酸盐岩油藏低矿化度水驱作用机理。研究发现：低矿化度水驱能有效改变碳酸盐岩表面润湿性进而提高油藏采收率，存在最优矿化度使得碳酸盐岩表面润湿性变化最大、采收率最高；Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-对碳酸盐岩表面润湿性和原油采收率的影响效果不同；随着溶液中Mg²⁺浓度升高，碳酸盐岩表面润湿性变化不断增强、原油采收率不断升高；随着溶液中SO₄^2-浓度增加，碳酸盐岩表面润湿性变化先增强后减弱、原油采收率先增加后稳定。碳酸盐岩油藏低矿化度水驱作用机理在于润湿性的改变：①SO₄^2-吸附在正电性的碳酸盐岩矿物表面，中和表面电荷，促进了Mg²⁺向矿物表面运动；②Mg²⁺与碳酸盐岩矿物表面的Ca²⁺发生取代反应，造成原油组分的解离。     

二氧化硅纳米颗粒与低矿化度水对Berea砂岩润湿性的影响

为了研究亲水SiO₂纳米颗粒与低矿化度水对无黏土人造Berea砂岩岩心润湿性的影响，在不同纳米颗粒质量分数和盐水矿化度下开展了毛管压力、界面张力、接触角和Zeta电位测试及动态驱替实验，采用美国矿务局(USBM)润湿性指数量化砂岩润湿性的改变，评估纳米颗粒的稳定性和滞留性及纳米流体提高原油采收率的效果。研究表明，SiO₂纳米颗粒与低矿化度水混合驱替可以使砂岩更加水湿。随盐水矿化度降低、纳米颗粒质量分数增加，油水界面张力和接触角均减小；当盐水矿化度降至4 000 mg/L，纳米颗粒质量分数增至0.075%时，润湿性改变最为明显，此时原油采收率提高约13个百分点。盐水矿化度为4 000 mg/L、SiO₂纳米颗粒质量分数为0.025%时，纳米颗粒滞留引发的渗透率伤害最小。     

低盐度注水提高碳酸盐岩油藏采收率

碳酸盐岩油藏基质致密,且发育裂缝和溶洞,使得注水开发过程中含水率上升快、采收率低。 低盐 度注水是一项成本低廉、效果显著的注水提高采收率技术,始于 20 世纪 90 年代,近年来在国内外均受 到广泛关注。 梳理了碳酸盐岩油藏低盐度注水的增产机理、室内实验评价方法和矿场实施条件。 综合分 析指出,低盐度注水提高碳酸盐岩油藏采收率的主要机理是润湿性反转和孔喉连通性改善。 润湿性反 转由表面电荷改变或者矿物溶解引起,其实质是水相中的关键二价离子（SO₄^2-,Ca²⁺ ,Mg²⁺ ）与岩石表面发 生了化学反应;孔喉连通性改善主要由矿物溶解引起。 低盐度注水主要的室内实验评价方法有水驱实 验、自吸测试、表面张力测定、接触角测定、核磁共振、离子成分分析及 Zeta 电势测定等。 开展低盐度注 水能够有效降低注入压力,提高洗油效率,增加波及体积。 我国碳酸盐岩油藏分布广泛,开展低盐度注 水提高采收率技术的机理研究和应用研究,具有重大的现实意义。     

Evaluation of enhanced oil recovery fromclay-rich sandstone formations

In the last few years, there has been a growing interest in smart water (SW) flooding as economically and environmentally friendly method to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in sandstone and carbonated reservoirs. Formation damage especially fines migration and clay swelling by lowering salinity and changing the ionic environment, causes the significant decrease in permeability of the sandstone reservoirs. In this study, an experimental study has been undertaken to illuminate the effect of formation damage during smart water injection as the function of clay types. The state of the art procedure has been established in direction of sandpack construction containing favorable clay content. Injection of smart water was performed in sandpacks with different clay types (montmorillonite and kaolinite). The results show that the presence of montmorillonite augments formation damage and enhances oil recovery. Analyzing Interfacial Tension (IFT) experimental data showed that interaction of oil/SW had no great influence on increasing oil recovery. The results have been achieved based on extensive experiments including Differential Pressure (DP) measurements, Zeta potential, and Recovery Factor (RF). Two mechanisms were proposed to interpret permeability reduction and amount of oil produced values which are clay swelling, and detachment/re-attachment for montmorillonite and kaolinite, respectively.     

柳北低渗区注水井压裂增注技术

针对柳北低渗区油藏强水敏、强应力敏感性、塑性特点,在对储层进行系统分析研究的基础上,进行了注水井压裂技术及双元黏土防膨压裂液体系研究。该技术使用保护储层的酸性黏土稳定剂复合黏土防膨剂,防止黏土膨胀、扩散和运移带来的伤害。考虑塑性地层对有效支撑裂缝的影响,优化了裂缝长度及加砂强度。利用水井返排控制优化技术,消除应力敏感性对增注效果的影响,从而减小了施工规模,降低了施工成本,提高了水井压裂施工效果。该技术在柳北低渗区的应用,获得了明显的增注效果。     

乌石凹陷低渗储层伤害机理研究与注入水源优选

针对乌石凹陷低渗强水敏储层水敏伤害机理认识不清制约注入水源选择的问题，通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、图像分析、全岩分析等手段详细研究储层特征，由于储层中黏土矿物含量并不高，且膨胀性黏土矿物含量相对较少，因此，乌石凹陷低渗储层水敏伤害机理不同于常规储层水敏伤害机理。分析认为储层水敏伤害机理主要为在内表面水化过程基础上存在一定程度的渗透水化过程，即微观"速敏"现象。在此基础上进行储层配伍性实验和黏土膨胀抑制实验，评价注入水与地层水结垢和水驱油过程中黏土矿物膨胀、分散、运移对储层伤害的影响，指导油田注入水源优选，降低储层伤害风险。     

The wettability with Ca2+ brine in a tight oil reservoir with zeta potential

Abstract

Based on Zetasizer Nano ZS instrumentation, the zeta potential with Ca²⁺ and tight oil reservoir were analyzed to study the abilities and microscopic mechanisms on reservoir characteristics of wettability. The results show that in the CaCl₂ solution, Ca²⁺ can reduce the surface hydrophilicity of tight sandstone, thus change the reservoir wetting characteristics. While increasing pH can improve reservoir wettability and facilitate tight oil development. Ca²⁺ can change the structural characteristics of tight reservoirs and crude oil. This provides a theoretical basis for our study of low salinity water flooding and recovery ratio.     

Evaluation and prevention of formation damage in offshore sandstone reservoirs in China

Reduction in water injectivity would be harmful to the waterflood development of offshore sandstone oil reservoirs. In this paper the magnitude of formation damage during water injection was evaluated by analyzing the performance of water injection in the Bohai offshore oilfield, China. Two parameters, permeability reduction and rate of wellhead pressure rise, were proposed to evaluate the formation damage around injection wells. The pressure performance curve could be divided into three stages with different characteristics. Analysis of field data shows that formation damage caused by water injection was severe in some wells in the Bohai offshore oilfield, China. In the laboratory, the content of clay minerals in reservoir rock was analyzed and sensitivity tests （including sensitivity to water, ftow rate, alkali, salt and acid） were also conducted. Experimental results show that the reservoir had a strong to medium sensitivity to water （i.e. clay swelling） and a strong to medium sensitivity to flow rate, which may cause formation damage. For formation damage prevention, three injection schemes of clay stabilizer （CS） were studied, i.e. continuous injection of low concentration CS （CI）, slug injection of high concentration CS （SI）, and slug injection of high concentration CS followed by continuous injection of low concentration CS （SI-CI）. Core flooding experiments show that SI-CI is an effective scheme to prevent formation damage and is recommended for the sandstone oil reservoirs in the Bohai offshore oilfield during water injection.     

Geochemical evaluation of low salinity hot water injection to enhance heavy oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs

Although low salinity water injection (LSWI) has recovered residual oil after the conventional waterflood, highly viscous oil has remained in heavy oil reservoirs. Hot water injection is an economic and practical method to improve oil mobility for viscous oil reservoirs. It potentially controls temperature-dependent geochemical reactions underlying the LSWI mechanism and oil viscosity. Therefore, this study has modeled and evaluated a hybrid process of low salinity hot water injection (hot LSWI) to quantify synergistic effects in heavy oil reservoirs. In comparison to seawater injection (SWI) and LSWI, hot LSWI results in more cation ion-exchange (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) and more wettability modification. Hot LSWI also reduces oil viscosity. In core-scaled systems, it increases oil recovery by 21% and 6% over SWI and LSWI. In a pilotscaled reservoir, it produces additional oil by 6% and 3% over SWI and LSWI. Probabilistic forecasting with uncertainty assessment further evaluates the feasibility of hot LSWI to consider uncertainty in the pilot-scaled reservoir and observes enhanced heavy oil production. This study confirms the viability of hot LSWI due to synergistic effects including enhanced wettability modification and oil viscosity reduction effects.     

高邮凹陷高含水砂岩油藏储层物性变化特征及影响因素分析

高含水砂岩油藏经过长期注水后,其物性会发生变化,对油藏开发产生明显的影响。为此,通过利用不同渗透率的岩心开展了水冲刷实验研究,并在实验基础上分析了黏土矿物、孔喉特征及岩石润湿性等对储层物性变化的影响。实验结果表明,渗透率较大的样品随着注水倍数的增加,渗透率逐渐增大;渗透率较小的样品随着注入倍数的增加,渗透率逐渐减小;且不同注入速度会影响物性的最后变化程度;黏土矿物含量、孔喉特征和岩石润湿性三者对储层物性变化有影响,其中黏土矿物含量对物性变化影响最大,孔喉特征和岩石润湿性影响较小。     

Effect of nanoparticles on clay swelling and migration

Clay migration/swelling has been widely documented as the main reason leading to oil recovery impairment. Interactions of clay particles with the medium surface in the presence of permeating fluid have been recognized as a critical parameter controlling the fate of clay particles. These interactions are strongly functions of the ionic strength of the permeating fluid. It is widely reported that reducing the salinity of the reservoir environment facilitates the challenges induced by clay particles. On the other hand, low salinity reservoir environment has been recognized as a very favorable condition for oil recovery. Accordingly, one should consider the positive effect of reducing salinity on oil recovery and its deteriorative effect on clay particles at the same time to improve oil recovery in a controlled formation damage mode. This experimental work aims to investigate the potential remedial effect of different metal oxide nanoparticles to treat clay swelling. Several core flood experiments and micro-model tests have been conducted to achieve the mentioned goal. Furthermore, swelling tests were quantified in terms of swelling indices to explain the effect of nanoparticles on clay swelling. We concluded that although nanoparticles can be used as a permanent stabilizer to prevent clay migration, they are not able to prevent clay swelling and may also increase the pressure drop due to fitting between clay crystals and blocking pores.