厚壁矩形中空截面冷弯型钢纵向残余应力试验研究

对壁厚超过6mm的厚壁矩形中空截面冷弯型钢进行试验研究。矩形中空截面采用两种成型方法:直接法(直接形成矩形)和间接法(先形成圆形,再转换成矩形)。采用两种方法(钻孔法和X射线衍射法)计算纵向残余应力的大小和分布。研究了沿截面周长方向和厚度方向的纵向残余应力的大小和分布。结果显示,沿厚度方向的纵向残余应力在外表面为拉力,内表面为压力,表现出类似于正弦曲线的非线性特性。此外,讨论了厚壁矩形中空截面冷弯型钢的成型过程和截面几何尺寸对残余应力的大小和分布的影响。最后,针对厚壁矩形中空截面冷弯型钢两种不同成型过程,分别给出相应的残余应力分布情况。     

A theoretical investigation of the column behaviour of cold-formed square hollow sections

An experimental programme investigating the column behaviour of four sizes of square hollow section was undertaken at the University of Sydney using Australian produced cold-formed square hollow sections. Stub and pinended column tests were performed and detailed measurements of the yield stress and residual stress taken around the sections.

A large deflection elastic—plastic finite strip analysis including the measured distributions of yield stress and residual stress is used to investigate the behaviour of the stub and pin-ended columns. In particular, the influence of the measured through thickness residual stress components on the ultimate load and behaviour of the square hollow section columns is demonstrated. The analysis accounts for plate geometric imperfections, the variation of yield stress around a section, the stress—strain characteristics of the material forming the section and the highly complex patterns of residual stress produced by the cold-forming process. Comparison of the analytical results with the test results is provided.     

冷成型双相不锈钢截面材料特性

给出了6个不同截面冷成型双相不锈钢的特性,其中2个为圆形中空截面,4个为矩形中空截面。试样为冷轧双相不锈钢带。确定方形和矩形中空截面高强度冷成型双相不锈钢的材料特性。对每种型材的薄弱和转角处进行拉伸试验,由此测量每种型材的弹性模量、0.2%弹性极限、1.0%弹性极限、抗张强度、断裂延伸率和Ramberg-Osgood参数(n)。通过短柱试验获得冷轧状态全截面的材料特性。测量6种型材的初始局部几何缺陷,绘制每种型材含初始几何缺陷的横截面图。采用断面法测量150×50×2.5截面的残余应力,测量并绘制截面上薄膜屈曲残余应力分布图。此外,给出适用于短柱的有限元模型,并与试验结果进行对比。将不锈钢短柱的试验强度与美国规范、澳大利亚/新西兰规范和欧洲规范的设计强度进行对比。总体看来,三种规范的计算结果都较为保守,其中欧洲规范的计算结果最为保守。     

Q460高强度焊接H型钢残余应力试验研究

针对宝钢最新研发的高强度Q460钢材,采用钻孔应变释放法测试焊接H型钢纵向残余应力在截面上的大小及分布规律。同时,结合机械剥层的方式对纵向残余应力沿壁厚方向的分布规律进行试验考察。在试验测试结果的基础上,提出高强度Q460焊接H型钢的纵向残余应力分布的计算模型。     

Lateral buckling strengths of cold-formed rectangular hollow sections

Code rules for designing steel beams against lateral buckling which are based on data for hot-rolled I-sections are unnecessarily conservative when used for cold formed rectangular hollow section beams.Cold-formed rectangular hollow section beams have different stress-strain curves, residual stresses, and crookedness and twist. The effects of residual stress on the inelastic buckling of I-section beams are not nearly as pronounced for hollow sections with two webs, while the strengthening effects of pre-buckling deflections are greater for hollow sections. Simplistic code rules for top flange loading are very conservative when applied to hollow sections.This paper reviews elastic lateral buckling behaviour and the strength rules used to design steel beams. It develops realistic models for cold-formed rectangular hollow beams which are analysed to predict the effects of moment distribution, load height and yield stress on their strengths. The results of the analyses are used to develop improved design rules which remove much of the conservatism of present design rules.     

厚壁冷弯方矩管和热轧H型钢轴压极限承载力的对比研究

运用ANSYS有限元软件,在综合考虑初始几何缺陷、残余应力、冷弯效应等因素的基础上,分析了厚壁冷弯方、矩钢管和热轧H型钢轴心压杆的极限承载力,并将它们的极限承载力计算结果进行对比,得出相关结论,为轻钢结构框架柱构件截面选型提供了参考.     

冷弯厚壁型钢残余应力影响分析

结合现有关于冷弯型钢残余应力的研究成果,用有限元软件模拟分析了在初始缺陷影响下,冷弯厚壁双槽钢柱焊接组合截面构件,在冷弯残余应力单独作用以及焊接残余应力和冷弯残余应力共同作用下的整体稳定性。分析发现:在焊接残余应力和冷弯残余应力共同作用下,厚壁轴心受压构件的整体稳定性能普遍比现有规范的结果低,最大误差达15%。因此在确定该构件稳定承载力时,应考虑焊接残余应力和冷弯残余应力的共同作用。     

Experimental study on compressive strengths of thick-walled cold-formed sections

This paper describes an experimental study on the compressive strengths of cold-formed thick-walled steel sections. A total of 18 stub columns with plate thickness ranging from 8 to 12 mm were tested to determine the section capacities of the cold-formed thick-walled steel columns. Material properties were obtained from flat and corner tensile coupon tests. Effects of cold forming on material properties were investigated. The stub column test strengths were compared with the design compressive strengths specified by the Australian/New Zealand and Chinese standards for cold-formed steel structures. It has been shown that the design strengths predicted by these two standards using material properties obtained from the flat coupon tests are quite conservative, while the design strengths based on the average design yield stress of the full section are less conservative.     

冷成型钢截面残余应力的有限元分析

冷成型钢截面上的残余应力可能是决定其性能和强度的一个重要因素。通过破坏性的试验方法对残余应力进行测量不仅费时,精度也很有限。本文提出了一个预测压弯成形薄壁截面上残余应力的有限元方法,该方法克服了实验室测量的缺点,提供了一个有力的工具来考察不同的成形参数对残余应力的大小和分布的影响,并因此可以对这些成形参数进行优化。在该方法中,通过解析的方法考虑了成卷和开卷的影响,并将得到的残余应力作为随后的冷弯过程有限元模拟的初始应力。经比较,本文方法的数值结果和实验室实测值吻合很好,证明了该方法的可行性和精度。本文方法给出了整个截面残余应力的分布和沿壁厚的变化,并解释了两个相同截面中残余应力可能会存在很大差别的原因。     

Comparative experimental study of hot-rolled and cold-formed rectangular hollow sections

Square and rectangular hollow sections are generally produced either by hot-rolling or cold-forming. Cross-sections of nominally similar geometries, but from the two different production routes may vary significantly in terms of their general material properties, geometric imperfections, residual stresses, corner geometry and material response and general structural behaviour and load-carrying capacity. In this paper, an experimental programme comprising tensile coupon tests on flat and corner material, measurements of geometric imperfections and residual stresses, stub column tests and simple and continuous beam tests is described. The results of the tests have been combined with other available test data on square and rectangular hollow sections and analysed. Enhancements in yield and ultimate strengths, beyond those quoted in the respective mill certificates, were observed in the corner regions of the cold-formed sections—these are caused by cold-working of the material during production, and predictive models have been proposed. Initial geometric imperfections were generally low in both the hot-rolled and cold-formed sections, with larger imperfections emerging towards the ends of the cold-formed members—these were attributed largely to the release of through thickness residual stresses, which were themselves quantified. The results of the stub column and simple bending tests were used to assess the current slenderness limits given in Eurocode 3, including the possible dependency on production route, whilst the results of the continuous beam tests were evaluated with reference to the assumptions typically made in plastic analysis and design. Current slenderness limits, assessed on the basis of bending tests, appear appropriate, though the Class 3 slenderness limit, assessed on the basis of compression tests, seems optimistic. Of the features investigated, strain hardening characteristics of the material were identified as being primarily responsible for the differences in structural behaviour between hot-rolled and cold-formed sections.     

Structural performance of cold-formed high strength stainless steel columns

This paper describes an accurate finite element model for the structural performance of cold-formed high strength stainless steel columns. The finite element analysis was conducted on duplex stainless steel columns having square and rectangular hollow sections. The columns were compressed between fixed ends at different column lengths. The effects of initial local and overall geometric imperfections have been taken into consideration in the finite element model. The material nonlinearity of the flat and corner portions of the high strength stainless steel sections were carefully incorporated in the model. The column strengths and failure modes as well as the load-shortening curves of the columns were obtained using the finite element model. Furthermore, the effect of residual stresses in the columns was studied. The nonlinear finite element model was verified against experimental results. An extensive parametric study was carried out using the verified finite element model to study the effects of cross-section geometries on the strength and behaviour of cold-formed high strength stainless steel columns. The column strengths predicted from the parametric study were compared with the design strengths calculated using the American Specification, Australian/New Zealand Standard and European Code for cold-formed stainless steel structures. The results of the parametric study showed that the design rules specified in the American, Australian/New Zealand and European specifications are generally conservative for cold-formed high strength stainless steel square and rectangular hollow section columns, but unconservative for some of the short columns.     

Residual stress distributions in welded stainless steel sections

Residual stress magnitudes and distributions in structural stainless steel built-up sections have been comprehensively investigated in this study. A total of 18 test specimens were fabricated from hot-rolled stainless steel plates by means of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). Two grades of stainless steel were considered, namely the austenitic grade EN 1.4301 and the duplex grade EN 1.4462. Using the sectioning method, the test specimens were divided into strips. The residual stresses were then computed by multiplying the strains relieved during sectioning by the measured Young׳s moduli determined from tensile and compressive coupon tests. Residual stress distributions were obtained for 10 I-sections, four square hollow sections (SHS) and four rectangular hollow sections (RHS). Peak tensile residual stresses reached around 80% and 60% of the material 0.2% proof stress for grades EN 1.4301 and EN 1.4462, respectively. Based upon the test data, simplified predictive models for residual stress distributions in stainless steel built-up I-sections and box sections were developed. Following comparisons with other available residual stress test data, the applicability of the proposed models was also extended to other stainless steel alloys. The proposed residual stress patterns are suitable for inclusion in future analytical models and numerical simulations of stainless steel built-up sections.     

热轧方形中空截面的残余应力分析

残余应力对热轧构件的受力性能和强度有很大影响。主要分析了热轧方形中空截面的残余应力。超过600部文献或文章的记载表明,可以使用X射线衍射法分析沿厚度方向的外表面和内表面的残余应力。试验结果对该截面残余应力的量级和分布分析提供了数据。最大的残余应力产生在焊缝上,沿厚度变化的残余应力分布呈现出双线性特性。同时发现,方形截面残余应力的形成过程对其外表面纵向残余应力分布影响很大。     

Section moment capacity tests of LiteSteel beams

The LiteSteel beam (LSB) is a new cold-formed hollow flange channel section developed by OneSteel Australian Tube Mills using their patented dual electric resistance welding and automated continuous roll-forming process. It has a unique geometry consisting of torsionally rigid rectangular hollow flanges and a relatively slender web. In addition to this unique geometry, the LSB sections also have unique characteristics relating to their stress–strain curves, residual stresses, initial geometric imperfections and hollow flanges that are not encountered in conventional hot-rolled and cold-formed steel channel sections. An experimental study including 20 section moment capacity tests was therefore conducted to investigate the behaviour and strength of LSB flexural members. The presence of inelastic reserve bending capacity in these beams was investigated in detail although the current design rules generally limit the section moment capacities of cold-formed steel members to their first yield moments. The ultimate moment capacities from the tests were compared with the section moment capacities predicted by the current cold-formed and hot-rolled steel design standards. It was found that compact and non-compact LSB sections have greater moment capacities than their first yield moments. The current cold-formed steel design standards were found to be conservative in predicting the section moment capacities of compact and non-compact LSB sections, while the hot-rolled steel design standards were able to better predict them. This paper has shown that suitable modifications are needed to the current design rules to allow the inclusion of available inelastic bending capacities of LSBs in design.     

冷弯厚壁型钢考虑冷弯效应的屈服强度计算方法研究

为研究冷弯效应对壁厚6.0 mm以上的冷弯厚壁型钢屈服强度的影响,对4种不同截面、不同厚度的冷弯厚壁型钢进行了截面不同部位的材性试验研究,同时对现有国内冷弯厚壁型钢的材性试验和短柱试验数据进行了汇总。在简要回顾国内外冷弯厚壁型钢考虑冷弯效应的屈服强度计算公式及其理论依据的基础上,将各国规范计算值与试验值进行了对比。结果表明：冷弯效应对冷弯厚壁型钢的屈服强度影响较大,其影响程度与板件的宽厚比关系明显;我国规范、北美、澳洲/新西兰规范公式,以及朱爱珠基于我国规范提出的修正公式计算结果偏于保守,而欧洲规范的计算结果略偏大;我国GB 50018-2002《冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范》中计算方法理论依据充分,且在计算结果偏于安全的同时变异系数较小,更适合于工程应用。     

厚壁型冷弯钢残余应力的分析

运用商用有限元程序建立三维的壳模型模拟板料的成型过程。分别分析和比较了不同厚度及不同相对弯曲半径的板料在多次成型后,其截面上各节点的轴向残余应力分布情况;成型后的模型弯曲段部分点沿径向的轴向残余应力分布;并且通过对各个模型的比较分析得出,厚度以及相对弯曲半径分别对冷弯残余应力的影响。随着厚度和相对半径的增大,截面上沿径向的最大轴向拉压应力,都是依次减小的。进而为材料的稳定性分析提供参考,尽可能地为材料的产业化生产提供工艺优化的理论依据。     

Cold-formed high strength stainless steel cross-sections in compression considering interaction effects of constituent plate elements

This paper presents a numerical investigation of cold-formed high strength stainless steel square and rectangular hollow sections in compression. A non-linear finite element model which includes geometric and material non-linearities was developed and verified against experimental results. The model was then used for an extensive parametric study to investigate the interaction effects of constituent plate elements on Class 3 slenderness limit and section capacities of cold-formed high strength stainless steel square and rectangular hollow sections in compression.The numerical investigation shows that the interaction effects of constituent plate elements on cross-section response are quite obvious particularly for slender sections. The design provisions on Class 3 slenderness limit and effective width equations specified in the EC3 Code and proposed by Gardner and Theofanous are suitable for square hollow sections, but not for rectangular hollow sections since they do not take into consideration of interaction effects of constituent plate element. Hence, the new Class 3 slenderness limit and the section capacity design equations based on the whole cross-section response are proposed in this study, which carefully consider the interaction effects of constituent plate elements.     

考虑初始缺陷的冷弯矩型管轴压极限承载力研究

运用ANSYS通用有限元软件包,综合考虑初始几何缺陷、残余应力、冷弯效应等因素,分析了壁厚大于6mm的冷弯矩型管轴心压杆的极限承载力,得出其稳定系数,并与《钢结构设计规范》、《冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规程》的计算结果进行对比,提出了冷弯中厚壁矩型管轴心压杆稳定系数的初步确定方法。     

Strength enhancements induced during cold forming of stainless steel sections

The material properties of stainless steel are sensitive to plastic deformation which causes an increase in yield strength by a process termed cold working. The different strain paths experienced around cold-formed cross sections during manufacture create unique material strength distributions for sections from different forming routes and also influence residual stress patterns. The research program presented herein has examined experimentally the material and residual stress distributions found in two types of cold-formed sections-cold-rolled box sections and press-braked angles. Predictive tools to harness the observed strength enhancements have been proposed and incorporated into models. Subsequent comparisons have shown that these strength enhancements, in particular those observed for cold-rolled box sections, should be employed in structural design to avoid considerable underestimation of member resistance.     

不锈钢轴心受压柱弯曲屈曲承载力分析

为给我国《不锈钢结构技术规范》中轴心受压柱弯曲屈曲稳定部分的编制提供依据,对国外已有的同类构件的设计方法和试验研究数据进行搜集和对比。结果表明：目前的欧洲不锈钢结构设计规范和美国冷成型不锈钢结构设计规范中计算该类构件的公式均存在一定不足。依据搜集到的199个方管、矩形管、圆管、椭圆管、焊接H形钢和冷弯C型钢截面柱的试验数据,根据冷弯效应及残余应力对轴心受压构件稳定性能的影响,将构件依据截面形式分为A、B、C三类,其中方管、矩形管和冷弯C型钢为A类,圆管和椭圆管为B类,焊接H形钢为C类,三类轴心受压稳定曲线均采用Perry公式形式表达。与试验数据对比表明：采用三类曲线能较好地估算构件的稳定承载力且离散性较小。对提出的计算式进行可靠度分析,结果表明其可靠度指标β满足我国GB 50068-2001《建筑结构可靠度设计统一标准》的要求。