乌鲁木齐河水利自动化技术应用进展

解释了水利自动化技术,介绍了乌鲁木齐河水利自动化技术的应用,即水库大坝监测自动化技术的应用;光缆通讯技术的应用;水情自报技术的应用;图像监控技术的应用;视频会商技术的应用;地下水监控技术的应用;闸门监控技术的应用;办公自动化技术的应用;网络安全技术的应用;GPRS技术的应用。同时提出了存在的问题,并且展望了未来发展的前景。     

顶管施工障碍物处理技术综述

顶管技术以其不开挖地表的优势已广泛应用于给排水、电力、通信、油气、燃气等穿越工程中。顶管施工经常遇到各种障碍物,常用的顶管障碍物处理技术有地面处理技术和地下处理技术两大类,包括竖井开挖技术、钻孔清除技术、慢速磨顶技术、开舱清除技术、套管技术、顶管回退技术、顶进对接清除技术、钻爆清除技术。系统整理和对比分析了8种障碍物处理技术的原理、工艺流程、技术特点以及适用范围,以期为顶管施工技术人员提供借鉴。     

关于水利工程施工的几项技术探究

水利工程是一项惠民工程,工程建设质量直接关系到人们生活质量和国家经济发展。水利工程施工技术是水利工程建设质量和水平的关键所在,是我国水利工程事业发展的重要推动力。当前,我国水利工程施工技术常见的有预应力锚固施工技术、混凝土浇筑技术等,现代化施工技术有GPS技术、AutoCAD辅助设计技术、数据库技术及GIS技术等。就我国水利工程施工建设中的传统施工技术和现代化施工技术进行了分析探讨,并探究了不同施工环节的施工技术质量控制措施。     

数控技术发展新动向

数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术，其技术范围覆盖机械制造技术、信息处理技术、自动控制技术、伺服驱动技术、传感器技术、软件技术等。大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。     

环保疏浚系列化技术研究与工程示范

针对太湖五里湖的底泥污染问题，研究了环保疏浚深度确定技术、精确疏浚技术、疏浚过程防扩散技术、堆场余水处理技术、堆场污泥干化技术、堆场污泥资源化利用技术、环保疏浚生态风险评估技术共8项环保疏浚的系列化技术，并介绍了环保疏浚系列化技术在工程实施中的示范过程。     

土石坝及堤防抗震加固与快速修复技术

技术简介：土石坝抗震加固及快速修复技术主要包括：砂土堤坝抗液化技术、土工合成材料的快速防渗和导渗技术、堤坝渗水险情的快速抢护技术、堤坝管涌险情的快速抢护技术、崩岸险情的快速抢护技术和震后土石坝裂缝险情的快速抢护技术。     

现代水利水电施工技术思考

从水利水电施工技术的重要性出发,分析了现代水利水电施工技术的最新技术方法,主要包括：AtuoCAD辅助设计技术在水利水电施工中的应用;GPS定位技术系统在水利水电施工中的应用;GIS技术和数据库技术在水利水电工程施工中得到了高效利用;水利水电工程施工的预应力锚固施工;大体积碾压混凝土的技术;施工导流及围堰技术。     

现代水利水电施工技术思考

从水利水电施工技术的重要性出发,分析了现代水利水电施工技术的最新技术方法,主要包括:AtuoCAD辅助设计技术在水利水电施工中的应用;GPS定位技术系统在水利水电施工中的应用;GIS技术和数据库技术在水利水电工程施工中得到了高效利用;水利水电工程施工的预应力锚固施工;大体积碾压混凝土的技术;施工导流及围堰技术.     

污泥预处理技术的研究现状与前景

介绍当前研究和应用较多的污泥预处理技术.重点对臭氧预处理技术、碱解预处理技术、热预处理技术、微波预处理技术、超声波预处理技术、生物预处理技术和一些联合预处理技术的原理和应用进行了综述,并论述了各种预处理技术的处理效果、影响因素、优缺点及应用前景.指出对于不同预处理技术进行优化组合,能够取得更为显著的效果.     

技术评估新概念与城市供水工程新技术评估指标体系

为适应城市供水工程领域的需求和促进技术进步,在技术评估现状分析的基础上,提出了采用技术评估作为生产力工具的方法,明确了技术评估及其组成的预评估、技术验证、技术评价等概念,给出了技术评估的流程和基本要求,列举了适用于城市供水工程的技术评估的参考指标,并经应用检验。     

日本中小河流风险区域图制作方法

基于日本2005年针对中小河流制定的洪水淹没风险区域图制作指南,对日本中小河流洪水 淹没区域风险图的制作进行了较详细的介绍,其中归纳了其所需资料、洪水淹没分析方法和淹没区域 风险区域图的具体制作,对我国山区河流洪水风险区域图编制具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Inflow and outflow of agricultural chemicals in Lake Biwa

The annual pesticide inputs and outputs crossing the boundary of Lake Biwa were estimated. The inputs were calculated from continuous observations in four rivers flowing into Akani Bay, and from simultaneous observations in 65 influent rivers. The annual losses of pesticide from the watershed to Lake Biwa were 1.7% for esprocarb, 4.8% for mefenacet, 2.3% for thiobencarb, 3.7% for molinate, 9.4% for simetryn and 13.0% for isoprothiolane. The outputs from the lake were estimated from weekly observations in the Seta River. The loss of pesticides discharged downstream through the Seta River, compared with the amount applied, were estimated to be 0.9% for esprocarb, 3.2% for mefenacet, 0.5% for thiobencarb, 1.3% for molinate, 10.0% for simetryn and 5.7% for isoprothiolane. Pesticide outputs generally decreased to 30–80% of the input amounts, although simetryn was retained in the lake without substantial elimination.     

三峡工程投资管理

三峡工程建设中按照市场经济发展规律逐步形成了一套投资管理方法，进而发展为三峡工程的投资管理模式。三峡工程总投资包括枢纽建筑物总费用、建设征地和移民安置费用、独立费用、基本预备费、价差预备费和建设期贷款利息等六大部分。三峡工程投资管理实质上即工程造价管理。三峡工程业主管理体制分三个层次：决策层、管理层、实施层；投资管理机制也与这三个管理层次相适应。随着我国经济体制改革的深入，我国基本建设管理模式也在发生根本性变化，有六种发展势头：一是投资渠道多源化；二是投资主体多元化；三是投资决策趋向分权化；四是投资方式多样化；五是物资采购供应市场化和业主(法人)负责制的进一步改革深化。     

高水位运行下高土坝的劈裂灌浆施工实践

土坝劈裂灌浆技术以往大都在坝高低于５０ｍ的均质均和宽心墙坝中使用，且要求在水库低水位期进行。１９９７年广东省普宁市三坑上水库土坝防渗加固则采用劈裂浆为主，结合一结传统的灌浆工艺，对高５５ｍ的土坝在汛期持续高水位情况下进行劈裂灌浆施工，并取得了成功，为今后中，高土坝防渗加固提供了实践经验。     

基于原水-净化水耦合配置的多目标递解控制模型

针对我国水资源开发利用和管理中出现的新情况与新问题,根据国家新的治水方针和珠海市水务一体化管理的实际需要,建立了珠海市水资源优化配置模型———基于原水净化水耦合配置的多目标递解控制模型,并提出了分解协调耦合计算流程.通过模型耦合迭代计算和综合对比分析,给出珠海市原水净化水耦合配置的推荐方案,为珠海市未来20年的水资源优化配置和安全供给体系分期建设提供了科学的依据.     

施工阶段工程项目的造价控制

施工阶段是工程项目有效控制工程造价、防止预算超标、降低施工企业成本、取得综合经济效益的重要阶段。文中从影响造价的相关因素、招投标、造价失控等方面进行深入研究,分析了造成造价失控的具体原因。指出了国内工程项目在施工阶段造价控制方面存在的问题,提出了工程项目施工阶段造价合理确定与有效控制的措施,为工程项目在施工阶段控制工程造价提供参考。     

Developing Countries

Abstract

The use of water for food production accounts for about 75 percent of the total withdrawal in developing countries and is crucial for sustenance. It is also important for addressing poverty and rural development. With developing countries endeavoring to enter the mainstream of development, a formidable challenge in water resources development, resource use efficiency and environmental conservation is faced by these countries, in which management of water for food will continue to remain prominent. A review of the current state of the sector in the developing countries is presented with a brief case study in India for realism. It is clear that although considerable development in the area has occurred, there are serious policy, engineering, environmental and management deficiencies. Approaches for modernisation of the sector are suggested in terms of quantum change in concepts, policies, planning approaches, institutions. and attitudes. Approaches for implementation are proposed     

Analytical solution and analysis for solute transport in streams with diffusive transfer in the hyporheic zone

Solute transport in streams with diffusive transfer in the hyporheic zone is studied. Analytical solution of the diffusive transfer model is obtained by means of Laplace transform. Solutions are derived for a general situation, in which the concentration at the injection point is a function of time. In order to illustrate the use of present analytical solution, physical transport parameters are estimated for the observed data of Uvas Creek tracer experiment for chloride concentration and also of Wkra river tracer experiment. The concentration–time breakthrough curves obtained from the analytical solutions are found to be in good agreement with the observed as well as numerical concentration–time breakthrough curve. Step concentration–time profile and continuous concentration–time profile are considered as upstream boundary conditions for conservative solute. An instantaneous injection of solute is taken as an upstream boundary condition for reactive solute. It is noticed that with the increase in the value of porosity, the solute concentration in the main channel decreases. With the decrease in the value of Péclet number in the hyporheic zone, the overall solute concentration in the main channel decreases. Due to increase in the value of the sorption rate coefficient in the hyporheic zone, solute particles once enter into the hyporheic zone, reside for a longer time in the hyporheic zone. A sensitivity analysis is performed in order to identify the critical parameters for conservative as well as for reactive solute. It is found that the ratio of cross-sectional areas is much more sensitive compared to the other parameters for conservative solute. The Damköhler number in the hyporheic zone is the most sensitive parameter among all the parameters for reactive solute. The above observations indicate that the analytical solution can be reliably applied for the analysis of tracer experiments.     

长江口北支平面改善方案对咸潮倒灌的控制效果

为了分析长江口北支外顾园沙3种不同围圈方案对咸潮倒灌的控制效果,基于EFDC二维水盐模型,模拟出方案实施前后南北支流场、盐度场分布以及重要水源地盐度变化。结果表明:(1)工程后北支口连兴港处潮流量减小,且单独圈围方案(方案一)进潮总量最小;(2)方案一流场变化最小,并北岸方案(方案二)、并南岸方案(方案三)导堤内侧深槽流速明显增大;(3)方案三北支高盐水上溯范围最大,而南支水源地盐度下降,陈行水库、青草沙水库、东风西沙盐度值分别下降32.16%,27.90%和13.38%;(4)方案二北支盐度通量与现状最接近,方案三盐度通量减幅最大;(5)南支盐度的整体变幅明显小于北支。3种方案下北支口潮动力有所减弱,且潮流量越大减弱效果越明显,但该削弱作用很有限,故对北支咸潮倒灌控制效果并不显著,还需结合其他工程措施。     

Sampling Errors for Water Resources Design: The Need for Improved Hydrometry in Developing Countries

In recent years, there has been a marked decline in the amount of hydrological data being collected in many parts of the developing world. This paper reviews some of the arguments in favour of the continued collection of hydrological data. The technical case is based on the need for long record lengths in order to obtain a reasonable estimate for the mean and variability of river flows. Estimates are presented for the dependence of the standard error on record length for the case of the main sample statistics, for reservoir design and for flood estimation. Typical values are presented both in general terms and for some specific historical time series. The current status of hydrological data collection in Africa is then contrasted with the situation in Europe before concluding with the results of several case studies of schemes in Africa and Asia whose operational performance has been affected due to insufficient hydrological data.